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1.
P. Muraleedharan H. S. Khatak J. B. Gnanamoorthy P. Rodriguez 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1985,16(2):285-289
The influence of cold work (prestraining) in the range 2.3 to 56 pct on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) properties of types
304 and 316 stainless steels in boiling MgCl2 solution at 154 °C was investigated using a constant load method. In both materials,
SCC initiation was in transgranular mode. Transition in stress corrosion cracking mode from transgranular to intergranular,
as the crack proceeds, was observed at all cold work levels in 316 stainless steel and at cold work levels of 26 pct and 56
pct in 304 stainless steel. Both prestraining and increase in the initial applied stress facilitated the transition in crack
morphology to intergranular mode. Increased tendency to intergranular SCC at high applied stresses and in cold worked specimens
appears to be mechanistically analogous. 相似文献
2.
3.
A. Chambreuil-Paret Ph.D. T. Magnin 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1999,30(5):1327-1331
Austenitic stainless steels are known to be sensitive to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in hot chloride solutions. The aim
of the present study is to find improvements in the SCC behavior of 316L-type austenitic stainless steels in 117°C MgCl2 solutions. Previously, the authors have proposed the “corrosion-enhanced plasticity model” (CEPM) to describe the discontinuous
cracking process which occurs in SCC. This model is based on localized corrosion (anodic dissolution, and hydrogen absorption)-deformation
(dislocations) interactions (CDI). From the framework of this model, it is proposed that a prestraining in fatigue at saturation
decreases the SCC sensitivity. This idea is experimentally confirmed for both crack initiation and crack propagation, through
the analysis of the SCC behavior by slow-strain-rate tests of single and polycrystals after different prestraining conditions. 相似文献
4.
J. González F. Gutiérrez-Solana J. M. Varona 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1996,27(2):281-290
The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of 4135 steel in a simulated sea water solution has been analyzed in an
attempt to understand the effect that microstructural changes associated with the corresponding changes in strength level
have on both intergranular (IG) and transgranular (TG) crack propagation modes. After a selection of heat treatments, the
following different microstructural variables were studied: the effect of grain size on IG fracture processes; the influence
of the grade of tempering on the SCC resistance and crack propagation mode; and the effect of type and content of bainite
and the effect of ferrite in mixed microstructures. A global analysis shows that the typical SCC resistance-strength level
inverse relationship can only be applied when the microstructure re-mains invariable. An important microstructural control
of SCC behavior was found for TG processes at moderate and low strength levels. The data analysis showed the following: a
beneficial effect of increasing the grain size when crack propagates at grain boundaries without precipitates; the existence
of a critical tempering temperature so that a sudden IG-TG change happens without any apparent relation to microstructural
changes; the beneficial effect of bainite presence as a substitute for mar-tensite and high SCC resistance of structures containing
over 50 pct ferrite, associated with their low strength levels. 相似文献
5.
Denny A. Jones 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1985,16(6):1133-1141
A mechanism of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is outlined in which anodic dissolution at film rupture sites relieves strain
hardening and reduces the fracture stress at the crack tip. Experimental evidence is cited to suggest that relief of strain
hardening occurs by interaction of subsurface dislocations with divacancies generated by the anodic dissolution. A transgranular
crack propagates by accumulation of divacancies on prismatic planes which then separate by cleavage under plane strain conditions
at the crack tip. At appropriate metallurgical and chemical conditions, anodic dissolution and/or divacancy migration may
be enhanced at grain boundaries, leading to an intergranular failure mode. Evidence is also available to indicate that cyclic
loading relieves strain hardening. Relief of strain hardening by combined cyclic loading and corrosion accounts for the higher
incidence of corrosion fatigue cracking (CFC) without the requirement of any critical dissolved species. Data on fatigue of
stainless steel at elevated temperature in both vacuum and air provide additional support for the proposed mechanism. 相似文献
6.
To assist in the understanding of micromechanisms for corrosion fatigue crack growth in metastable austenitic steels, the
relationships between the crack paths and the underlying microstructure were investigated for annealed and cold-rolled (CR)
304 stainless steels that had been tested in a deaerated 3.5 pct NaCl solution, air, and vacuum. Corrosion fatigue in the
deleterious environments (3.5 pct NaCl and air) was brittle and occurred primarily by {001}γ and other unidentified, quasi-cleavage (QC), accompanied by preferential cracking along {111}γ twin and grain boundaries. In contrast, fatigue cracking in vacuum was ductile, fully transgranular, and noncrystallographic.
