冲击载荷作用下磁流变阻尼器的建模与分析

以某12．7 mm机枪的磁流变(MR)后坐阻尼器为研究对象,基于Herschel-Bulkley本构模型,建立了该MR后坐阻尼器的轴对称一维层流模型。运用ANSYS软件,对该阻尼器的MR阀进行了磁场有限元分析,求得了环状间隙间MR流体的磁通密度。将MR流体流动模型和MR阀有限元结果相结合,建立了不同磁场作用下阻尼力随活塞速度的变化规律,利用这些规律对该阻尼器的落锤撞击试验和实弹射击试验进行了数值仿真。理论与试验结果的对比指出,在低磁场作用的情况下,理论与试验结果具有较好的一致性。     

基于压阻原理的磁流变减振器阻尼力传感器设计

为实现磁流变减振器运行中的健康状态监测并满足轿车磁流变减振器控制器阻尼力的需要,设计了一种可同时测量磁流变减振器压缩和复原行程中动态阻尼力的压阻式力传感器。根据汽车磁流变减振器的工作特性和压阻式压力传感器的设计原则,对阻尼力传感器进行了整体结构设计;采用理论计算与有限元仿真相结合的方法,以达到设计量程、获得较大灵敏度和固有频率为设计目标,确定了传感器芯片尺寸;通过分析论证,确定了传感器芯片型式、制作材料;研究了压阻系数与晶向的关系,确定了电阻排布方向和位置、电阻条尺寸、电阻条折弯数,完成了芯片的版图设计。     

Design and analysis of a new magneto rheological damper for washing machine

In this article, a new magneto rheological (MR) sponge damper is proposed for suppression of vibrations in a washing machine. The article presents design optimization of geometric parameters of MR sponge damper (MRSD) using the finite element analysis (FEA) and first order derivative techniques for a washing machine. The article explains the hysteresis behavior and the relationship of damping force with input current for the proposed MRSD. Moreover, the characteristics of the MRSD such as energy dissipation and equivalent damping coefficient are investigated experimentally in terms of input current and excitation amplitude. The passive dampers installed in washing machine are ineffective in reducing unwanted vibrations at resonant frequencies due to real time unbalanced mass. For this purpose, a test setup is established in order to compare the performance of passive dampers with the proposed MRSDs in a washing machine. It is noticed that MRSDs reduce average vibrations of 75.61 % in a low frequency band, whereas in a high frequency band, the MRSDs lessen average vibrations of 30.57 % in a washing machine. In order to determine the performance of proposed design MRSD, a detailed comparison of the performance parameters, such as total damping force, passive force, maximum average vibrations after suppression by MR dampers, maximum current and power ratings is provided with the existing designs of MR damper for washing machine from the literature.     

A study on the efficiency improvement of a passive oil damper using an MR accumulator

This study describes the development, modeling, and testing of a hybrid damper for semi-active suspension. The goal of this study is to improve the performance of conventional passive oil dampers using a magneto-rheological (MR) accumulator that consists of a gas accumulator and an MR device. The level of damping is continuously variable by means of control of the applied current in an MR device that is fitted to a floating piston that separates the gas and oil chamber. A small MR device is used to resist the movement of the floating piston. At first, a mathematical model that describes all flows within the damper is formulated and developed in Matlab/Simulink. The MR device is also devised. A mathematical model is adopted to characterize the performance of the device. The formulas derived for the different components of the damper force are combined into a full damper model. Then, the applicability of the MR device to a conventional passive oil damper is tested in a manufactured test environment and evaluated in terms of the damping force vs. the piston velocity. From the results, it is possible to ascertain the MF device’s capability to work as a damper that can supply a variable damping force. Moreover, this research affords a lot of new information about the applicability of MR devices and improvement of the damping force.     

GENERATION OF ASYMMETRIC F-v CHARACTERISTICS FOR SYMMETRIC MR DAMPERS

An asymmetric damping force generation algorithm is originally proposed to yield the asymmetric force-velocity characteristics for the symmetric magneto-rheological (MR) dampers. The command current is formulated in an asymmetric manner to excite the symmetric MR dampers by employing the "on-off" control law in response to the direction of velocity, and a smooth modulation function is developed without phase shift to suppress strong transients in the damping forces caused by the current-switching discontinuity. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by analyzing the dynamic responses of a quarter-vehicle suspension system with a symmetric MR-damper by modulating the command current into the asymmetric manner. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm could achieve a better compromise between the conflicting requirements of the asymmetric damping force ratio and the force-velocity curve smoothness, and the asymmetric damping MR-suspension design can ideally improve the road holding and ride performances of vehicle motion. The proposed algorithm can be generally incorporated with a controller synthesis to realize an intelligent vehicle suspension design with the symmetric MR dampers.     

