沙棘黄酮的分离纯化及其抗运动性疲劳作用

为优化大孔树脂纯化沙棘果黄酮提取物的工艺条件,通过等温静态吸附与洗脱试验,筛选适宜的树脂类型,研究其吸附机制后,利用动态吸附与洗脱单因素实验优化沙棘果黄酮提取物的纯化工艺,并考察其体内抗疲劳功效。结果显示,D101大孔树脂吸附沙棘黄酮性能较好,且易于被乙醇洗脱,吸附量随初始浓度的增加而增大,随温度的升高而降低,吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,吸附动力学过程符合准一级动力学方程。最佳纯化工艺条件为:70 mL 3 mg/mL上样溶液(pH5.0),以1 mL/min流速上样后,采用160 mL 70%乙醇溶液,于1 mL/min流速洗脱,产物的黄酮含量由18.25%提高至59.07%,约为纯化前3.2倍。与空白对照相比,不同剂量的沙棘黄酮纯化产物可显著延长小鼠的运动时间(P<0.05),同时,中、高剂量的纯化产物有助于改善运动后体内的肝、肌糖原与乳酸的浓度水平和乳酸脱氢酶活力(P<0.01),从而具有较好缓解机体疲劳的作用,该研究可为沙棘果的开发提供参考。     

沙棘多糖抗运动性疲劳及抗氧化作用的研究

研究沙棘多糖（polysaccharide from Hippophae rhamnoides,PBP）对长时间过量运动小鼠体力疲劳的缓解作用。小鼠分为空白组、PBP 低（100 mg/kg）、中（200 mg/kg）、高（400 mg/kg）剂量组,连续灌胃15 d,记录力竭游泳时间,测定血乳酸（lactic acid,LA）、血清尿素氮（blood urea nitrogen,BUN）、肝脏中肝糖原（hepaticr glycogen,HG）含量,以及体外 DPPH 自由基、ABTS+自由基清除率和总还原能力。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,PBP能够显著延长小鼠负重游泳时间（P<0.05）,其中中剂量组游泳时间增加极显著（P<0.01）。PBP中、高剂量组极显著（P<0.01）的降低了血清中BUN、LA含量,中剂量组极显著（P<0.01）的增加了肝脏中HG的储存量。体外抗氧化结果表明,沙棘多糖对 DPPH 自由基、ABTS+自由基都具有一定的清除能力,其 IC₅₀值分别为0.81、2 mg/mL,当浓度为1 mg/mL时,总还原能力为0.727。结果表明沙棘多糖具有一定的缓解体力疲劳、增强小鼠运动能力和抗氧化的作用。     

沙棘果多酚提取工艺优化及其抗阿尔茨海默症活性

目的:确定沙棘果多酚(SBP)最佳提取工艺,并探究其醇提取物抗阿尔茨海默症(AD)活性。方法:以单因素实验为基础,星点设计-效应面法(CCD-RSM)优化沙棘果乙醇提取物提取工艺。60只小鼠随机分为空白组、阳性组、模型组及SBP高、中、低剂量组,D-半乳糖联合三氯化铝诱导AD模型。利用Morris水迷宫进行神经行为学检测,酶联免疫吸附测定小鼠脑中乙酰胆碱(Ach)、胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)含量,HE染色观察脑海马区形态变化。结果:SBP最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度为71%,超声时间32 min,液料比20:1 mL/g,SBP提取量是3.0813 mg/g。与模型组比较,SBP高剂量组AD小鼠逃避潜伏期缩短(P<0.01),探索潜伏期显著延长,探索次数显著减少(P<0.05),Ach含量极显著增加(P<0.01),AchE含量极显著减少(P<0.01),ChAT含量显著增加(P<0.05),小鼠脑海马区形态明显改善。结论:SBP提取工艺优化,实际值与预测值吻合度高,可行性强;SBP能够调节改善学习记忆能力,具有良好的抗AD活性。     

