基于双层模糊逻辑的多机器人路径规划与避碰

针对无通信情况下的多机器人系统在未知动态环境下的路径规划问题,设计了基于双层模糊逻辑的多机器人路径规划与动态避碰系统。方向模糊控制器充分考虑了障碍物的距离信息和目标的角度信息,转化为机器人与障碍物的碰撞可能性,从而输出转向角度实现机器人的动态避障;速度模糊控制器将障碍物的距离信息作为输入,将速度因子作为输出,提高了多机器人路径规划与动态避碰系统的效率和鲁棒性。在Pioneer3-DX机器人实体上验证了该系统的可行性。     

基于滚动速度障碍法的无人机山地航测避障路径规划研究

无人机在进行山地航测时,经常遭遇鸟类等动态障碍,若不能及时规避掉障碍,极容易发生坠机事故。为此,研究一种基于滚动速度障碍法的无人机山地航测避障路径规划方法。基于山地环境模型,结合飞行路径长度、路径平滑度建立一个综合目标函数并利用改进布谷鸟搜索算法求解,得到无人机山地航测的初始路径。对图像进行预处理后,识别无人机初始路径飞行过程中遇到的障碍物,并通过超声波测量无人机与障碍物之间的距离,以此建立速度障碍模型,实现速度障碍碰撞分析,通过滚动窗口的方式确定无人机与障碍物是否存在飞行冲突。基于滚动速度障碍避障方法实现滚动角度避障和速度避障,获取最终的优化路径,完成基于滚动速度障碍法的无人机山地航测避障路径规划。测试结果表明:航测避障路径长度为571.45m,平滑度为165.52,规划的方案更具合理性。     

New repulsive potential functions with angle distributions for local path planning

This paper presents new repulsive potential functions (RPFs) for point robot path planning. In this scheme, the RPF for path planning has a different magnitude at each direction of a RPF based on the angle between a goal and an obstacle, unlike a conventional RPF in which the same magnitude at each direction is obtained. In doing so, the RPF attempts to overcome some of the typical problems that may arise with the conventional RPF. In particular, this paper presents a set of analyses for designing potential functions to avoid local minima for a number of representative scenarios. Specifically, the following cases are addressed: (i) a non-reachable goal problem (a case in which the potential of the goal is overwhelmed by the potential of an obstacle), (ii) an obstacle collision problem (a case in which the potential of the obstacle is overwhelmed by the potential of the goal) and (iii) a narrow passage problem (a case in which the potential of the goal is overwhelmed by the potential of two obstacles). The proposed RPF scheme eliminates the non-feasible area for the three cases by the help of an angle-varying magnitude between a goal and an obstacle. The example results show that the proposed RPF scheme can effectively construct a path-planning system with the capability of reaching a goal and avoiding obstacles despite possible local minima.     

Observability-based local path planning and obstacle avoidance using bearing-only measurements

In this paper we present an observability-based local path planning and obstacle avoidance technique that utilizes an extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to estimate the time-to-collision (TTC) and bearing to obstacles using bearing-only measurements. To ensure that the error covariance matrix computed by an EKF is bounded, the system should be observable. We perform a nonlinear observability analysis to obtain the necessary conditions for complete observability of the system. These conditions are used to explicitly design a path planning algorithm that enhances observability while simultaneously avoiding collisions with obstacles. We analyze the behavior of the path planning algorithm and specially define the environments where the path planning algorithm will guarantee collision-free paths that lead to a goal configuration. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the planning algorithm in solving single and multiple obstacle avoidance problems while improving the estimation accuracy.     

构形可变移动机器人的构形评价、优选及变换规划

为提升移动机器人对环境的适应能力,提出了一种适用于车体构形、轮距和轮向可变的轮式移动机器人的构形评价、优选和变换规划方法。该方法以转弯所需半径、通过宽度和稳定角为指标评价不同构形下机器人的移动性和稳定性,然后构建权系数多目标模型从构形集合中优选与环境特征匹配的构形,再将任意两构形之间的变换规划转化为网络路径搜索问题来求解耗能最少的变换路径。最后,通过实验验证了所提评价指标、构形优选以及变换路径规划方法的合理性和有效性。研究结果可为此类构形可变轮式移动机器人的设计分析和运动规划提供指导或参考。     

固定翼无人机在线航迹规划方法

在不确定环境下,针对固定翼无人机（UAV）航迹规划问题,提出了一种基于滚动时域控制的模糊粒子群优化算法与改进人工势场法相结合的在线航迹规划方法。首先,对凸多边形障碍物进行最小外接圆拟合;然后,根据静态威胁,将规划问题转化为一系列时域窗口内的在线子问题,利用模糊粒子群算法实时优化求解以实现静态避障;当环境中存在动态威胁时,使用改进人工势场法对航迹进行调整完成动态避障。为了满足固定翼无人机的动态约束,同时提出固定翼UAV的碰撞检测法,可提前判断障碍物是否为真正威胁源,以此减少转弯频率和幅度,降低飞行代价。仿真实验结果表明,所提方法在固定翼UAV航迹规划中能有效提升规划速度、稳定性与实时避障能力,且克服了传统人工势场容易陷入局部最优的缺点。     

基于改进蚁群与动态窗口法的AGV动态路径规划

针对全局静态路径规划算法无法有效躲避动态障碍物、局部动态路径规划算法缺少全局环境信息指导规划路径质量差或无法成功到达目标点等问题,提出了一种结合改进蚁群算法和动态窗口法的全局动态路径规划算法,实现在动态环境中的全局最优路径实时规划.对传统蚁群算法提出了初始信息素不均匀、双向分布、引入放大系数A增大相邻栅格启发信息差异、...     

