方家山核电工程辅助变压器电压不平衡的分析与对策

为分析辅助变压器空载运行电压不平衡的现象,首先应用能量法将变压器各绕组的径向分布电容参数等效折算为各绕组端部和端部间的集中电容参数,发现由于变压器平衡绕组的C相直接接地,导致变压器低压侧三相对地电容不平衡,并且低压绕组与平衡绕组的互电容也不平衡。然后,应用Matlab建立了考虑集中电容参数的变压器空载电路模型,并进行空载合闸仿真试验,仿真试验结果表明变压器三相对地电压严重不平衡。最后,给出了解决电压不平衡问题的技术措施。     

单端反激式开关电源中变压器的设计

变压器是开关电源中的核心器件,针对工作在连续电流（CCM）或断续电流模式（DCM）下的反激式变压器,在其设计中存在计算公式众多、参数设计困难等问题。本文通过综合分析磁芯大小、原边电感值、气隙大小、原边线圈的匝数、线径以及各个耦合绕组的绕法等各种因素,详细介绍了反激变压器设计的一般方法和步骤,并给出了设计实例,有利于快速设计出符合要求的反激变压器。     

不同负载电流下变压器表面三维振动信号特征分析

变压器表面振动信号与绕组及铁芯运行状态密切相关。采集正常运行中变压器表面三维振动信号,结合负载电流和运行电压数据,分析总结不同方向变压器表面振动信号的时域峰值特征和频域能量特征。提出能量—电流灵敏度指标EC-S,用于定量描述变压器表面振动信号各频点能量受负载电流变化的影响,基于该指标分析了可表征变压器绕组振动状态的特征频点。结果表明同一位置不同方向的变压器表面振动信号差异显著,三维振动信号较单一方向振动信号能更全面地反映变压器绕组振动变化。     

电流耦合型高压开关电源

高压开关变压器和整流器是高压开关电源的设计难点,现提出一种电流耦合型高压开关电源方案,其特点是由变压器和整流器一起构成高压变压整流组件.变压器的初、次级采用了全串联结构,使变压器的铁心、次级绕组和整流器均浮动在高电位;初级绕组浮动住低电位,较好地解决了高压绝缘等问题.采用这种设计方法的高压开关电源实现了模块化、组合化,可组合出各利电压和功率量级的全开关高压电源,有着广泛的应用前景.为验证该方案的正确性,给出了30kV/50kW的电流耦合型高压开关电源的实验结果.     

直流偏磁下变压器的振动噪音分析

分析直流偏磁对变压器造成的异常振动噪音规律是预防变压器故障的前提。为此,针对E型电力变压器,根据"铁心—绕组"模型分析了直流偏磁下变压器的振动噪音机理并利用Comsol搭建了电磁—振动—声场多物理场耦合模型,研究直流量大小、直流量从初级绕组流入和直流量从次级绕组流入两种情况下,直流偏磁对不同运行状况变压器的振动噪音规律和对绕组电压电流波形的影响。研究表明:直流量从初级绕组流入对空载变压器的影响最大,随直流量的增加铁心绕组上的振动噪音加剧且振动噪音最大值分布在铁心上;直流量从次级绕组流入对短路变压器的影响最大,随直流量的增加铁心绕组振动噪音略有增加且振动噪音最大值分布在绕组上;绕组电压电流波形在直流量从初级绕组流入时畸变更加明显。因此进行直流偏磁防护时,直流量从初级绕组流入时以空载变压器为基准,直流量从次级绕组流入时以短路变压器为基准。     