飞机起落架磁流变减摆器的设计流程

随着对半主动控制材料磁流变液研究的不断深入,磁流变液阻尼器装置的应用变得更加广泛。为了设计出性能更优越的磁流变液减摆器装置,根据磁流变液阻尼器的一般设计方法,对磁流变减摆器的设计流程进行了研究,总结并提练出一套完整详细的设计流程,按照这套设计流程做了一个算例进行实验验证。通过对实验结果的分析,理论设计的最大出力与初始阻尼力及仿真计算结果与实验结果十分接近,尤其在高频率高振幅时,由实验数据处理得到的示功图也很光滑,表明设计出来的减摆器具有很好的耗能特性,验证了磁流变液减摆器设计流程的可行性。     

高速动车组减振器载荷特征研究

减振器的主要功能是提供阻尼力以衰减和抑制车辆系统振动,对高速动车组动力性能有十分重要的影响。既有研究主要将减振器处理为阻尼力以研究车辆系统动力性能,极少从动力学和结构可靠性角度关注减振器自身承受的载荷。制作某型高速动车组转向架抗蛇行减振器、轴箱减振器、二系横向和垂向减振器测力元件,在大同-西安高速线路上测试并获得该型动车组运行过程中四种减振器载荷引起的应变信号。对测试数据进行处理和分析,获得高速动车组运行工况下四种减振器载荷的时间历程,分析减振器载荷的时域和频域特征。采用雨流计数法统计减振器载荷峰谷值和频次,获得不同速度等级下载荷分布。结果表明,高速动车组抗蛇行减振器载荷最大、二系横向减振器载荷最小。轴箱减振器相对速度最大、二系横向减振器相对速度最小。减振器载荷总体上呈正态分布,而且一般有列车运行速度越高减振器载荷越大。列车正线行驶时曲线半径对轴箱减振器、二系垂向减振器以及二系横向减振器载荷影响不明显,列车速度和线路小半径曲线对抗蛇行减振器载荷影响明显。     

Study on damping properties of magnetorheological damper

To research the properties of a new kind of smart controllable MR (magnetorheological) fluid, in this paper, the rheological models are discussed. On the basis of analyzing the structural forms of MR dampers, an improved structure of the MR damper is introduced; the properties of the novel MR damper are then tested. The experimental results reveal that the Herschel-Bulkley model predicts the force-velocity well; the damping properties of the ameliorated structure of the MR damper have improved; when the excitation is a trigonal signal, the MR damper reveals a thinning effect at high velocity; and when the excitation is a sinusoidal signal, the MR damper reveals a nonlinear hysteretic property between the damping force and relative velocity. Finally, the main unsolved problems have been put forward. __________ Translated from Ningxia Engineering Technology, 2005, 24 (4) (in Chinese)     

磁流变阻尼器对斜拉索半主动控制的最优参数

采用基于位移和速度方向的半主动控制算法。以全索全时段振动响应的均方根（RMS）评价磁流变（MR）阻尼器对斜拉索的减振效果，研究了MR阻尼器的最优型号与阻尼器安装位置、斜拉索基频（张力、索长、质量）、激励荷载（类型、频率、幅值）等各种因素的关系，为MR阻尼器合理选型提供了优化设计的方法。最优型号主要是与斜拉索基频和MR阻尼器安装位置有关。在引起索基频变化的因素中．索质量对最优型号影响最大；而索长对最优型号影响不大。对于索质量较大、张力较大、MR阻尼器安装位置较低、外界激励较大、频谱特征多变、低频为主时需要较强的MR阻尼器。     