沙棘熊果酸对酒精性肝损伤大鼠肝FXR信号通路的影响

目的:初步探讨沙棘熊果酸对酒精性肝损伤大鼠肝法尼醇X受体（Farnesoid X receptor, FXR）信号通路关键蛋白表达的影响。方法:6周龄SPF级SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组9只,分别为正常对照组、酒精模型组、熊果酸对照组和熊果酸+酒精组,干预时间为8周。采用苏木精-伊红（H&E）染色法观察大鼠肝组织病理学变化;测定大鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶（Alanine aminotransferase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（Aspartateaminotransferase,AST）活力和血清总胆汁酸（Total bile acid,TBA）、肝脏甘油三酯（Triglyceride,TG）、总胆固醇（Total cholesterol,TC）含量;酶联免疫吸附（Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）法检测血清细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子α（Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白细胞介素1β（Interleukin 1β,IL-1β）、白细胞介素10（Interleukin 10,IL-10）含量;免疫印迹法（Western blotting）测定大鼠肝FXR信号通路相关蛋白表达情况。结果:与正常对照组相比,酒精模型组大鼠肝脏存在大小不一的脂肪空泡和大量炎性细胞浸润;血清ALT、AST活力,TNF-ɑ、IL-1β水平,TBA含量和肝脏TG、TC含量均显著升高（P<0.05）、IL-10水平显著下降（P<0.05）。经熊果酸干预后,肝脏脂肪变性得到明显改善,炎性细胞浸润减少;血清ALT、AST活力,TNF-ɑ、IL-1β水平,TBA含量和肝脏TG含量均有不同程度的显著下降（P<0.05）,IL-10水平显著提高（P<0.05）。Western blotting结果显示,与正常对照组相比,模型组大鼠肝脏FXR蛋白表达显著降低（P<0.05）,CYP7A1和SREBP-1c蛋白表达均显著升高（P<0.05）;而经熊果酸干预后,FXR蛋白表达明显提高,CYP7A1及SREBP-1c蛋白表达明显下调,且差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:沙棘熊果酸能够明显改善酒精诱导的肝脏损伤,其作用机制可能与上调肝FXR、抑制CYP7A1和SREBP-1c的蛋白表达,从而维胆汁酸稳态、调节脂质代谢有关。     

沙棘果生物活性成分及其功能的研究进展

为开发功能性沙棘冻干粉泡腾片,本研究以外观、口感和崩解时限为考察指标,通过模糊数学结合响应面优化试验确定最佳制备工艺,并对该泡腾片进行品质分析。结果表明：最佳配方为沙棘冻干粉添加量40.00%、崩解剂酸碱比1:1.28、崩解剂添加量41.89%、羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）含量3%;在此条件下制得的沙棘冻干粉泡腾片表面光滑,口感良好,具有沙棘独特的香气,综合评分为79.80±1.20;泡腾片中V_C含量为5.85 mg/g,黄酮含量为5.26 mg/g,对DPPH自由基清除率达56.8%,对羟基自由基清除率达54.9%。本研究提升了沙棘的附加值,为沙棘功能性产品的开发提供了一定的理论基础。     

沙棘花青素提取物对双氧水诱导的H1299细胞损伤的保护作用及Nrf2/HO-1通路的影响

目的：研究沙棘花青素提取物（The anthocyanidin extract of Hippophae rhamnoides L.,HRAE）对双氧水诱导H1299细胞氧化损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法：利用双氧水诱导H1299细胞氧化损伤模型,采用MTT法检测HRAE对细胞活力的影响,采用荧光探针DCFH-DA检测细胞内活性氧（Reactive oxygen species,ROS）的含量;采用试剂盒分别测定超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（Glutathion peroxidase,GSH-Px）及丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）的含量;采用Western Blot法检测血红素氧合酶-1(Heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)、醌氧化还原酶-1(NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1,NQO1)、Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1(Kelch like ECH-associated protein 1,Keap1)和核转录因子E2相关因子（Nu...     

The content and composition of aroma compounds in three different cultivars of dill,Anethum grapeolens L.