连续脉冲电源用超导脉冲变压器设计与试验研究

将超导电感储能用于脉冲电源,可以减少充电过程中的电阻损耗,降低对初级充电电源的功率要求。本文介绍了一种基于超导脉冲变压器的连续脉冲电源电路,对该电路的工作过程进行了详细的原理分析,指出该连续脉冲电源电路兼具漏感能量回收和负载剩余能量回收的优点,并研制了用于该连续脉冲电源电路原理验证的小型高温超导脉冲变压器。通过连续电流脉冲测试实验对该连续脉冲电源电路原理和小型高温超导脉冲变压器的可行型进行了验证,分析比较了该小型高温超导脉冲变压器在常导和超导状态下的连续脉冲输出特性。测试结果达到了预期目标,并证明了超导电感在提高能量传输效率和降低对初级充电电源功率要求方面的优势。     

自制电机试验高压电源

在家用电器中对1000W以下小功率电动机进行更换绕组的大修后,需要对新绕组作耐压试验。本文介绍一种采用通用元件制作耐压试验所需的高压电源的方法。原理见图1所示。图1是产生输出电压可从0V～1200V之间变化的耐压试验电源电路。调压器T1是200VA 小容量调压器;变压器T2和T5均为初级380V、次级有220V抽头的控制变压器,使用时将初、次级颠倒使用;变压器T3和T4均为220V/220V     

螺旋线型空心变压器充电特性实验研究

利用脉冲变压器与陡化开关结合的方式,可以更容易地构造出在紧凑性、稳定性及寿命等方面性能优良的高压脉冲源。相比于铁心式变压器,空心螺旋线型变压器不含铁心,通过初次级绕组进行能量耦合,因而在体积、重量和峰值输出变比等方面更具优势。笔者对空心变压器的基本理论进行了分析,研制了设计变比3:660,带载电容100 p F,输出电压峰值为150.0 kV的油浸式变压器样机。通过初级和次级电容构成谐振充电回路,并采用快速晶闸管作为低压侧放电控制开关,对空心螺旋线型变压器的充电特性进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,空心变压器样机在初级电容为6.0μF时,输出变比可达到150左右,增大初级电容有利于增大输出变比但能量传输效率反而会下降,实际设计时要综合考虑变比与效率。     

感应屏蔽型高温超导故障电流限制器模型机研究

为了研究感应型高温超导故障电流限制器的限流特性，该文建立了一个模型机，模型机由三部分组成：初级铜绕组、次级超导筒以及铁心。初级绕组的匝数N、铁心的有效磁导率μeff对超导故障电流限制器的限流特性都有影响。对模型机进行了静态和动态测试，静态实验结果得出了限流器正常运行的范围，动态实验结果描述了限流器的特性。     

基于绕组不平衡参数回路方程的变压器保护原理

现有的基于变压器模型的保护原理摆脱了励磁涌流的影响,但没有考虑绕组参数的不平衡,所引起的误差可能会使保护误动。从变压器回路方程出发,利用△侧绕组内的不平衡电流来联系三相回路方程,推导得到变压器正常运行时的绕组不平衡参数回路方程等式。该等式考虑了△侧不平衡三相绕组中,任意一相绕组对原副边其他两相绕组的影响。根据变压器内部发生故障时绕组参数发生变化、正常运行时的回路方程等式不再成立这一特征,构成了基于绕组不平衡参数回路方程的变压器保护原理,并提出了保护判据。实验结果表明,所提出的保护原理能够快速可靠地识别变压器内部故障,且不受励磁涌流的影响。     

基于变压器模型的变压器保护原理研究

提出了一种基于变压器绕组参数辨识原理的变压器保护算法。在正常运行状况下(包括励磁涌流),由变压器原、副边绕组电阻、漏感和互感磁通等参数描述的变压器原、副边绕组回路方程是平衡的;而在故障状态下由于绕组参数改变而不再平衡。因此,通过适时估算绕组参数来判别变压器绕组原、副边回路方程是否平衡就可以判断变压器的运行状态,从而决定保护是否动作。仿真结果表明,该原理可以正确识别变压器正常运行状态及故障状态。同时该方案不受变压器励磁涌流的影响,并且在内部故障时有较高的灵敏度。     

