炭基固体酸催化制备生物柴油研究进展

炭基固体酸是一种具有高催化活性和稳定性的催化剂.当以高酸值废油脂为反应原料制备生物柴油时,炭基固体酸可同时催化脂肪酸与甲醇的酯化反应和甘油三酯与甲醇的酯交换反应.对炭基固体酸的制备、结构及其分别在酯化反应或酯化与酯交换协同反应中的催化性能方面进行了详细阐述.指出了炭基固体酸存在的一些问题,并展望了其催化制备生物柴油今后的研究方向.     

制备琥珀酸二乙酯工艺路线的探讨

评论了以琥珀酸和乙醇为原料,用浓硫酸、固体硫酸盐、806~#为催化剂的催化酯化和应用三元恒沸点混合物、离子交换树脂或分子筛法酯化,以丁烯二酸二乙酯为原料经催化加氢制备琥珀酸二乙酯的工艺路线,并具体介绍了几种方法的工艺过程。     

制备生物柴油的固体催化剂研究进展

生物柴油是一种清洁、可再生能源。对催化油脂酯交换反应制备生物柴油的固体催化剂的研究进展进行综述,分析了各种固体催化剂的特性,并对催化油脂酯交换反应的固体催化剂今后研究方向进行讨论。     

高酸值油脂制备生物柴油的方法研究现状

对以高酸值油脂为原料制备生物柴油的降酸工艺进行了研究,综述了酸碱法、两步法、酶催化和超临界法等相关技术,同时介绍了采用高酸值油脂为原料制备生物柴油的研究成果,并对它们各自的优缺点进行了分析,最后展望了高酸值油脂制备生物柴油的发展方向。     

碳基固体酸催化废弃油脂合成脂肪酸甲酯

在碳基固体酸催化下,废弃油脂与甲醇反应合成生物柴油。系统考察了反应时间、甲醇与废弃油脂的配比、碳基固体酸用量及催化剂重复使用等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,具有疏水表面的碳基固体酸对废弃油脂与甲醇的反应具有很好的催化性能,可以一步同时催化废弃油脂中的游离脂肪酸与甲醇的甲酯化以及甘油三酯与甲醇的酯交换反应,具有反应条件温和,催化活性高等优点。     

固体碱催化油脂甘油酯化降酸值的研究

高酸值油脂的甘油酯化降酸值是降低油脂中脂肪酸含量的一种有效方法,本文比较了固体超强碱Na/NaOH/γ-Al2O3、固体碱NaOH/γ-Al2O3以及氢氧化钠在甘油与脂肪酸酯化反应中的催化作用。结果表明固体碱NaOH/γ-Al2O3是一种高效的甘油酯化催化剂,通过优化反应条件,酯化率可以达到99.3%以上,得到油脂的酸值可降至0.3mgKOH/g以内,该工艺可用于食用油脂的降酸值,也可用于生物柴油的预酯化,具有一定的工业应用前景。     

催化酯交换制备生物柴油的研究进展

催化酯交换是制备生物柴油的一个重要方法。本文综述了均相催化和非均相催化、酸性催化和碱性催化、固体酸和固体碱催化的研究进展,并针对每类催化剂的特性和应用范围进行比较,得出固体酸和固体碱催化符合绿色生产生物柴油的要求,是未来发展的方向。特别是固体酸在催化含有水分和游离酸的油脂酯交换方面具有独特的优势,需要进一步研究和开发。     

环氧植物油脂的制备及应用研究进展

对植物油脂的环氧化方法进行了综述,介绍了液体酸催化、固体酸催化、相转移催化及酶催化等制备环氧植物油脂的方法,并指出了各种方法的优点以及存在的问题。同时对环氧植物油脂在聚氨酯、环氧树脂、润滑剂等高分子领域的重要应用进行了总结,并对环氧植物油脂的发展进行了展望。     