磁流体行为指数对磁流变冲击阻尼器性能的影响

根据应用于火炮的冲击型磁流变(MR)阻尼器的特点,基于Herschel-Bu lkley本构模型,建立了某25 mm火炮磁流变后坐阻尼器的平行板一维层流模型,获得了不同磁场作用下阻尼力随活塞速度的变化规律。根据某单管25 mm火炮的后坐运动方程,计算了不同MR流体行为指数下,火炮的后坐位移和后坐速度,评价了MR流体行为指数对后坐阻尼器行为的影响。     

汽车磁流变减振器设计准则探讨

提出了微型汽车磁流变减振器的设计准则,建立了磁流变减振器的理论分析模型来预估减振器阻尼力的大小。测试结果表明,减振器的阻尼力由粘性阻尼力和磁场阻尼力组成,随着磁场强度的增加,减振器的阻尼力也增大,基本上符合理论预估值,说明所建立的理论分析模型是可行的。     

Comparative Study on Wear Characteristics between Flow Mode and Shear Mode Magnetorheological Dampers

This comparative study experimentally examines the wear characteristics of magnetorheological (MR) dampers operated in flow mode and shear mode. First, electromagnetic coil structures are designed for two different MR dampers to maximize the field-dependent damping force. Two MR dampers are also designed to have the same volume of MR fluid for reasonable comparison. After identifying the field-dependent damping force at the initial state, the two dampers are operated up to 60,000 cycles using a reciprocating-type wear durability tester. The field-dependent damping forces are then evaluated before and after operation. The wear properties of the MR fluid are investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images that show the changes in the MR fluid particles' size and shape. The surface roughness of the MR damper's piston areas are also measured. In addition, the effects of the permeability of the piston sleeve materials on the wear properties are investigated by selecting three different sleeve materials that have different permeability values: 0.2% carbon steel (S20C), 0.45% carbon steel (S45C), and tool die casting steel (STD-11). The surface roughness of each case is tested and the atomic spectrum is investigated after long operation using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) inside the piston. The experimental results obtained from this work indicate that the motion of the operating mode significantly affects the wear characteristics of the MR fluid itself as well as the magnetic effective areas of the MR dampers.     

Application of smart passive damping system using MR damper to highway bridge structure

Magnetorheological (i.e., MR) dampers are one of the most prospective semiactive control devices for civil engineering applications to earthquake hazard mitigation, because they have many advantages such as small power requirement, reliability, and low price to manufacture. A smart passive system based on an MR damper system without including a power supply, controller, and sensors consists of an MR damper and an electromagnetic induction (i.e., EMI) system that uses a permanent magnet and a coil. The electromotive force induced by movement of a structure can control MR damper effectively without any external power supply and control algorithm. This smart passive control system is implemented to verify the effectiveness for seismic protection of benchmark structural control problem for the seismically excited highway bridge, which is based on the newly constructed 91/5 highway over-crossing in Southern California. The results of the numerical simulations show that the presented control system can be beneficial in reducing seismic responses of benchmark bridge structure.     

基于MTS试验机的磁流变阻尼器性能研究

分析了磁流变阻尼器的工作原理和理论计算模型。利MTS810试验机对MRD-60型磁流变阻尼器进行了力学性能试验,研究了在不同的控制电流、激振频率、振幅条件下,磁流变阻尼器的阻尼力与活塞杆位移、速度的特性关系,分析了外界激振力与阻尼力的响应试验,验证了力学特性的相关理论问题。采用MATLAB软件对试验数据进行了分析处理,研究了性能试验曲线中的一些特殊理论和技术问题,为磁流变阻尼器的研制和工程应用提供了重要参考依据。     

基于有限元仿真的磁流变阻尼器性能研究

对双线圈活塞式磁流变阻尼器结构和工作原理进行分析,应用ANSYS软件对阻尼器磁场有限元仿真,证明励磁线圈电流异向时磁场的利用效率更高,并且建立电流异向时阻尼间隙磁感应强度和电流的函数表达式,结合阻尼力模型和磁流变液的材料特性,得出阻尼力关于电流值和活塞运动速度的理论关系。通过阻尼器台架试验,对理论关系进行验证,结果表明:理论值准确的描述了阻尼力变化规律。为磁流变阻尼器设计及改进提供方法。     