基于Tikhonov正则化方法的变压器在线监测研究

本文中作者提出了基于Tikhonov正则化的变压器在线监测方法,通过变压器一次侧与二次侧的电气信息,可快速准确地辨识变压器绕组电阻、电感参数,从而确定变压器绕组状况。     

站用电500 kV自耦变压器一次升流验收方法

变电站主变压器的验收检测工作不仅工作量大,而且由于没有模拟实际电网运行情况一、二次通流情况,常会发生某些疏漏。以500 kV自耦变压器验收为例,介绍了基于站用电的三绕组自耦变压器各侧电流互感器一次升流验收方法。该方法可以同时检测各侧电流互感器的变比、极性、组别和内部二次引出线以及一次电流所流经的高压断路器、隔离开关、接地开关的导通性,与工程中采用的对单个电流互感器一次升流验收相比,大大地提高了效率。此外,根据所推导出的各侧电流大小简化计算公式和各侧电流相量图,在检测前即可得到有关量的计算值,可以方便地与实际检测到的数据进行对比验证。     

Application of generalized switching laws for increasing current pulse value

To obtain the current pulses applied to the active load, the circuit breaking effect has been used in the primary winding of the pulse transformer. When the direct current voltage source is disconnected, the current of primary winding is reduced to zero, so that a current pulse is formed in the secondary winding of the pulse transformer that is transmitted into the load. A circuit of the inductive pulse generator operating on the basis of generalized switching laws was developed so as to increase the amplitude of current pulses in the active load and the corresponding power. The circuit contains a pulse transformer, the secondary winding of the pulse transformer is connected to the load, and an additional inductor is connected parallel to the primary winding of the pulse transformer. When the direct current voltage source is disconnected, the current of primary winding passes through zero and decreases to a negative value, which leads to a significant increase in the current pulse in the load. In accordance with the generalized law of commutation, the relationships for the calculation of the current jump of pulse transformer primary winding and a jump in the load current have been obtained. Using the state-space technique, mathematical models of the circuits mentioned above with linear active load have been developed. Theoretical and experimental studies have shown a significant increase in the current pulse value and its capacity in the active linear load when the inductive pulse generator has been used. The values of currents in inductive coils detected experimentally were practically the same as the calculated values.     

一种高压大容量有源电力滤波器研究

提出一种新型的基于变压器谐波电流补偿的高压大容量有源电力滤波器。变压器采用副方多补偿绕组结构,原方绕组与谐波负载相并联,副方补偿绕组分别与逆变器相联。实时检测变压器原方绕组的谐波电流,通过逆变器产生与原方绕组谐波电流成比例的谐波补偿电流注入变压器副方多补偿绕组中。当原、副方绕组的谐波电流满足谐波电流补偿条件时,变压器原方绕组对谐波电流呈现近似为零的低阻抗,而对基波电流呈现很大的励磁阻抗,从而输导高压电力系统中的谐波电流流入变压器支路。仿真结果证明了这种滤波新原理的正确性。     

一种新型单相并联型有源电力滤波器

提出一种基于谐波磁通补偿原理的单相并联型有源电力滤波器。并联变压器的一次侧绕组与谐波负载相并联,二次侧绕组与逆变器相联,通过对变压器一次侧电压方程分析可知,当采用逆变器在变压器的二次侧注入与一次侧谐波电流呈一定补偿系数的谐波电流时,变压器一次侧对谐波电流呈现近似为零的低阻抗,而对基波电流呈现很大的励磁阻抗,从而输入电力系统中的谐波电流流入变压器支路。通过建立系统的数学模型进行了系统的稳定性分析及稳态误差估算。实验表明,该新型单相并联型有源电力滤波器简单可靠,并取得了较好的滤波效果。     