Transformation to alpha prime (α′-) martensite by fatigue was found to be essentially complete in the CR steel, which contained
ε-martensite, and in the annealed steel tested in vacuum, but was substantially less in the annealed steel tested in air and
3.5 pct NaCl solution. These results, taken in conjunction with the crack growth and electrochemical reaction data, support
hydrogen embrittlement (HE) as the mechanism for corrosion fatigue crack growth in 304 stainless steels in 3.5 pct NaCl solution.
Martensitic transformation appears not to be the only responsible factor for embrittlement. Other microstructural components,
such as twin and grain boundaries, slip bands, and cold work-induced lattice defects, may play more important roles in enhancing
crack growth rates. 相似文献
7.
Fatigue experiments were conducted on polycrystalline and monocrystalline samples of a high purity Al, 5.5 wt pct Zn, 2.5
wt pct Mg, 1.5 wt pct Cu alloy in the peak-hardened heat treatment condition. These experiments were conducted in dry laboratory
air and in 0.5N NaCl solutions at the corrosion potential and at applied potentials cathodic to the corrosion potential. It has been shown
that saline solutions severely reduce the fatigue resistance of the alloy, resulting in considerable amounts of intergranular
crack initiation and propagation under freely corroding conditions for polycrystalline samples. Applied cathodic potentials
resulted in still larger decreases in fatigue resistance and, for poly crystals, increases in the degree of transgranular
crack initiation and propagation. Increasing amounts of intergranular cracking were observed when applied cyclic stresses
were reduced (longer test times). The characteristics of cracking, combined with results obtained on tensile tests of deformed
and hydrogen charged samples, suggest that environmental cracking of these alloys is associated with a form of hydrogen embrittlement
of the process zones of growing cracks. Further, it is suggested that stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue of these
alloys occurs by essentially the same mechanism, but that the often observed transgranular cracking under cyclic loading conditions
occurs due to enhanced hydrogen transport and/or concentrations associated with mobile dislocations at growing crack tips. 相似文献
8.
A fracture mechanics study of stress corrosion cracking (scc) of cold worked AISI 310 austenitic steel, and an experimental
metastable austenite, was conducted in hot aqueous solutions of 44.7 wt pct MgCl2 and the results compared with previous studies on AISI 316 steel. Attention was directed towards Region II behavior where
crack propagation rate (v) was independent of stress intensity (KI). The apparent activation energy of Region II was found to be in the range ~65 to 75 kJ/mol, independent of the relative
proportions of intergranular and transgranular cracking. Also, electron diffraction studies of fracture surfaces showed that
α′-martensite formation was not a pre-requisite for scc, although it may influence crack propagation rates. Cracking was discussed
in terms of a hydrogen embrittlement model under hydrogen transport control in the austenite lattice. However, adsorption
(chemisorption) effects on repassivation and dissolution behavior could not be eliminated from consideration.
Alan J. Russell, Formerly Research Student, University of British Columbia. 相似文献
9.
GU Bao-shan JI Xiao-chun ZHANG Qi-fu LIU Jian-hua 《钢铁研究学报(英文版)》2006,13(2):45-48
The influence of γ-ray irradiation on the properties of inside-reactor stainless steel structures was studied by simulating the working condition of pressurized water reactor (PWR) first circuit and the outside-reactor y-ray irradiation. The result shows that the simulated outside-reactor irradiation (irradiation dose 4. 4 )〈 104 Gy) has no influence on anticorrosion properties of solutionized SUS304 austenitic stainless steel, including intergranular corrosion (IC) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Anticorrosion properties (IC, SCC) of sensitized SUS304 austenitic stainless steel are reduced by simulated outside-reactor irradiation. The longer the sensitized time is, the more obvious the influence is. 相似文献
10.