固体酸催化剂的制备与合成生物柴油的应用研究(摘要)北大核心

生物柴油作为一种良好的替代燃料,与石化柴油相比,具有含硫量低、不含污染环境的芳香族烷烃、闪点高不易爆炸以及十六烷值高燃烧性能好等优点。欧美国家制备生物柴油多以食用油脂为原料,但我国人口多耕地少,食用油脂的供应还只能用于人们的食用需求,利用非食用油脂制备生物柴油在我国具有现实意义。工业中通过酯化反应生产生物柴油一般采用均相酸催化剂,其具有转化率高、反应速度快等优点,但是也存在设备腐蚀、废液多、催化剂不易回收利用等缺点。本论文在综述了国内外生物柴油研究现状的基础上,以自制固体酸为催化剂,在加压条件下催化脂肪酸甲酯化反应制备生物柴油。对固体酸的制备条件,加压酯化工艺过程及产物油的脱色工艺进行了研究。     

丙二醇在甘油酯交换反应中的助催化作用研究

甘油酯交换反应系指甘油三酯中酰基的重新分配,与两种油脂的机械混合不同,它往往产生一种新油脂品种,理化性能(如熔点、硬度、固体指数、乳化分散性等)和生物价值(营养吸收性、毒性)都发生了很大变化,是现代油脂加工的重要手段,能为食品工业(如人造奶油、起酥油、巧克力糖果等专用油脂)和绿色化妆品提供优质油基原料,同时该技术也大量用于制备生物柴油领域中。近年来,诸多文献报道了利用生物酶催化酯交换反应,但是因为生产成本的原因,大多停留在实验室的研究阶段。目前工业生产中,主要使用碱性醇钠或钠钾合金为催化剂,存在反应条件苛刻(如无水、无氧环境、高速搅拌等)、生产周期长(原料和产物前后处理工作繁琐)、设备投资大、油脂消耗多、生产成本昂贵等问题。在现有的工艺中,微量水分、二氧化碳、氧气、过氧化物都可使催化剂失活而惰性化。一般情况下,水分小于0.01%、酸价小于0.05,使用0.1%醇钠可正常反应。但是水分在油脂中有一定的溶解度,市售精炼油脂含水在0.1%～0.2%,用普通的真空加热方法很难除去。水分使催化剂使用量增加数倍,而且催化剂与水作用生成的碱又加速了油脂的皂化,以致后处理困难,油脂收率低。为防止空气中氧气的作用,需充氮气或真空操作,增加了设备投入。醇钠为极性固体,难溶于油脂,为增大反应接触面,往往需要高速搅拌分散。国外也有用二甲亚砜作溶剂的,它的缺点是毒性大,不宜用于食品加工。本文使用了比较安全的多元醇作助催化剂,较好地解决了上述问题。     

非均相法催化制备生物柴油的最新研究进展

非均相连续化工艺是生物柴油规模化工业生产的发展方向。多相催化剂的研制和新型工艺过程的开发一直是生物柴油领域的研究热点,也是实现生物柴油绿色、经济、高效生产的关键。分析了酯交换反应可能的反应机理,综述了国内外生物柴油非均相酸碱催化剂的最新研究进展,评述了多种固体酸碱催化剂在生物柴油的制备中优异的催化性能和存在的问题,介绍了多种新型多相生物柴油反应器及反应分离耦合工艺在生物柴油连续化制备中的应用,最后展望了生物柴油未来的发展前景,指出新型固体酸碱双功能催化剂与先进多相连续反应分离耦合工艺的开发将推动生物柴油领域不断发展。     

Advances on the development of novel heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification of triglycerides in biodiesel

This paper describes experimental work done towards the search for more profitable and sustainable alternatives regarding biodiesel production, using heterogeneous catalysts instead of the conventional homogenous alkaline catalysts, such as NaOH, KOH or sodium methoxide, for the methanolysis reaction. This experimental work is a first stage on the development and optimization of new solid catalysts, able to produce biodiesel from vegetable oils. The heterogeneous catalytic process has many differences from the currently used in industry homogeneous process. The main advantage is that, it requires lower investment costs, since no need for separation steps of methanol/catalyst, biodiesel/catalyst and glycerine/catalyst. This work resulted in the selection of CaO and CaO modified with Li catalysts, which showed very good catalytic performances with high activity and stability. In fact FAME yields higher than 92% were observed in two consecutive reaction batches without expensive intermediate reactivation procedures. Therefore, those catalysts appear to be suitable for biodiesel production.     