Summary The content and composition of aroma compounds in the three dill cultivars Dura Sv, Dukat OE and Mammut WW at an early stage of maturity (before bud formation) were studied during two seasons at two different localities in Finland. The aroma compounds were isolated by solvent extraction and the concentrated extracts were analysed by capillary GC-MS. Great differences in the total aroma content were found between the three cultivars. Dura gave the best results (2,200 mg/kg fresh weight, 1.1 % of dry weight), 2- to 3-fold compared with the two other cultivars. Although 22 aroma compounds were identified the amounts of only five main components -phellandrene, 3,6-dimethyl-2,3,3a,4,5,7a-hexahydrobenzofuran, -phellandrene, limonene and p-cymene were compared in the three cultivars. They composed of 70–90% of the total aroma compounds. In all cultivars -phellandrene and the benzofuranoid were the major components. Theircontents were highest in the Dura cultivar (680 and 1,110 mg/kg of fresh dill, respectively). The selection of cultivars is the best way to improve the quality of the dill herb.

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Gehalt und Zusammensetzung der Aromastoffe in drei Abarten vom Dill,Anethum graveolens L.

Zusammenfassung Der Gehalt und die Zusammensetzung der Aromastoffe in drei Züchtungen von Dill, Dura Sv, Dukat OE und Mammut WW, wurden zwei Jahre lang an zwei Orten in Finnland während der frühen Stufe der Reife (vor der Knospen-Formation) studiert. Die Aromastoffe wurden durch Lösungsmittelextrahierung isoliert und die konzentrierten Extrakte mit Capillar-GC-MS analysiert. Zwischen den drei Sorten wurden große Unterschiede im Gehalt des Gesamtaromas festgestellt. Der Aromagehalt von Dura (2 200 mg/kg frischer Dill, 1,1 % der Trockensubstanz) war zwei- bis dreimal höher als beiden anderen Sorten. Obwohl 22 Aromastoffe identifiziert wurden wurde der Gehalt von nur fünf Hauptkomponenten, -Phellandren, 3,6-Dimethyl-2,3,3a,4,5,7a-hexahydrobenzofuran, -Phellandren, Limonen und p-Cymen, in den drei Sorten miteinander verglichen. In allen Sorten waren -Phellandren und das Benzofuranoid die Hauptkomponente. Ihre Gehalte waren am höchsten in der Sorte Dura (680 und 1 110 mg/kg frischer Dill). Die Auswahl der Sorten ist das beste Mittel, die Qualität des Dills zu verbessern.

     

The aroma of finnish wild raspberries, Rubus idaeus, L.

Summary Volatile components of fresh wild raspberries were studied by combined gas chromatographymass spectrometry. A total of 75 components were identified, corresponding to about 64 ppm of raspberry oil in the press juice. More than 40 compounds not reported previously as raspberry volatiles were detected. These included 5-methyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)furanone, 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)furanone, 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)furanone, and 11 terpenes. Two of the identified esters, ethyl 5-hydroxyoctanoate and ethyl 5-hydroxydecanoate, have not previously been identified in natural products. These esters are very unstable, forming the corresponding -lactones during processing of the berries.

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Das Aroma von finnischen wilden Himbeeren, Rubus idaeus, L.

Zusammenfassung Die flüchtigen Aromastoffe der wilden Himbeere wurden gaschromatographisch-massenspektrometrisch bestimmt. Insgesamt 75 Bestandteile wurden identifiziert, entsprechend einem Gehalt an ätherischem Öl von etwa 64 ppm. Mehr als 40 Komponenten wurden festgestellt, die bisher nicht in Himbeeren identifiziert worden sind. Zu diesen gehören 5-Methyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)furanon, 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)furanon, 2,5-Dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)furanon und 11 Terpene. Die zwei identifizierten Ester, nämlich 5-Hydroxyoctansäureethylester und 5-Hydroxydecansäureethylester, sind bisher in keinen natürlichen Produkten gefunden worden. Diese Ester sind sehr unstabil und wurden beim Verarbeiten der Beeren leicht zu den entsprechenden -Laktonen umgewandelt.