H. S. Khatak J. B. Gnanamoorthy P. Rodriguez 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1996,27(5):1313-1325
Stress corrosion data on a nuclear grade AISI type 304 stainless steel in a boiling solution of 5M NaCl+ 0.15M Na2SO4+ 3 mL/L HC1 (bp 381 K) for various metallurgical conditions of the steel are presented in this article. The metallurgical
conditions used are solution annealing, sensitization, 10 pct cold work, 20 pct cold work, solution annealing + sensitization,
10 pct cold work + sensi-tization, and 20 pct cold work + sensitization. The fracture mechanics approach has been used to
obtain quantitative data on the stress corrosion crack growth rates. The stress intensity factor,K
1, andJ integral,J
1, have been used as evaluation parameters. The crack growth rates have been measured using compact tension type samples under
both increasing and decreasing stress intensity factors. A crack growth rate of 5 X 10-11 m/s was chosen for the determination of threshold para-meters. Results of the optical microscopic and fractographic examinations
are presented. Acoustic signals were recorded during crack growth. Data generated from acoustic emissions, activation energy
measurements, and fractographic features indicate hydrogen embrittlement as the possible mechanism of cracking. 相似文献
11.
用U形弯试样浸泡和慢应变速率拉伸实验研究了3Cr17Ni7Mo2SiN和00Cr22Ni5Mo3N(2205)不锈钢在硫化氢介质中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为.2205不锈钢的SCC萌生孕育期较长,在pH较低的饱和H2S溶液中具有明显的SCC敏感性,其SCC敏感性随溶液pH值的升高或H2S含量的降低而迅速降低.3Cr17Ni7Mo2SiN的SCC孕育期均低于2205不锈钢,在pH ≤ 4.5、H2S的质量浓度 ≥ 103mg·L-1的H2S介质中均具有明显的SCC敏感性,其SCC敏感性受pH值和H2S含量变化影响较小.3Cr17Ni7Mo2SiN的SCC以沿晶裂纹萌生,扩展后转变为穿晶应力腐蚀开裂;2205不锈钢近表面处首先发生奥氏体-铁素体相间氢致开裂,并促进SCC萌生,其SCC为穿晶应力腐蚀开裂. 相似文献
12.
Dongliang Lin Jiangsheng Wu Yun Lan 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1988,19(9):2225-2231
Measurements of the threshold stress intensity for stress corrosion cracking (SCC), KISCC, and crack growth rate,da/dt, in distilled water were made, respectively, on bolt-loaded WOL and precracked three-point-bending specimens of a 4330M steel.
A significant improvement of resistance to SCC was obtained by increasing quenching temperature and it is due to a reduction
of segregated impurities of P and S at prior austenite grain boundaries. Intergranular cracking tendency increases with inter-granular
concentration of impurities and the fracture mode changes from intergranular separation along prior austenite grain boundaries
to transgranular quasi-cleavage as the segregated impurity becomes low enough. The combined effects of hydrogen and intergranular
impurities on reducing intergranular cohesion and the time for approaching the critical concentration of hydrogen are dis-cussed
in terms of a dynamic model which takes into account the accumulation of hydrogen ahead of a moving microcrack.
Formerly with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 相似文献
13.
F. Gutiérrez-Solana A. Valiente J. González J. M. Varona 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1996,27(2):291-304
The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of 4135 steel under different heat treatments is analyzed in an attempt to relate
microstructural characteristics with macroscopic measurements of SCC resis-tance, especially the very impressive improvements
associated with changes from intergranular (IG) to transgranular (TG) fracture paths. Considering that local hydrogen embrittlement
at the crack tip causes SCC processes, a local cracking criterion, based on a critical strain depending on hydrogen concentration,
is assumed to control the process. Stress corrosion cracking is viewed as a discontin-uous series of unstable crack extensions
through the locally embrittled regions. The model developed on this basis explains the macroscopic behavior observed at the
threshold situation and partially at stage II propagation and clarifies the role of the metallurgical variables in each of
the types of fracture detected. 相似文献
14.
15.
16.
Small crack size accelerates corrosion fatigue propagation through high strength 4130 steel in aqueous 3 pct NaCl. The size
effect is attributed to crack geometry dependent mass transport and electrochemical reaction processes which govern embrittlement.
