Oscillations of a cylinder liner of an internal combustion engine with a water cooling system caused by piston group impacts

The forced oscillations of a cylindrical shell surrounded by a liquid layer caused by impacts have been investigated based on the dynamic problem of hydroelasticity. The relationships describing the shell deflection, the pressure in the liquid layer, and the shell amplitude and phase frequency characteristics have been found. An example of calculation of the resonance frequencies of oscillations of a liner of an internal combustion engine with a water cooling system caused by piston group impacts is presented.     

Running-in wear of a compression ignition engine: Factors influencing the conformance between cylinder liner and piston rings

The conformance between the liner and rings of an internal combustion engine depends mainly on their linear wear (dimensional loss) during running-in. Running-in wear studies, using the factorial design of experiments, on a compression ignition engine show that at certain dead centre locations of piston rings the linear wear of the cylinder liner increases with increase in the initial surface roughness of the liner. Rough surfaces wear rapidly without seizure during running-in to promote quick conformance, so an initial surface finish of the liner of 0.8 μm c.l.a. is recommended. The linear wear of the cast iron liner and rings decreases with increasing load but the mass wear increases with increasing load. This discrepancy is due to phase changes in the cast iron accompanied by dimensional growth at higher thermal loads. During running-in the growth of cast iron should be minimised by running the engine at an initial load for which the exhaust gas temperature is approximately 180 °C.     

发动机汽缸壁耐磨性非概率可靠性评估和寿命预测

针对现有的可靠性分析方法的缺陷与不足,将发动机汽缸壁允许的磨损量和其实际的磨损量用区间变量来进行描述,在确定出发动机汽缸壁磨损失效功能函数的基础上,建立起发动机汽缸壁耐磨性非概率集合可靠性的计算模型;利用稳健回归方法对发动机汽缸壁的实际磨损量拟合出相应的预测方程,基于非概率集合可靠性模型,提出了发动机汽缸壁磨损寿命的预测方法。通过对工程实例的分析与计算,表明了所提出方法的可行性和合理性,此方法具有一定的工程应用价值。     

Estimation for fatigue limit reliability of a metal with inhomogeneities under stress ratio

In this paper, by using statistical characteristics of hardness in a small region and statistical characteristics of mechanical condition in a small region based on a defect size distribution and a certain stress which is applied to a defect, a quantitative prediction method for fatigue limit reliability of a metal with inhomogeneities is proposed. Also rotating bending and push–pull fatigue tests under R=-1 are carried out on quenched-tempered 0.5% carbon steels, whose average hardness is about H_V600. Comparing a predicted fatigue limit reliability with experimental data, the applicability of the present proposed method is examined and confirmed.     

Influence of load on the tribological conditions in piston ring and cylinder liner contacts in a medium-speed diesel engine

The present work is an attempt to determine the oil film thickness in a medium-speed four-stroke diesel engine with a cylinder diameter of 200 mm. Experimental research on this topic was found necessary due to the limited amount of published information available with reference to engines of the present size. The experimental part of the study was carried out as firing engine tests, with an instrumented piston, equipped with telemetric data transmission, and an instrumented cylinder liner in a 6-in-line test engine. The study was carried out for different parts of the four-stroke working cycle and for different levels of engine power output. The results were compared with the results of computer simulations, carried out using a commercial software package. The conclusions of the study comprise aspects on the formation and development of the oil film between the rings and the liner under a set of load levels together with the periodical fluctuation during different strokes of the working cycle.     

Frictional evaluation of thermally sprayed coatings applied on the cylinder liner of a heavy duty diesel engine: Pilot tribometer analysis and full scale engine test

The piston system accounts for roughly half of the mechanical friction of an internal combustion engine, thus it is important to optimize. Different thermally sprayed cylinder liners were investigated in order to optimize the frictional impact of the contact between cylinder liner and piston ring/piston. A novel tribometer test setup was used to scan through different materials at different running conditions. Two cylinder liner materials showed significantly lower friction than the other tested materials, CrC–NiCr and MMC. All the thermally sprayed cylinder liners were worn significantly less than the reference material. Based on these results a full-scale single cylinder test was performed to validate the results from the rig. Comparing the thermally sprayed cylinder liner MMC with reference cylinder liner the test showed higher friction torque for the MMC cylinder liner except in one case; at low speed and high pressure. An analysis of the results between the tribometer and the engine points at the importance of the ratio between viscous and mechanical friction losses. The most probable cause of higher friction torque for the thermally sprayed coating (MMC) is that the functional surface of the cylinder liner promotes an increase in viscous friction.     