面向未知环境及动态障碍的人工势场路径规划算法

实际战场环境错综复杂,很多隐蔽、动态的障碍无法通过高空手段预先探测得知,因而对智能体执行任务的安全性产生威胁.针对未知且障碍形态多样的战场环境,以躲避动、静障碍,追踪目标为研究对象,提出一种面向未知环境及动态障碍的改进人工势场(Artificial Potential Field,APF)路径规划算法.在该算法中,智能...     

空间机械臂在线实时避障路径规划研究

针对目前空间机械臂避障路径规划算法计算量大难以达到在线实时规划的缺点,对空间机械臂的在线实时避障路径规划问题进行了研究和探讨。采用规则体的包络对障碍物进行建模,并借助C空间法的思想,把障碍物和机械臂映射到两个相互垂直的平面内,将机械臂工作空间的三维问题转化为二维问题,并结合二岔树逆向寻优的方法进行路径搜索,从而大大减少了计算量,达到了在线实时规划的要求。最后在空间机器人仿真系统上对其进行了仿真研究,验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于稀疏A*搜索和改进人工势场的无人机动态航迹规划

针对不同属性的障碍物所构成的威胁分布模型, 本文提出了一种基于稀疏A*搜索算法预规划和改进人工势场相结合的无人机动态避障算法. 该算法首先对威胁分布建立栅格化模型; 然后根据静态威胁, 基于稀疏A*搜索算法进行全局航迹规划; 最后结合预规划路径和动态威胁分布, 利用改进人工势场法完成无人机的动态避障. 仿真结果表明, 该方法能够规划出给定威胁指标下的全局最优路径并达到良好的动态规避性能.     

The stable and precise motion control for multiple mobile robots

Intelligent path planning of multiple mobile robots has been addressed in this paper. Cooperative behaviour can be achieved using several mobile robots, which require online inter-communication among themselves. In the present investigation rule-based and rule-based-neuro-fuzzy techniques are analyzed for multiple mobile robots navigation in an unknown or partially known environment. The final aims of the robots are to reach some pre-defined goals. Based upon a reference motion, direction; distances between the robots and obstacles; distances between the robots and targets; different types of rules are taken heuristically and refined later to find the steering angle. The control system combines a repelling influence related to the distance between robots and nearby obstacles and with an attracting influence between the robots and targets. Then a hybrid rule-based-neuro-fuzzy technique is analyzed to find the steering angle of the robots. Results show that the proposed rule-based-neuro-fuzzy technique can improve navigation performance in complex and unknown environments compared to this simple rule-based technique.     

基于双旋Lyapunov矢量场的无人机避障算法

提出一种基于双旋Lyapunov矢量场的无人机避障算法.首先,建立无人机和障碍物的模型,并根据无人机有限时间是否会侵犯障碍物安全圆设计避障判定规则;然后,基于最小侧向偏移量原则选定避障机动中无人机速度旋转方向为最优避障方向,选定其反方向为矢量场旋转方向,定义成功避障的标准并进行证明;最后,通过建立的障碍物合并规则提升避障效率,使得上述方法适用于未知环境下的无人机在线避障.仿真结果表明,在无人机性能约束下,所提出的算法对动态和静态障碍都能有效避障,算法性能优于Dubins路径和人工势场法.     

Velocity potential approach to path planning for avoiding moving obstacles

This paper describes the theory and an experiment of a velocity potential approach to path planning and avoiding moving obstacles for an autonomous mobile robot by use of the Laplace potential. This new navigation function for path planning is feasible for guiding a mobile robot avoiding arbitrarily moving obstacles and reaching the goal in real time. The essential feature of the navigation function comes from the introduction of fluid flow dynamics into the path planning. The experiment is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the navigation function for obstacle avoidance in a real world. Two examples of the experiment are presented; first, the avoidance of a moving obstacle in parallel line-bounded space, and second, the avoidance of one moving obstacle and another standing obstacle. The robot can reach the goal after successfully avoiding the obstacles in these cases.     