一种新型串联混合型有源电力滤波器

提出一种新型可调电抗器的控制方式,其基本思路为:检测变压器一次侧的电压作为参考信号,采用一个电力电子逆变器跟踪该电压产生一个可调电压,并将该可调电压施加到变压器的二次侧,则变压器一次侧呈现为可调电抗器。将该可调电抗器应用到有源电力滤波器中,提出了一种新型串联混合型有源滤波器,可调电抗器串联在电力系统和谐波源之间时,检测变压器一次侧的谐波电压并采用电力电子逆变器产生一个谐波电压施加到变压器的二次侧,当施加到二次侧的谐波电压和一次侧的谐波电压满足一定关系时,则变压器一次侧对基波呈现变压器一次侧的短路阻抗,而对于谐波呈现为一个高阻抗,起到了隔离谐波的作用。该滤波器具有逆变器容量小、滤波效果好等优点。采用电压型谐波源和电流型谐波源的实验结果证明了该原理的有效性。     

Analysis and Experimental Validation of an Interleaved LLC Resonant Converter with Reduced Component Count

This paper presents an interleaved LLC resonant half-bridge DC-DC converter with lesser component count. Unlike most of the conventional interleaved LLC resonant converters, the proposed converter uses only one power transformer having two primary windings and one secondary winding. The primary windings of the transformer are fed in parallel via dual resonant tanks by operating the power switches of half-bridge network with interleaved half-switching cycle. Due to parallel feeding, core magnetization current divides equally between primary windings. Consequently, the effective value of magnetization inductance seen at each primary winding becomes twofold of the measured value. An equivalent circuit of converter is derived to validate this phenomenon. The gain characteristics of the equivalent circuit indicate that the maximum gain of converter occurs at relatively lower switching frequency than the conventional two power transformers-based interleaved LLC converters. Consequently, the proposed converter will have same operational characteristics at half magnetizing inductance. The validity of developed equivalent circuit and operational principle and performance of converter are confirmed by both simulation and experimental results of a 1000-W prototype. The experimental results show that for an input voltage of 400 V, converter has maximum efficiency of 96.24% at output power of 1000 W.     

A New Converter Transformer and a Corresponding Inductive Filtering Method for HVDC Transmission System

A new converter transformer and an inductive filtering method are presented to solve the existing problems of the traditional converter transformer and the passive filtering method of the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system. It adopts the ampere-turn balance of the transformer as the filtering mechanism. A tap at the linking point of the prolonged winding and the common winding of the secondary windings is connected with the LC resonance circuit. It can realize the goal that once theharmonic current flowsinto the prolonged winding, the common winding will induct the opposite harmonic current to balance it by the zero impedance design of the common winding and the proper configuration of LC parameters, so there will be no inductive harmonic current in the primary winding. Moreover, the reactive power that the converter needs can be partly compensated in the secondary winding. Simulation results have verified the correctness of the theoretical analysis. The new converter transformer can greatly reduce the harmonic content in the primary winding, loss, and noise generated by harmonics in the transformer, and the difficulty of the transformer's insulation design.     

Parallel operation of triple- and double-wound transformers with difference transformation ratios

During the operation of electric-power systems, there is often a problem of splitting up the capacity of transformers installed on substations, which, as a rule, entails mounting two or more transformers in parallel instead of a single one, the total capacity of which is the same. In such replacement, there is a problem of uniform distribution of the load between transformers. When using transformers that have the same capacity and are structurally similar, uniformity of load distribution is reached achieved owing to symmetry of parallel circuits. However, if transformers with of different designs and various transformation ratios are connected, then uniformity of a capacity distribution between transformers is violated. With an increase in the total load current, in the case of double-wound transformer I and triple-wound transformer II connected in parallel, the secondary current of transformer I increases, as does its primary current, while the primary and secondary currents of transformer II decrease. In addition, the total current from the mains is less than the current of the primary winding of transformer I. With an increase in the loading current, the secondary current of transformer I increases and the secondary current of transformer II decreases. At the highest value of the secondary current of transformer II, the vector of primary current of this transformer advances the voltage vector by more than by 90°. In addition, the secondary winding of transformer II consumes active power from transformer I and returns it to its primary winding.