Analysis and computation of the oil film thickness between the piston ring and cylinder liner of an internal combustion engine

A study of the essential features of piston rings in the cylinder liner of an internal combustion engine reveals that the lubrication problem posed by it is basically that of a slider bearing. According to steady-flow-hydrodynamics, viz. the oil film thickness becomes zero at the dead centre positions as the velocity, U = 0. In practice, however, such a phenomenon cannot be supported by consideration of the wear rates of pistion rings and cylinder liners. This can be explained by including the “squeeze” action term in the hydrodynamic theory, viz. .This article introduces the equations of the above theory along with the viscosity variation over the piston stroke length; the piston ring profile is assumed as a double parabola with a central straight portion.The results of this analysis as applied to internal combustion engines are presented and compared with other earlier analysis.     

The effect of variable amplitude loading on stress distribution within a cylindrical contact subjected to fretting fatigue

A finite element model of a cylindrical Hertzian contact on a test sample subjected to alternating shear loading has been developed. The model has been used to investigate shear stress distributions at the contact during variable amplitude fretting fatigue for a load configuration in which the sample cyclic stress is applied in phase with shear force on the cylindrical contact. It has been found that during constant amplitude cyclic loading, shear stress distributions and positions of the stick-slip boundary at load maxima and minima remain fixed. Application of overloads changes the stress distribution and the position of the stick-slip boundary attained by loading of subsequent cycles. The largest cycle maximum stress determines the position of the stick-slip boundary adopted by subsequent smaller amplitude cycles. In general variable amplitude fretting fatigue the position of the stick-slip boundary will be changing with each load cycle. Hence fatigue initiation processes will occur at locations dispersed over an extended region over the contact. The implications of this behaviour for models for fretting fatigue life calculation are explored.     

发动机活塞捣缸故障的诊断分析

从缸套与缸体的配合精度、散热冷却、活塞组与缸套的装配 ,分析了活塞捣缸故障发生的原因     

用Taylor展开随机无网格法分析齿轮弯曲疲劳强度的可靠性

这里用Taylor展开随机无网格点插值法(TSMPIM)分析了齿轮弯曲疲劳强度的可靠性。数值实例表明在随机结构分析与可靠性计算方面随机无网格法具有明显的优势。     

An evaluation of the influence of cylinder liner finish and synthetic lubricating oil on exhaust hydrocarbon species from an SI engine

As part of the continuing attempt to reduce emissions from automotive engines this paper investigates the effect of cylinder lubrication on hydrocarbon emissions, and shows that the effect of a synthetic oil on total emissions is insignificant. However, more positive results have been obtained using cylinder surface finish to control oil layers in the combustion chamber. Studies of the hydrocarbon species in the emissions showed significant differences due to surface finish profiles.     

Role of extruded texture on fatigue crack growth in a high strength aluminum alloy thick-walled cylinder

In present study, as a basic step for modeling the fatigue behavior of an extruded Al alloy cylinder, the fatigue crack growth data of the alloy was collected in two orientations. Microstructural analysis revealed that the material had recrystallized grains and clusters of constituent particles aligned in the direction of extrusion. Fatigue life of the samples revealed a shorter fatigue life representing a higher fatigue crack growth rate in transverse direction. The Paris constants C and m were found to be 4 × 10⁻¹¹ and 3.4 for the transverse orientation. The same constants were found to be 2 × 10⁻¹⁰ and 2.6 for the longitudinal direction. Post fracture analysis revealed that the topographical appearance of the fractured surfaces in two orientations was different. The mechanism of crack growth was the formation of striations. The present study revealed that the texture of the constituent particles created during extrusion process has a pronounced effect on the crack growth rate in two orientations. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Chongdu Cho Dr. M. A. Malik is a Professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. He graduated from Georgia Tech, USA with MS and PhD degrees in nuclear engineering. He has considerable working experience in nuclear research industry. He specializes in impurity transport and modeling and simulation techniques. His current research interests include structural analysis, reliability of materials and modeling and simulation of dynamic engineering systems. He has over 85 publications to his credit.     