轴系减振器相位角的频域分析提取技术

为了预防船舶行进过程中减振器性能衰退引起轴系振动过大所带来的危害,提出了船舶轴系减振器相位角频域分析提取算法,使用扭振仪对减振器内外圈扭角速度 进行实时测量,计算减振器的相位角和阻尼系数,分析误差原因,筛除误差较大的数据,将拟合曲线与标准曲线进行对比,判断减振器性能。实船测试结果表明,该算法能准确计算出减振器相位角,拟合曲线精确度高,满足了船舶轴系减振器性能分析的设计要求。     

滞回模型磁流变减振器半主动悬架模糊控制

为了获得磁流变减振器便于控制的精确力学模型,在正弦激励下对磁流变减振器进行了特性试验,利用试验数据拟合了一种滞回模型,以此来表示磁流变减振器的动态响应特性,比较由此模型仿真和实测的阻尼力,表明此模型既能较好地描述其滞回特征,亦能简单明了地表达逆向动态特性,可在开环控制策略下容易地获得理想的阻尼力,利用此模型设计了一个开环控制策略下的模糊控制器,比较所设计的模糊控制器和天棚控制器及被动悬架的性能,采用四分之一悬架模型采进行分析和仿真,随机路面激励下的数值仿真进一步证实了此控制器的有效性,其综合性能比天棚控制和被动悬架均有较大幅度的提高.     

Modeling and testing of a field-controllable magnetorheological fluid damper

In this study, an experimental and a theoretical study were carried out to predict the dynamic performance of a linear magnetorheological (MR) fluid damper. After having designed and fabricated the MR damper, its dynamic testing was performed on a mechanical type shock machine under sinusoidal excitation. A theoretical flow analysis was done based on the Bingham plastic constitutive model to predict the behavior of the prototyped MR damper. The theoretical results were then validated by comparing them against experimental data, and it was shown that the flow model can accurately capture the dynamic force range of the MR damper. In addition to the flow model, a modified parametric algebraic model was proposed to capture the hysteretic behavior of the MR damper. The superiority of the proposed modified model was shown by comparing it with the Alg model as well as with a widely adopted modified Bouc-Wen model through an error analysis. It is observed that although all the three models are comparable at the excitation velocities of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 m/s, the mAlg model is remarkably successful at the highest excitation velocity of 0.2 m/s over the other two. The improvements in the predictions were found to be over 50%, relative to unmodified model especially at lower current inputs. Therefore, it was concluded that the present flow model can be successfully adopted to design and predict the dynamic behavior of MR dampers, while the mAlg model can be used to develop more effective control algorithms for such devices.     

Vibration control of a cable-stayed bridge using electromagnetic induction based sensor integrated MR dampers

This paper presents a novel electromagnetic induction (EMI) system integrated in magnetorheological (MR) dampers: The added EMI system converts reciprocal motions of MR damper into electiral energy (electromotive force or emf) according to the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Maximum energy dissipation algorithm (MEDA) is employed to regulate the MR dampers because it strives to simplify a complex design process by employing the Lyapunov’s direct approach. The emf signal, produced from the EMI, provides the necessary measurement information (i.e., realtive velocity across the damper) for the MEDA controller. Thus, the EMI acts as a sensor in the proposed MR-EMI system. In order to evaluate the performance and robustness of the MR-EMI sensor system with the MEDA control, this study performed an extensive simulation study using the first generation benchmark cable-stayed bridge. Moreover, it compared the performance and the robustness of proposed system with those of Clipped-Optimal Control (COC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), which were previously studied for the benchmark cable-stayed bridge. The results show that the MR-EMI system reduced the vibrations of the bridge structure more than those of COC and SMC and show more robust performance than that of SMC. These results suggest that EMIs can be used cost-effective sensing devices for MR damper control systems without compromising the performance of them.     

新型阻尼器的力学建模与试验

针对舰艇管路系统抗冲击的特殊要求,设计一种容量大、能量吸收率高的新型阻尼器,根据新型阻尼器结构的几何特征用数学的方法推导其力学模型,并由跌落试验进行验证。该力学模型中的参数由数值模拟阻尼力假定为常数的新型阻尼器和跌落台构成的单自由度系统确定,通过对新型阻尼器的跌落试验选用三个不同冲击速度时的阻尼力－速度曲线对模型参数已知的力学模型进行验证。将试验测得地阻尼力－速度曲线与该力学模型理论预测地阻尼力－速度曲线比较发现,二者吻合得很好,从而验证了该力学模型的可靠性。