Local path planning using a new artificial potential function composition and its analytical design guidelines

This paper presents a new framework for path planning based on artificial potential functions (APFs). In this scheme, the APFs for path planning have a multiplicative and additive composition between APFs for goal destination and APFs for obstacle avoidance, unlike conventional composition where the APF for obstacle avoidance is added to the APF for goal destination. In particular, this paper presents a set of analytical guidelines for designing potential functions to avoid local minima for a number of representative scenarios based on the proposed framework for path planning. Specifically the following cases are addressed: (i) a non-reachable goal problem (a case in which the potential of the goal is overwhelmed by the potential of an obstacle), (ii) an obstacle collision problem (a case in which the potential of the obstacle is overwhelmed by the potential of the goal) and (iii) a narrow passage problem (a case in which the potential of the goal is overwhelmed by the potential of two obstacles). The example results for each case show that the proposed scheme can effectively construct a path-planning system with the capability of reaching a goal and avoiding obstacles despite possible local minima.     

基于模糊Elman网络算法的移动机器人路径规划分析

为了调正移动机器人避障线路,建立了基于模糊Elman网络算法的移动机器人路径规划模型,并应用进行Matlab仿真分析。利用现有障碍物的距离信息来实现机器人步长的实施可控制与调节,防止移动机器人在做出准确避障行为之后因为没有设定合适的步长而导致撞上障碍物,以0.5作为机器人的最初运动步长。仿真结果表明,采用模糊Elman网络可以获得比其它两种方法更优的路径规划效果,同时对障碍物进行高效避让,由此实现最优的路径规划。采用模糊Elman网络来构建得到的路径规划算法能够满足规划任务的要求,同时还能够根据机器人处于不同工作空间中的情况进行灵活调整。     

Visual navigation and obstacle avoidance using a steering potential function

Humans have a remarkable ability to navigate using only vision, but mobile robots have not been nearly as successful. We propose a new approach to vision-guided local navigation, based upon a model of human navigation. Our approach uses the relative headings to the goal and to obstacles, the distance to the goal, and the angular width of obstacles, to compute a potential field over the robot heading. This potential field controls the angular acceleration of the robot, steering it towards the goal and away from obstacles. Because the steering is controlled directly, this approach is well suited to local navigation for nonholonomic robots. The resulting paths are smooth and have continuous curvature. This approach is designed to be used with single-camera vision without depth information but can also be used with other kinds of sensors. We have implemented and tested our method on a differential-drive robot and present our experimental results.     

基于路径预测人工势场法的自动跟随小车路径规划

针对自动跟随小车实际工作环境下目标点和障碍物具有可移动特征,在传统人工势场法的基础上提出一种具有动态路径预测功能的路径规划方法。通过实时采集和计算小车、目标点和障碍物的距离、运动速度和方向,预测未来三者之间可能的位置关系。根据目标点预测结果采用人工势场法确定接近目标点路径,根据预测的障碍点运行轨迹确定绕过障碍点的路径。将基于路径预测人工势场法与传统人工势场法进行仿真对比,结果表明该方法在跟随效率和避障能力上具有显著的提高。     

Decentralized behavior-based formation control of multiple robots considering obstacle avoidance

This paper proposes a decentralized behavior-based formation control algorithm for multiple robots considering obstacle avoidance. Using only the information of the relative position of a robot between neighboring robots and obstacles, the proposed algorithm achieves formation control based on a behavior-based algorithm. In addition, the robust formation is achieved by maintaining the distance and angle of each robot toward the leader robot without using information of the leader robot. To avoid the collisions with obstacles, the heading angles of all robots are determined by introducing the concept of an escape angle, which is related with three boundary layers between an obstacle and the robot. The layer on which the robot is located determines the start time of avoidance and escape angle; this, in turn, generates the escape path along which a robot can move toward the safe layer. In this way, the proposed method can significantly simplify the step of the information process. Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.     

动态不确定环境下移动机器人的在线实时路径规划

提出一种基于极坐标空间的、以机器人期望运动方向角为路径优化指标的动态不确定环境下移动机器人的在线实时路径规划方法。该法通过机器人的传感器系统,实时探测局部环境信息,在每一采样时刻,机器人首先对视野内的动态障碍物的位置进行采样,然后根据所采样的位置信息,利用自回归模型预测出下一采样时刻动态障碍物的位置,再将预测位置上的动态障碍物当作静态障碍物来处理,然后对其规划避碰路径,从而将动态路径规划转化为静态路径规划。仿真和实验结果验证了该方法有效可行,具有实时规划性和良好的避障能力。     

Deliberative On-Line Local Path Planning for Autonomous Mobile Robots

This paper describes a method for local path planning for mobile robots that combines reactive obstacle avoidance with on-line local path planning. Our approach is different to other model-based navigation approaches since it integrates both global and local planning processes in the same architecture while other methods only combine global path planning with a reactive method to avoid non-modelled obstacles. Our local planning is only triggered when an unexpected obstacle is found and reactive navigation is not able to regain the initial path. A new trajectory is then calculated on-line using only proximity sensor information. This trajectory can be improved during the available time using an anytime algorithm. The proposed method complements the reactive behaviour and allows the robot to navigate safely in a partially known environment during a long time period without human intervention.