Fatigue cracks at notches

The failure of a component or specimen due to a fatigue crack growing from a notch is considered. Previous methods of analysis involving stress and strain concentration factors are shown to be inadequate. By defining equivalent cracks in notched and un-notched situations as cracks with equal growth rates, the concept of notch contribution to crack length is introduced. Theoretical notch contributions are obtained for a variety of central and edge elliptical notches via stress intensity factor solutions. These results when extended to a very wide range of general notch shapes can be reduced to a useful and simple design rule where e is the contribution to a crack of length l growing from a notch of depth D and root radius . This rule combines the size and shape effects long known to affect fatigue behaviour and defines the extent of the notch field as 0·13√(D).The fatigue crack propagation lives of a wide variety of notches were estimated by this rule and comparisons with experimental values revealed very small errors normally well within the scatter of fatigue lives.The design rule is extended to enable the conventional stress intensity factor method to be employed. A fatigue concentration factor is proposed which takes into account the presence of a fatigue crack which all previous methods have ignored.     

Slip-line field solutions of three-point bend specimens with deep notches

Slip-line field solutions of three-point bend specimens with different notch depths, notch angles and notch root radii are presented. For notch angles less than the critical value the plastic region is localized at the ligament but for larger notch angles the plastic region spreads to the flanks of the notch. It is shown that the critical angle decreases with increasing notch depth and decreasing root radius. Solutions for the constraint factor and maximum hydrostatic stress beneath the notch tip are also obtained as a function of both notch depth and root radius for notch angles above and below the critical value.     

Prediction of multiaxial fatigue life for notched specimens of titanium alloy TC4

Both the proportional and nonproportional multiaxial fatigue tests were conducted on two kinds of notched specimens of titanium alloy TC4. The multiaxial fatigue critical area of notched specimen is considered as the location experiencing the maximum damage. It is unsatisfactory to predict the multiaxial fatigue life with the local stress and strain in the fatigue critical area. The critical distance concepts are employed in the multiaxial life prediction method for notched specimens. The proposed method was checked by the test data of TC4 notched specimens. The prediction results are almost within a factor of three scatter band of the test results.     

一种新的制备脆性材料缺口试件的方法及其应用

提出了利用模压注塑（ＭＣＳ）的方法制出脆性材料缺口试件生坯，然后烧结制成缺口试件。这种方法制备的缺口试件，其缺口半径可按需要在很大范围内变化以供选用，而且缺口表面粗糙度的一致性好。测试结果表明，用该方法测定的脆性材料缺口强度值稳定可靠。缺口半径和深度的试验结果说明，脆性材料缺口试件的体积效应比较弱     

一种考虑应力梯度的疲劳寿命预测方法

针对临界距离法及应力场强法在疲劳寿命预测过程中存在的问题,结合临界距离法计算量小、应力场强法能够反映构件所处应力状态的优点,提出了以缺口附近球形区域内的等效应力均值作为控制疲劳行为的当量应力的方法。参照一组疲劳试验对当量应力与球形区域半径的关系进行了研究,结果表明可用线性和指数函数的形式表示两者间的关系。通过定义应力梯度、相对应力梯度,构建了一种能够考虑应力梯度的疲劳寿命预测模型。对模型中参数的确定方法进行研究,提出了以光滑试件、缺口试件在各自相同载荷条件的疲劳极限作用下,两者当量应力相等时的球形区域半径作为损伤区域大小的方法,该方法不再需要通过试验获得半径参数,具有较强的实用性。疲劳试验结果表明,模型预测结果均在2倍分散带内,证明模型具有较好的预测精度,同时模型可准确预测疲劳破坏位置。     

基于支持矢量机的疲劳应力集中系数预测模型研究

疲劳应力集中系数作为材料疲劳抗力指标的疲劳极限,不仅反映了疲劳应力集中的程度,还反映了材料对缺口的敏感程度,将近年来飞速发展的支持矢量机(Support vector machine,SVM)应用于疲劳应力集中系数的研究。介绍支持矢量机的基本原理,利用LIBSVM,选择高斯型径向基函数(Radial basis function,RBF)作为核函数,建立以材料的抗拉强度、屈服强度、光棒疲劳强度、理论应力集中系数、缺口根部半径、试样尺寸及缺口疲劳极限作为输入值,疲劳应力集中系数为输出值的模型,从而对疲劳应力集中系数进行分析和预测。同时,SVM模型与经验公式Neuber式和Peterson式的计算值进行比较。结果表明,在小样本条件下,应用SVM技术构建的数学模型,模型的拟合相对误差小于7.4%,从而证明该SVM模型的准确性和适用性。     

