双螺杆挤出制备低密度聚乳酸微孔泡沫塑料

通过构建双螺杆挤出发泡系统、降低发泡温度和加入交联剂来制备低密度聚乳酸微孔泡沫塑料。结果表明:降低发泡温度有利于聚乳酸泡沫密度的降低。交联剂的含量应适中,以获得合适的熔体强度,利于泡孔成核和泡孔长大。当发泡温度为125℃,交联剂含量为0.2份时,制备的PLA泡沫的体积膨胀系数达到39倍。     

发泡工艺对超临界CO_2/PLA微孔发泡泡孔形态的影响

研究了超临界CO2/PLA微孔发泡过程中,发泡温度、饱和压力、剪切速率对聚合物PLA泡孔形态的影响。结果表明,发泡温度对泡孔形态影响很大,温度降低,熔体强度增加,泡孔塌陷和合并减少,发泡材料的泡孔密度增大,泡孔尺寸减小,但温度太低时,熔体黏度和表面张力增加,发泡样品泡孔密度较低,泡孔壁较厚;压力对发泡形态的影响也是很显著的,压力太低,CO2的溶解度小,泡孔壁厚,泡孔分布不均匀。随着压力升高,CO2的溶解度增加,发泡样品的泡孔密度增加,泡孔更加均匀;随着转子转速增加,泡孔尺寸减小,气泡成核密度增大。但是转子转速过快,泡孔沿剪切的方向被拉长,泡孔取向严重,泡体质量变差。     

发泡聚乳酸流变性能及泡孔结构的研究

采用偶氮二甲酰胺（AC）做为发泡剂，直接通过挤出过程制备聚乳酸（PLA）泡沫塑料，通过显微镜照片、HAKKE流变仪观察和研究了工艺条件对其泡孔结构的影响。结果表明，发泡剂与成核剂的增加能降低发泡PLA的表观密度，增加其泡孔密度。流变试验表明纯PLA与发泡PLA熔体在低剪切速率下都呈现剪切变稀现象，发泡后PLA熔体的黏度会下降10％～30％。发泡剂含量在4％以下时，泡孔直径随发泡剂含量增加而减小；发泡剂含量增加到5％及以上时，PLA熔体强度过小，泡孔会过于密集而导致塌陷和串泡。成核剂的加入能够明显降低PLA熔体强度，异相成核使得泡孔直径较均相成核大，但前者泡孔密度较后者小。     

采用二氧化碳／酒精复合发泡剂制备挤出聚苯乙烯发泡板材

采用二氧化碳（CO2）与乙醇（EtOH）组合物理发泡剂对聚苯乙烯（PS）进行连续挤出发泡,并探讨了2种发 泡剂组成比率对PS挤出发泡板材发泡倍率及泡孔形貌的影响。通过真密度测定仪和扫描电镜对发泡样品的密度、 发泡倍率和泡孔形态进行测试。结果表明,在组合发泡剂连续挤出PS发泡过程中,提高CO2的用量更有利于增加泡 孔成核数量和减小泡孔尺寸,而提高EtOH用量可以增大泡孔尺寸,提高发泡剂总量,有利于降低泡沫密度。     

加工参数及配方对PP/LLDPE共混物泡孔形态的影响

采用高压毛细管流变仪对不同含量碳酸钙(CaCO3)的聚丙烯/线型低密度聚乙烯(PP/LLDPE)共混物的流变性能进行了表征;并利用自制的实验装置,在不同发泡温度和饱和压力下,对共混物进行了超临界CO2模拟挤出发泡实验研究。结果表明:使用高熔体强度聚丙(烯HMSPP)发泡可以获得较好的泡孔形态;添加成核剂CaCO3可以使发泡试样的泡孔结构更加规则,泡孔分布更加均匀;随着CaCO3含量的增加,共混物的稠度上升,非牛顿指数降低,当CaCO3含量为3%时,共混物的发泡效果较好;130℃为最佳发泡温度,此时发泡试样的结构完整尺,寸均匀;随着饱和压力的增加发,泡试样的泡孔密度也有所提高。     

超高分子量聚乙烯超临界CO_2间歇发泡研究

应用超临界CO_2间歇发泡方法研究了温度、压力以及不同发泡工艺对超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)发泡的影响。结果表明:合适的饱和温度可以提高发泡倍率,减小泡孔尺寸,增加泡孔密度;发泡倍率和泡孔密度与饱和压力成正相关;对比不同工艺条件下的发泡结构与尺寸,得出正向发泡的泡孔尺寸小、泡孔密度高,而逆向发泡的泡孔尺寸大,但发泡倍率高。DSC结果表明:正向发泡的结晶度较高,发泡时异相成核数量增加,从而使泡孔尺寸减小、泡孔数量增加。比较正向和逆向发泡相同发泡倍率下的泡沫压缩性能,发现逆向发泡泡沫的弹性模量大于正向发泡泡沫。     