大功率电力机车牵引扭矩过盈接触分析及可靠性寿命校验

新型大功率电力机车牵引电动机采用过盈配合传递牵引扭矩。为验证设计可靠性,首先计算完全理想状态下该过盈配合的接触状态,然后利用非线性有限元手段对过盈装配应力进行数值仿真。比较两种方法的计算结果之后,又对过盈装配进行疲劳寿命预测。结果验证了这种新型传力方式的可靠性。     

适合中国国情的发动机缸体与缸盖等箱体零件的敏捷柔性生产线(AFTL)的探讨

1.发动机缸体与缸盖等箱体零件AFTL的目的 (1)满足市场要求 满足当时市场(已知)的需求,同时还能快速适应将来市场(未知)的需求。 (2)满足发动机生产方式的要求 满足汽车发动机的“中品种、大批量、低成本”的生产方式。     

某小型涡喷发动机主轴可靠性分析

建立了某无人机用小型涡喷发动机主轴有限元模型,对该主轴进行有限元分析,得到该主轴的应力分布;采用蒙特卡洛与响应面相结合的方法,利用ANSYS软件,对该主轴进行可靠性分析,得到了不同概率下的主轴应力分布;这种方法可为发动机其它部件可靠性分析提供借鉴。     

Divergent vibration of a test cylinder with a control cylinder at the rear

The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate flow-induced vibration occurring in a test cylinder capable of free vibration when there was a control cylinder with a diameter half of that of the test cylinder behind the test cylinder. This paper intensively investigated divergent vibration among flow-induced vibration characteristics of the test cylinder. The mechanism for generating divergent vibration was also determined. To clarify the mechanism, flow-induced vibration characteristics of the test cylinder and wakes were investigated when the control cylinder was located closely to the rear of the test cylinder. Among tests for investigating wakes, a visualization test was also conducted using hydrogen bubble as a dye in a water channel. As a result, it was found that when the control cylinder was in close proximity to the rear of the test cylinder, the divergent vibration that appeared in the test cylinder was divided into three patterns based on vibration amplitude characteristics. Results of wake investigation revealed that the presence of the control cylinder affected the emission frequency, shape, and intensity of the vortex discharged from the test cylinder, which in turn affected vibration characteristics of the test cylinder. As a result of investigating flow-induced vibration characteristics of the test cylinder using different methods by changing the flow velocity, vibration inertia was found to one cause for the divergent vibration of the cylinder.

     

基于可靠性评价的超高压压缩机二段出口螺栓疲劳寿命预测

超高压压缩机螺栓在交变载荷作用下,会产生疲劳失效破坏.对两种工况下超高压压缩机二段出口螺栓进行了受力分析、断裂分析、疲劳分析与剩余寿命评估;利用裂纹扩展速率与螺栓的临界裂纹尺寸对含缺陷的超高压压缩机二段出口螺栓两种工况下疲劳寿命进行了预测,为设备的诊断维护提供了合理的依据.     

Plastic expansion of a circular hole in sheet metal subjected to biaxial tensile stress

A new yield function proposed by Hill is used to predict the plastic stress and strain distributions in an annulus of sheet metal subjected to a radial tension at its outer periphery. The new yield function has greater generality than the original anisotropic yield function. The theoretical predictions show good correlation with experimental strain distributions measured for sheets of aluminium killed steel, soft aluminium of commercial purity and soft 70/30 brass. There is seen to be a need for the experimental determination of more complete yield loci for sheet metal.