A new approach to study the influence of the weld bead morphology on the fatigue behaviour of Ti–6Al–4V laser beam-welded butt joints

Ti–6Al–4V is an alloy increasingly used in aeronautics due to its high mechanical properties coupled with lightness. An effective technology used to manufacture titanium components with a reduced buy-to-fly ratio is laser beam welding. Previous studies showed that the key factor that rules the mechanical properties and the fatigue life of the joint is its morphology. The aims of this paper were to investigate the influence of the geometrical features of the joints (height of the top and root reinforcement, depth and radius of the underfill, and the valley–valley underfill distance) on their mechanical properties and also to conduct a finite element (FE) analysis on the real geometry of the welded joints. Ti–6Al–4V rolled sheets 3.2 mm thick were welded in butt joint configuration using a laser source and their performance was studied in terms of weld morphology, microstructure, Vickers microhardness and fatigue life. A full factorial plan, designed varying the welding speed and laser power, was carried out. The real geometry and then the joint morphology were studied through an innovative approach: for each specimen, both the total weld face and the total root surface were acquired using a confocal microscope. Finally, through these acquisitions, the clouds of points of the scanned surfaces were used in order to carry out a FE analysis capable of providing a stress concentration factor, K _t , value for each detected joint. The main results are the realization of a reliable FE model by an experimental agreement and the relationship found amongst the fatigue performances and some noticeable metallurgical and geometrical features, such as the underfill depth and the aspect ratio defined as the ratio between the maximum height of the joint and the valley–valley underfill distance.     

连铸球墨铸铁扭转缺口强度的研究

研究了一种用水平连铸技术生产的球墨铸铁型材的扭转强度和缺口扭转强度。实验发现光滑扭转试样是沿４５°方向开裂,开裂面是最大拉应力面,表现为典型的脆性断裂。缺口试样的断裂模式分两种情况：当为钝缺口时（即（ρ≥０．７５ｍｍ,Ｋｔ≤１．６）,其断裂特征与光滑试件相同;而当为尖锐缺口时（即ρ＜０．３７５ｍｍ,Ｋｔ＞２．１）的开裂出现在缺口根部,并且开裂面垂直于轴线方向,是剪应力作用。实验结果还表现出扭转缺口强度与应力集中系数的关系,即应力集中系数越大,扭转缺口强度反而越高。该球墨铸铁的缺口敏感性（ＮＳＲ）大于１,故缺口完全不敏感。     

缺口应力集中对40Cr钢高周疲劳性能的影响

用超声疲劳试验方法测定了40Cr钢光滑试样和缺口试样在105-1010周次范围内的疲劳寿命(S-N)曲线,研究了缺口应力集中对疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:两种试样的S-N曲线呈现连续下降特征;缺口应力集中对材料疲劳性能的影响表现出阶段性特征,存在一个临界疲劳断裂循环数Nc,当疲劳断裂周次NfNc,Kf随Nf的增加而减小。在107以上超高周范围内,Kf和疲劳缺口敏感系数g与Nf具有线性关系。     

Effect of the process parameters on the three-dimensional shape of molten pool during full-penetration laser welding process

Slow tool servo (STS) turning is superior in machining precision and in complicated surface. However, STS turning is a complex process in which many variables can affect the desired results. This paper focuses on surface roughness prediction in lenses STS turning. An exponential model, based on the five main cutting parameters including tool nose radius, feed rate, depth of cut, C-axis speed, and discretization angle, for surface roughness prediction of lenses is developed by means of orthogonal experiment regression analysis. Meanwhile, a prediction model of surface roughness based on least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) with radial basis function is constructed. Orthogonal experiment swatches are studied, and chaotic particle swarm optimization and leave-one-out cross-validation are applied to determine the model parameters. The comparison of LS-SVM model and exponential model is also carried out. Predictive LS-SVM model is found to be capable of better predictions for surface roughness and has absolute fraction of variance R² of 0.99887, the mean absolute percent error e_M of 8.96 %, and the root mean square error e_R of 10.68 %. The experimental results and prediction of LS-SVM model show that effects of tool nose radius and feed rate are more significant than that of depth of cut on surface roughness of lenses turning.     