     

Antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical investigations of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) leaf, stem, root and seed

The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of crude ethanolic extract from Hippophaë rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae) leaf, stem, root and seed, and their respective fractions, obtained by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using hexane (HF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and water (WF), were investigated. The crude extract was obtained by Pressurised Liquid Extraction (PLE), using ethanol at 100 bar and 60 °C. Antimicrobial activity was tested against food-borne and clinical microorganisms. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH-radical scavenging and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The phytochemical contents were examined by colorimetric methods. The results showed that crude extracts were active against Gram − and + strains, and that seed and root extracts were better radical scavengers than leaf and stem extracts. For all organs, the two activities tested were found to be higher in WF. These activities were correlated with the presence of phenolic compounds in active fractions. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprints confirmed presence of phenolic compounds in active extracts and fractions.     

Phytosterol content of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil: Extraction and identification

Phytosterols in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil extracted by cold pressing, hexane, and supercritical carbon dioxide were identified by GC–MS and FID. Compounds identified were campesterol, clerosterol, lanosterol, sitosterol, β-amyrin, sitostanol, Δ⁵-avenasterol, Δ²⁴⁽²⁸⁾-stigmasta-en-ol, α-amyrin, Δ^5,24(25)-stigmastadienol, lupeol, gramisterol, Δ⁷-sitosterol, cycloartenol, cycloeucalenol, Δ⁷-avenasterol, 28-methylobtusifoliol, 24-methylenecycloartanol, erythrodiol, citrostadienol, uvaol, and oleanol aldehyde. Sitosterol and Δ⁵-avenasterol were, quantitatively, the most important phytosterols. Total sterols and most individual sterols differed significantly (P ? 0.05) among all three extraction methods with supercritical carbon dioxide extracting the highest total sterol levels (1640 mg/100 g oil) and cold pressed the lowest levels (879 mg/100 g oil).     

Antiproliferative effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) extracts on human colon and liver cancer cell lines

Sea buckthorn berries contain many bioactive compounds that have anticancer properties. To investigate whether the antiproliferative effects could be associated with the presence of certain compounds, a sequential extraction was performed. The extraction started with heptane followed by ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. A second protocol using ethanol:water (1:1) was also used. The contents of the extracts were determined and their effects on cell proliferation were investigated in both Caco-2 and Hep G2 cells. The ethyl acetate fraction was exclusively found to contain high levels of ursolic acid, together with low amounts of phenolics. The ethanol:water extracts contained high levels of phenolic compounds and proanthyocyanidin, but little ursolic acid. When the antiproliferative effects were examined, the strongest inhibitory effect was found in the ethyl acetate extract for the Caco-2 cells and in the ethanol:water extract for the Hep G2 cells. The antiproliferative effects were in both cases dose-dependent and were in the case of the ethyl acetate extract associated with an increase in apoptosis. The results obtained show that the choice of extraction solvent is of considerable importance and that ursolic acid might be more important than the polyphenols in inhibiting the cancer cell proliferation.     

Sugars, sugar alcohols, fruit acids, and ascorbic acid in wild Chinese sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides ssp. sinensis) with special reference to influence of latitude and altitude

Wild berries of Hippophaë rhamnoides ssp. sinensis were collected from nine natural growth sites in China in three consecutive years in order to get an overall profile of the sugars, sugar alcohols, fruit acids, and ascorbic acid, and especially of the influence of the latitude and altitude of the growth place on these components. The contents of fructose, glucose, and l-quebrachitol in the berry juice varied in the ranges of 0.01-7.17, 0.05-7.85 and 0.21-1.09 g/100 mL, respectively, those of malic, quinic, and ascorbic acids were 1.55-8.84, 0.07-2.94, and 0.25-1.66 g/100 mL, respectively. The berries from Hebei and Inner Mongolia were characterized by high contents of sugars and l-quebrachitol and low contents of malic acid and ascorbic acid. In contrast, the berries from Sichuan and Qinghai contained lower contents of sugars and higher contents of malic acid and ascorbic acid than the berries from other growth areas. The berries from Sichuan differed considerably from others by the remarkably low contents of sugars and the exceptionally high contents of acids. The contents of fructose, glucose, and total sugar decreased as the altitude increased and as the latitude decreased (p < 0.05). In contrast, the contents of malic acid and ascorbic acid increased as the altitude increased and as the latitude decreased (p < 0.05). The contents of quinic acid and l-quebrachitol correlated strongly and positively with the latitude (p < 0.01).     