成核剂含量对PS发泡复合材料泡孔形态的影响

在聚苯乙烯(PS)加入不同含量的成核剂,用自行研制的动态发泡模拟机研究了成核剂含量对PS发泡复合材料泡孔形态的影响。研究发现,成核剂有助于PS发泡材料形成大量成核点,泡孔成核更容易;并且PS中成核剂的含量不同会影响泡孔的形态,在发泡过程中尽量促进成核剂的分散,使体系内聚合物熔体、发泡剂和成核剂尽量均化,可以增加成核点数量并使泡孔分布均匀,改善泡孔形态。     

成核剂在微孔发泡过程中复合力场下的实验研究

研究了成核剂类型、成核剂粒度、成核剂含量、振动参数对微孔发泡塑料泡孔形态的影响.通过对模拟振动挤出过程PS发泡的实验研究表明加入适当的成核剂能较好地改善泡孔形态,同时振动力场的引入有利于成核剂的均匀分散,形成均匀致密的气泡.     

聚丙烯泡沫挤出成中气泡成核行为的研究

研究了线型ＰＰ和支化ＰＰ分别以ＣＯ２和异戊烷娄泡剂的挤出发泡过程，分析了不同聚合物分子链结构，不同发沁剂及其用量和不同加工条件对ＰＰ发泡的成核，泡孔密度及泡孔形态的影响差异。     

高熔体强度聚丙烯的发泡性能研究

通过反应挤出法对聚丙烯(PP)进行硅烷接枝交联改性获得高熔体强度PP(HMSPP),并对HMSPP的发泡性能及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,HMSPP具有良好的发泡性能,可以制备出高质量泡沫材料;随着HMSPP的熔体流动速率的降低,泡沫材料的密度和泡孔平均直径降低;随着HMSPP用量减少,HMSPP/PP泡沫材料的泡孔平均直径和密度增大,泡孔尺寸及分布的不均匀程度增加;发泡条件对泡沫结构具有一定的影响,最佳的发泡温度为185~190℃,螺杆转速为40~100r/min;随着口模厚度的增加,泡孔平均直径增加,材料密度下降,而材料内外层泡孔直径不均匀性增加。     

Victrex® poly(ethersulfone) (PES) and Victrex® poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK)

Properties of two high performance engineering thermoplastics, amorphous polyethersulfone (PES) and semicrystalline polyetheretherketone (PEEK), are discussed. Both resins can be processed by conventional techniques, compounded with high performance fibers, and have high service temperature (up to 300°C). Due to the amorphous character PES can be dissolved and spray coated into metals.     

Photopyroelectric Spectroscopic Studies of ZnO-MnO(2)-Co(3)O(4)-V(2)O(5) Ceramics

Photopyroelectric (PPE) spectroscopy is a nondestructive tool that is used to study the optical properties of the ceramics (ZnO + 0.4MnO(2) + 0.4Co(3)O(4) + xV(2)O(5)), x = 0-1 mol%. Wavelength of incident light, modulated at 10 Hz, was in the range of 300-800 nm. PPE spectrum with reference to the doping level and sintering temperature is discussed. Optical energy band-gap (E(g)) was 2.11 eV for 0.3 mol% V(2)O(5) at a sintering temperature of 1025 °C as determined from the plot (ρhυ)(2)versushυ. With a further increase in V(2)O(5), the value of E(g) was found to be 2.59 eV. Steepness factor 'σ(A)' and 'σ(B)', which characterize the slope of exponential optical absorption, is discussed with reference to the variation of E(g). XRD, SEM and EDAX are also used for characterization of the ceramic. For this ceramic, the maximum relative density and grain size was observed to be 91.8% and 9.5 μm, respectively.     

(Ba_(1-α)Sr_α)_(4.8)(Sm_(0.7)La_(0.3))_(8.8)Ti_(18)O_(54)陶瓷的微波介电性能

采用固相合成法制备了(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54(α=0.1～0.5)系陶瓷,表征了该陶瓷的相组成和显微结构,测试了微波介电性能.结果表明:α=0.3时,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷为单相的新钨青铜结构固溶体.α>0.3时,相继出现了第二相BaLa2Ti4O12和La0.66TiO2.993.随α的增加,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷的相对介电常数(εr)先增大后有所波动,品质因数(Qf)先增大后减小,谐振频率温度系数(τf)单调减小.α=0.3时,在1 350℃烧结的陶瓷的微波介电性能最佳:εr=98.77,Qf=5184GHz,τf=10.9×10-6/℃,优于不掺杂的BaO-Sm2O3-TiO2陶瓷的.     