LZ50钢车轴的旋转弯曲疲劳性能

在LZ50钢车轴上制取了光滑试样和环形缺口试样,按照AAR M-101-2009新标准测试了其旋转弯曲疲劳性能,并观察了断口形貌。结果表明:光滑试样的旋转弯曲疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面,而环形缺口试样的裂纹萌生于缺口前缘,并呈多源开裂形式,两种试样均形成与轴向垂直的平断口;当车轴的拉伸强度提高5%后,其光滑试样旋转弯曲疲劳性能也得到明显提高,环形缺口试样虽中值疲劳强度比光滑试样的降低18%,但其旋转弯曲疲劳极限缺口敏感系数仍与国外碳素钢车轴保持在同一水平上。     

Experimental investigations on effects of tool flank wear on surface integrity during orthogonal dry cutting of Ti-6Al-4V

Machining titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V is a challenging task since tool flank wear adversely affects surface integrity. Quantitative effects of predetermined tool flank wear values (VB) on the surface integrity were investigated through the orthogonal dry cutting of Ti-6Al-4V. Experimental results indicated that three-dimensional (3D) average surface roughness increased with the VB ranging from 0 to 0.2 mm but decreased at VB = 0.3 mm. Given the effects of rubbing and ironing enhanced, surface material burning and plastic flows emerged on the machined surface at VB = 0.3 mm. Not only the plastic deformation layer became deeper but also the grains were greatly distorted with the increase of tool flank wear. When machined by using the tool at VB = 0.3 mm, the β phase of Ti-6Al-4V decreased near the machined surface layer than that of using the fresh tool. Besides, the depth of work-harden layer increased from 20 to 60 μm with the VB increasing from 0 to 0.3 mm. The softened layer was generated near the machined surface by using the tool at VB = 0.3 mm. In addition, the residual compressive stresses of the machined surface had the trend of decreasing. Experimental results indicated that the VB less than 0.2 mm was the most suitable condition for better surface integrity during orthogonal dry cutting of Ti-6Al-4V. This study aims at providing experimental data for optimizing the processing parameters and improving the surface integrity of Ti-6Al-4V.     

疲劳寿命影响因素的试验研究

考虑应力集中、表面加工及尺寸三方面影响因素设计10种疲劳试样,进行拉压疲劳试验,得到了不同形式试样的疲劳寿命。应用三参数Weibull分布描述了疲劳寿命分布的特性。试验结果分析表明:同时存在应力集中和表面加工影响的零件,应力集中对疲劳寿命的影响起主导作用;对于缺口试件,纯粹意义上的尺寸效应是不起作用的,危险点周围材料的应力梯度是造成尺寸效应的关键。     

Discretized Markov chain in damage assessment using Rainflow cycle with effects of mean stress on an automobile crankshaft

We studied the effect of mean stress correction factor using the Rainflow counting technique to assess the fatigue damage of an automobile crankshaft under service loading by considering the stochastic process of the Markov chain. The failure of the crankshaft will cause serious damage to the engine and also to other connecting subcomponents. The service loading is computationally generated from the Discrete Markov chain model and the fatigue cycle is counted using the Rainflow counting technique with the consideration of the local minima and maxima load. To quantify the fatigue damage, the strain-life curve using the fatigue mean stresses was used to model the fatigue failure of the material used in for the crankshaft at N _f = 10 ⁶ . The fatigue mean stresses were used to estimate the effects of the mean stress on the fatigue strength of the component under service loading condition. Statistical verification with the boundary condition of the 90% confidence level was performed to observe the difference between the stochastic algorithms when compared towards the fatigue life behavior of the ductile cast iron material. We concluded that for the practical application, the proposed stochastic model provides a highly accurate assessment of fatigue damage prediction for improving the safety and controlling the risk factors in terms of structural health monitoring.     

Sustainability analyses of cutting edge radius on specific cutting energy and surface finish in side milling processes

The aim of this work is to determine the influence of cutting edge radius on the specific cutting energy and surface finish in a mechanical machining process. This was achieved by assessing the direct electrical energy demand during side milling of aluminium AW6082-T6 alloy and AISI 1018 steel in a dry cutting environment using three different cutting tool inserts. The specific energy coefficient was evaluated as an index of the sustainable milling process. The surface finish of the machined parts was also investigated after machining. It was observed that machining with the 48.50-μm cutting edge radius insert resulted in lower specific cutting energy requirements when compared with the 68.50 and 98.72-μm cutting edge radii inserts, respectively. However, as the ratio of the undeformed chip thickness to cutting edge radius is less than 1, the surface roughness increases. The surface roughness values gradually decrease as the ratio of undeformed chip thickness to cutting edge radius (h/r _e) tends to be 1 and at minimum surface roughness values when the ratio of h/r _e equalled to 1. However, the surface roughness values increased as h/r _e becomes higher than 1. This machining strategy further elucidates the black box and trade-offs of ploughing and rubbing characteristics of micro machining and optimization strategy for minimum energy and sustainable manufacture.     