Identification,quantification and antioxidant activity of acylated flavonol glycosides from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. sinensis)

A novel acylated flavonol glycoside: isorhamnetin (3-O-[(6-O-E-sinapoyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside) (1), together with two known acylated flavonol glycosides: quercetin (3-O-[(6-O-E-sinapoyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside) (2) and kaempferol (3-O-[(6-O-E-sinapoyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside) (3) were isolated from the n-butanol fraction of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. sinensis) berries for the first time by chromatographic methods, and their structures were elucidated using UV, MS, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, and 2D NMR. Compounds 1–3 showed good scavenging activities, with respective IC₅₀ values of 8.91, 4.26 and 30.90 μM toward the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical; respective Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities of 2.89, 4.04 and 2.44 μM μM⁻¹ toward 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) radical. The quantitative analysis of the isolated acylated flavonol glycosides was performed by HPLC–DAD method. The contents of compounds 1–3 were in the range of 12.2–31.4, 4.0–25.3, 7.5–59.7 mg/100 g dried berries and 9.1–34.5, 75.1–182.1, 29.2–113.4 mg/100 g dried leaves, respectively.     

异抗坏血酸钠处理对杏梅采后货架品质的影响

为研究异抗坏血酸钠处理对杏梅采后货架品质的影响,采用不同浓度异抗坏血酸钠(0.5%、1.0%、1.5%),在-20 kPa负压状态下,对杏梅处理2 min,然后于(25±1) ℃,85%~90%湿度(RH)条件下贮藏。通过测定杏梅在货架期间的品质指标来比较不同浓度异抗坏血酸钠处理下杏梅的生理品质。结果表明,不同浓度的异抗坏血酸钠处理有效延缓了果实可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量的下降,在一定程度上抑制了果实腐烂的发生,其中1.0%浓度的效果最佳。在此基础上,采用常压浸泡和-20 kPa负压渗透处理杏梅,结果表明,-20 kPa负压渗透处理杏梅有效延缓了果实可溶性固形物含量的下降,降低了果实的腐烂发生率。得出结论,1.0%异抗坏血酸钠结合-20 kPa负压渗透处理杏梅,杏梅的贮藏效果最好。     

SPME/GC/MS analysis of headspace aroma compounds of the Cameroonian fruit Tetrapleura tetraptera (Thonn.) Taub.

The aroma components of fresh and dried fruit shell of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Thonn.) Taub. (Mimosaceae) from Cameroon were analyzed by GC/FID, GC/MS, SPME/GC/FID, SPME/GC/MS, and olfactometry. The headspace is characterized by a high percentage of lower acids and esters. The main compounds in the SPME-headspace samples are 2-methylbutanoic acid (8.1%-14.5%), 2-methylbutenoic acid (3.5%-5.4%), acetic acid (13.0%-48.2%), butanoic acid (1.9-9.5%), 2-methylbutanoic acid ethyl ester (1.4%-3.4%), and 2-methylbutenoic acid ethyl ester (0.9%-10.3%) as well as 3-methylbutanone (0.3%-3.9%), butanol (0.4%-4.6%), 2-hydroxy-3-butanone (8.1%-31.6%), and 2-methylbutanol (3.6%-6.1%). Additional information on volatiles of an oleo-resin and a headspace sample from dried T. tetraptera fruits has been given and the analytical data correlated with olfactoric impressions to provide information about the aroma compounds responsible for the characteristic odour impression of these fruit samples.     