Calcium silicate hydrate (II) (“C-S-H(II)”)

This semicrystalline phase, originally named ‘calcium silicate hydrate(II)’ by Taylor (1950), has been studied with X-rays, electron optics, chemical investigation of silicate anion type, infrared spectra, and thermal methods. It is structurally related to jennite (C₉S₆H₁₁) and probably also to the fibrous CSH of cement pastes, the three phases forming a sequence of decreasing crystallinity. The specimen studied had approximate composition C₂SH_3.2 after standing over saturated CaCλ₂ at about 15°C. CSH(II) contains metasilicate chains and pyrosilicate groups and has a disordered layer structure. Much of the water can be lost reversibly without significant change in lattice parameters.     

Poly(butadiene-acrylic acid(g)acrylonitrile(g)acrylic acid)

Summary In the present work we describe, the synthesis and characterization of a new gel obtained by crosslinking a cooligomer of butadiene-acrylic acid (BuAA), by reaction with acrylonitrile and acrylic acid. The purified product was characterized by FTIR, elemental analyses and scanning electronic microscopy. The thermal properties were studied and swelling indexes were determined in different solvents and at different pH values. The capacity of poly(butadiene-acrylic acid(g)acrylonitrile(g)acrylic acid) [gel A] to separate different organic substances, such as amino acids and colorants, was determined.     

Photooxidative stability of substituted poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and poly(phenylene acetylene) (PPA)

The addition of side groups to improve the photooxidative stability of polymers used in polymer-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is explored. Infrared spectroscopy and computational chemistry techniques are used to study the effects of chemical substitution of the reactive vinylene moiety in poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV). The bond order of the vinylene group in small oligomers is calculated using semiempirical techniques to assess the improvement in stability toward oxidants such as singlet oxygen. We find that PPV dimers allow relative comparisons across a range of possible substitutions. Experimental results correlate well with these calculations. The addition of electron-withdrawing substituents, such as nitrile groups, to the vinylene moiety is found to be particularly effective in reducing the reactivity of alkoxy-substituted PPV toward singlet oxygen. The photooxidative stability of a poly(phenylene acetylene) (PPA) derivative is also studied. It appears that this family of polymers is more stable toward photooxidation than are its PPV analogs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2451–2458, 1998     

Chemical cross-linking of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)

Hybrid films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) were prepared with different molecular weights of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The cross-linking reaction between PEO and PEDOT:PSS was performed at high temperature and confirmed by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), contact angle measurement, and solid-state ¹H NMR. The effect of chemical reaction on the conductivity and morphology of these hybrid films was studied by using 4-point probe and atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively. As-spun PEO/PEDOT:PSS films have lower electric conductivity due to the addition of nonconductive PEO, and exhibits no molecular weight dependence on conductivity. After chemical cross-linking reaction at high temperature, only PEDOT:PSS films with lowest molecular weight PEO additives show enhanced conductivity with increasing reaction time. AFM result indicates that the heat-treated PEO/PEDOT:PSS hybrid films show grain-like morphology compared to ethylene glycol treated PEDOT:PSS films which shows continuous PEDOT domain. In the present work we demonstrate that the cross-linking reaction can be used to improve the wet stability of PEDOT:PSS nanofiber, showing good water resistance and excellent dimensional stability.     

Thermal studies of blends of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) with poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) (PPSS) and with poly(phenylene sulfide ether) (PPSE)

The miscibilities of poly(phenylene) sulfide/poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) (PPS/PPSS) and poly(phenylene) sulfide/poly(phenylene sulfide ether) (PPS/PPSE) blends were invesigated in terms of shifts of glass transition temperatures T_g of pure PPS, PPSS, a dn PPSE. The crystallization kinetics of PPS/PPSS blends was also studied as a function of molar composition. The PPS/PPSS and PPS/PPSE blends are respectively partially and fully miscible. PPSE shows a plasticizing effect on PPS as does PPS on PPSS, which necessarily improves te processibility in the respective systems. We can control T_g and melting temperature T_m of PPS by varying amounts of PPSE in blends. The melt crystallization temperature T_mc of PPS/PPSE blends was higher than that of the PPSE homopolymer. Therefore, these blends require shorter cycle times in processing than pure PPSE. The overall rate of crystallization for PPS/PPSS blends follows the Avrami equation with an exponent ?2. The maximal rate of crystallization for PPS/PPSS blends occurs at a temperatre higher by 10°C than that for PPS, while the crystallization half time t_1/2 is 4 times shorter. In the cold crystallization range, crystal growth rates increase and Avrami exponents decrease significantly as the temperature increases.