高强螺纹滚压工艺的有限元模拟及试验研究

对高强螺纹进行滚压处理可有效提高螺纹结构的抗疲劳性能。为深入研究螺纹滚压工艺规律,以提高螺纹紧固件的抗疲劳性能,建立螺纹滚压工艺三维有限元模型,并基于该模型研究了滚轮参数对滚压后残余应力的影响规律,最终采用疲劳试验验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明:滚轮型面夹角、直径、型面圆弧半径等参数对滚压后引入的残余应力分布具有很大影响。滚轮型面夹角越小,滚压后引入的残余压应力层越深;较小的滚轮直径有利于引入较大的残余压应力和残余应力层深;较大的圆弧半径可获得较高的表面残余压应力和最大残余压应力,同时在一定范围内导致残余应力层深减小。疲劳试验结果表明,采用未经优化的滚轮强化后,螺纹疲劳寿命提高1.6倍,而采用经优化设计的滚压轮强化后,螺纹疲劳寿命提高4倍。该结果证实了基于有限元分析的滚轮优化方法的有效性。     

Experimental observations on surface roughness, chip morphology, and tool wear behavior in machining Fe-based amorphous alloy overlay for remanufacture

Fe-based amorphous alloy, a new-type material, was developed as a special-purpose welt overlay for remanufacture. It was deposited on the worn-out part for resuming and upgrading part performance. The microstructure characteristics of the overlay was characterized, including microstructure, phase composition, thermostability, and microhardness. In order to get a comprehensive insight to the machining process of amorphous overlay, this paper presents an experimental investigation into the effect of various machining parameters and tool geometry (Edge) on the surface roughness, tool wear, chip morphology, and surface damage. Comparing larger rake angle of 15°and smaller nose radius of 0.4 mm with 5° and 0.8 mm at the same cutting parameters, we found that larger rake angle of 15° and smaller nose radius of 0.4 mm increased the R _a surface roughness parameter. In the tests, crater wear was not observed, and the friction and wear on the minor cutting edge wear were heavy due to the spring back of the machined surface. In brief,abrasion, adhesion, fatigue, and chipping are the main wear mechanism. As the feed rate reduced and the depth of cut increased (from feed rate?=?0.06 mm/rev and depth of cut?=?0.3 mm to feed rate?=?0.09 mm/rev and depth of cut?=?0.2 mm), a number of physical changes occurred in the chip including reduced distance between serrations, increased shear band angle, and changed chip morphology from spiral to ribbon shape. The results show that strain and strain rate rises in the chips’ inside with the increase in cutting temperature. When the thermal softening exceeded strain hardening, the shear resistance decreased rapidly. Thus, the free surface of the chip presents the nodular and lamella structure. It was noted that specimens generated by larger rake angle of 15° and smaller nose radius of 0.4 mm showed poor surface roughness as well as extensive surface damage.     

Effects of micro-stresses from machining and shot-peening processes on fatigue life

An investigation of the effects of tensile machining and compressive shot-peening residual stresses on fatigue life is presented. The paper is focused on fatigue life modelling using the finite element method (FEM). A representative broached notched specimen under three-point bending is modelled as a 2D plane stress geometry using the FEM. Inconel 718 mechanical and fatigue material properties at 600°C are used. Machining and shot-peening residual stresses are mapped to the macro FE models using mathematical algorithms around the notched area of the specimen and their influence on the fatigue life experiencing high cycle fatigue (HCF) and low cycle fatigue (LCF) is investigated. The results show that the compressive shot-peening residual stresses significantly increase the life at HCF compared to the LCF.     

关于疲劳缺口系数

对疲劳缺口系数Ｋｆ的定义、影响因素及典型表达式的建立作了简单而系统的回顾和综述，对各种Ｋｆ公式的产生和使用按点应力模型、断裂力学模型和场强法模型等作一些评述。     

Numerical and experimental method for the prediction of the propagation life of fatigue crack on metallic materials

A prediction method for the propagation life of fatigue crack for cracked components was provided and verified in this study to predict the propagation life of fatigue cracks on components in engineering applications conveniently and directly. In the simulation aspect, a finite element (FE) model of cracked specimen was created to obtain the stress intensity factor range ΔK. The FE model was verified by comparing simulated ΔK to a formulary calculated one. The simulated ΔK could be used for studying the relationship with crack size. In the experimental aspect, the fatigue crack propagation test was conducted on three specimens. The material coefficients C and m were fitted according to Paris’ law. The load cycles with different crack depths were recorded in the testing process. The propagation life of fatigue cracks of specimen was predicted via the relationship between ΔK and crack size a according to Paris’ law. The comparison between predicted life and experimental life of specimens indicated the feasibility of the method. The proposed prediction method in this study for the propagation life of fatigue cracks can be used in engineering applications.