Interrelation of Chemistry and Process Design in Biodiesel Manufacturing by Heterogeneous Catalysis

The pros and cons of using heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel manufacturing are introduced, and explained from a chemistry and engineering viewpoint. Transesterification reactions of various feed types are then compared in batch and continuous process operation modes. The results show that the reaction chemistry and process kinetics characterising a particular feedstock are determinant factors for obtaining high-grade biodiesel. When using heterogeneous catalysis, the biodiesel quality of a particular feed can be controlled by customising the process design and operation conditions.     

Economic and ecological aspects of biodiesel production over homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

The objective of this paper is to highlight the economic and ecological differences of biodiesel production over homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in large-scale industrial plants. Comparative economic assessment of the two processes revealed the advantage of the heterogeneous process in terms of higher yield of biodiesel and higher purity of glycerine, lower cost of catalyst and maintenance, with an estimated cumulative impact on the reduction of the operating cost of US$59 per tonne of biodiesel, relative to the homogeneous process. The biggest challenge for its economic competitiveness is its higher energy consumption. The analysis showed that if the energy costs are below US$85 per tonne of biodiesel, the heterogeneous process can be economically viable. The environmental benefits of the heterogeneous process include absence of strong acids and of energy intensive and waste generating glycerine purification step. However, its application would contribute to depletion of fossil energy resources and higher emission of greenhouse gases due to higher energy and methanol consumption.     

固体碱催化制备生物柴油的最新研究进展

异相催化工艺是生物柴油工业化生产的发展方向。固体碱催化剂因其反应速率高、条件温和、且环保可再生等优越的性能成为生物柴油领域的研究热点。本文综述了负载型和非负载型两类催化剂在生物柴油中制备中的应用,总结了其存在的问题,展望了生物柴油未来的发展前景。     

Statistical optimization for lithium silicate catalyzed production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil

Lithium silicate is one of the suitable heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. The possibilities of large number of combinations of different reaction parameters make the optimization of biodiesel production process over various heterogeneous catalysts highly tedious, necessitating the development of alternate strategies for parameter optimization. Here, Box-Behnken design (BBD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) is employed to optimize the process parameters required for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using lithium silicate as catalyst. Simple method of impregnation was performed for the material preparation and the catalyst was analyzed using different techniques. It was found that the activity is directly proportional to the basicity data obtained from temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of CO₂ over various catalyst systems. The material exhibits macroporous morphology and the major crystalline phase of the most active catalyst was found to be Li₂SiO₃. The effects of different reaction parameters were studied and a biodiesel yield of 100% was obtained under the predicted optimum reaction conditions of methanol : oil molar ratio 15 : 1, catalyst amount 7 wt%, reaction temperature 55 °C and reaction time 2.5 h. The validation experiments showed a correlation coefficient of 0.95 between the predicted and experimental yield of biodiesel, which indicates the high significance of the model. The fuel properties of biodiesel obtained under the optimum conditions met the specifications as mentioned in ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Catalyst heterogeneity and low reaction temperature are the major attractions of the present biodiesel preparation strategy.     

非均相催化法生产生物柴油的研究进展

综述了国内外非均相催化法生产生物柴油的现状,介绍了非均相固体酸催化剂、固体碱催化剂和固定化生物酶的最新研究进展,展望了未来生物柴油生产技术的发展趋势。     

固体碱催化制备生物柴油研究进展

生物柴油是一种清洁可再生能源,是石化能源的理想替代品。近年来,生物柴油的非均相制备技术已成为研究热点,其中,固体碱催化制备生物柴油的研究较多。主要介绍了现阶段非负载型固体碱及负载型固体碱在酯交换制备生物柴油中的应用,并对用于制备生物柴油的固体碱催化剂的发展方向进行初步探讨。     

酯交换法在生物柴油制备中的研究进展

介绍了国内外生物柴油制备方法的研究进展,主要阐述了非均相催化、均相催化、生物催化和超临界催化技术等酯交换法的研究进展。阐明了各种催化法的优缺点,指出了目前酯交换法研究的热点和未来发展的方向。