Effects of drying method on the extraction yields and quality of oils from quebec sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) seeds and pulp

The effects of air-drying and freeze-drying on the extraction yields and quality of oils from Quebec sea buckthorn (cv. Indian-summer) seeds and pulp were studied. Oil extractions were carried out using hexane. Air-dried (ADS) and freeze-dried (FDS) seeds, gave a similar extraction yields (∼12% w/w), whereas those of air-dried (ADP) and freeze-dried (FDP) pulps were significantly different (35.9 ± 0.8 vs. 17.1 ± 0.6% w/w). Fatty acid analysis revealed that α-linolenic (37.2–39.6%), linoleic (32.4–34.2%) and oleic (13.1%) acids were the main fatty acids in seed oils, while pulp oils were rich in palmitoleic (39.9%), palmitic (35.4%) and linoleic (10.6%) acids. Lipid fractionation of crude oils, obtained by solid phase extraction (SPE), yielded mainly neutral lipids (93.9–95.8%). The peroxide values of seed and pulp oils were ca. 1.8 meq/kg and between 3.0 and 5.4 meq/kg, respectively. The melting behavior of seed and pulp oils showed multiple endothermic transitions, as observed normally in vegetable oils.     

Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) leaf, stem and fruit fraction extracts in vitro

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) has long been regarded as a food and medicinal plant. We investigated the antioxidant activity of the water extract of leaf, stem and fruit fractions by several in vitro systems of assay, namely DPPH radical-scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity, β-carotene–linoleate bleaching assay, ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and total antioxidant capacity. Total phenolic content was measured by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Identification of phenolic compounds was achieved using HPLC with the UV-diode array detection. The extracts of different fractions were found to have different levels of antioxidant activity in the systems tested. The leaf extract showed the highest value of antioxidant activity, based on DPPH radical-scavenging activity and ferric reducing power, while the green fruit extract showed the highest value of antioxidant activity, based on hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity, β-carotene–linoleate bleaching assay and total antioxidant capacity. The predominant phenolic compounds were gallic acid, followed by caffeic acid and catechin. The present study demonstrated that the water extract fractions of bitter gourd have different responses with different antioxidant methods. Total phenol content was shown to provide the highest association with FRAP assay in this present study (R² = 0.948).     

沙棘果醋香气成分的GC/MS分析

采用顶空固相微萃取法对沙棘果醋的香气成分进行提取,用气相色谱-质谱对香气化合物进行分析,结合谱库检索技术对化合物进行鉴定,应用峰面积归一化法测定各成分的相对含量,共分离鉴定出82种香气成分,其中,匹配度在80以上有35种,其相对总量为84.57%。该35种主要的香气成分中,酯类(11种),酸类(2种)、烃类(17种)、醇类(1种)、酮类(2种)、酚类(2种)。其中,相对含量最高的是酯类(56.35%),其次是烃类(12.58%)、酸类(11.33%)、酮类(1.93%)、酚类(1.57%)、醇类(0.81%)。     

Odour active aroma compounds of sea fig (Microcosmus sulcatus)

Sea fig is an original shellfish appreciated for its powerful “marine, iodized” flavour. Different methods of analysis by gas chromatography, coupled with olfactometry (GC–O), were studied and compared. Subsequently, odour-active aroma compounds of sea fig extract were analyzed by OSME and CHARM analysis. Twenty-nine olfactive areas were observed by OSME, and 18 by CHARM analysis. Volatile compounds of the extract were analyzed by mass spectrometry and specific detectors associated with the GC. Twenty molecules, responsible for these odours were elucidated. Among them, 12 were directly identified by GC–MS, and the remaining 8 only by GC–O and standard sample injection. Moreover, 10 volatile sulfur-containing compounds were revealed as the major olfactive contributors. The two principal character-impact compounds possessed “marine, fresh” and “fishy, crustaceous” odours. The first could not be identified; however, trimethylamine was attributed to the other, and defined as a key compound of sea fig aroma.