For vacuum or moist air, growth rates are defined by stress intensity range independent of crack size (0.1 to 40 mm) and applied
maximum stress (0.10 to 0.95 Φys). In contrast small (0.1 to 2 mm) surface elliptical and edge cracks in saltwater grow up to 500 times faster than long (15
to 40 mm) cracks at constant δK. Small cracks grow along prior austenite grain boundaries, while long cracks propagate by
a brittle transgranular mode associated with tempered martensite. The small crack acceleration is maximum at low δK levels
and decreases with increasing crack length at constant stress, or with increasing stress at constant small crack size. Reductions
in corrosion fatigue growth rate correlate with increased brittle transgranular cracking. Crack mouth opening, proportional
to the crack solution volume to surface area ratio, determines the environmental enhancement of growth rate and the proportions
of inter- and transgranular cracking. Small cracks grow at rapid rates because of enhanced hydrogen production, traceable
to increased hydrolytic acidification and reduced oxygen inhibition within the occluded cell. 相似文献
17.
《Acta Metallurgica Materialia》1990,38(7):1313-1319
The ductile f.c.c. 316 alloy is shown to exhibit brittle transgranular (and intergranular) stress corrosion cracking in a 153°C MgCl2 solution at free corrosion potential. Tests on smooth and pre-cracked specimens are performed to identify the mechanisms of fracture. Transgranular cracking is related to both a discontinuous microcleavage mainly on {100} planes and a microshearing on {111} planes. A new physical modelization is proposed to explain the brittle transgranular cracking. It is based on the influence of the localized anodic dissolution on the enhancement of the plasticity at the crack tip. The formation of dislocation pile-ups and the conditions of restricted slip induce a brittle microcracking. The crack propagation is then limited and arrested by the strong effect of relaxation in the ductile 316 alloy. Such a model is discussed as a function of the main factors governing the transgranular stress corrosion cracking sensitivity of ductile f.c.c. single-phase materials. 相似文献
18.
S. Jani M. Marek R. F. Hochman E. I. Meletis 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1991,22(6):1453-1461
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was utilized to characterize the deformation substructure of 304 stainless steel tested
for transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) in 45 wt pet MgCl2 at 155 °C. The TEM characterization was conducted in thin foils prepared from the fracture surface and from a series of known
depths below the fracture surface. The results indicate that the stacking fault energy (SFE) of the material immediately ahead
of the crack tip is lowered, with the deformation mode at small distances (a few microns) in front of the growing crack front
being entirely coplanar while at larger distances homogeneous. The reduction in the SFE is attributed to absorbed hydrogen
formed during the cathodic reaction. Based on this and previous observations of transgranular stress corrosion characteristics
of aus-tenitic stainless steels in chloride environments, a “hydrogen-induced cleavage” model is proposed. This model is essentially
a modification of a model based on enhanced structural reactivity associated with Lomer-Cottrell locks proposed by Robertson
and Tetelmann in 1962.27 相似文献
19.
20.
It has been reported that the mode or type of crack propagation (transgranular, intergranular, or microvoid coalescence) in
304 stainless steel could be identified by analysis of the acoustic emissions generated during crack propagation. Different
crack propagation modes were produced in double cantilever beam specimens of 304 stainless steel using combinations of heat
treatments and cathodic charging. The acoustic emission generated was measured, analyzed, and correlated with metallographic
results. Intergranular cracking or separation was observed in three experimental conditions: (1) sensitized samples tested
in air at room temperature, (2) sensitized samples which were cathodically charged prior to testing in air at room temperature,
and (3) sensitized samples which were simultaneously and continuously cathodically charged while being tested at room temperature.
The particular acoustic emissions generated by intergranular separations were identified by careful analysis of the acoustic
emission waveforms. The amount of intergranular cracking and the acoustic emissions detected were found to be strongly dependent
on the experimental test conditions. The amplitude, duration, and, hence, the energy carried in the waveforms of the emissions
from intergranular separations were found to decrease dramatically when there was a constant supply of hydrogen,i.e., during continuous cathodic charging. The results are consistent with the lowering of the cohesive energy along the grain
boundary; however, other mechanisms are also plausible.
Formerly with the Physics Department, University of Denver. 相似文献