动态气动载荷和构件振动对风力机气弹特性的影响分析

通过建立气弹耦合分析模型,研究叶片、塔架等构件的耦合振动对叶根气弹载荷的影响以及在静、动态气动模型下的叶根和塔底气弹载荷的差异。采用"超级单元"模型,将叶片、塔架和主轴离散为通过转动铰和弹簧、阻尼器连接的刚体系统,以反映这类构件较大的弹性变形和非线性振动。在叶素动量理论(Blade element momentum,BEM)基础上,引入Beddoes-Lesihman动态失速模型,以反映气动载荷的动态特性。应用计算多体动力学理论和风力机气动模型,建立受约束的风力机系统气弹耦合方程。算例以某5 MW风力机为研究对象,通过施加不同的约束条件,研究风轮以外其他构件振动对叶根气弹载荷的影响;通过静、动态气动分析模型,考察叶根和塔底气弹载荷的动态耦合效应。分析表明,塔架、主轴等构件的运动会显著影响叶根的气弹载荷;叶片的动态失速特性也对叶根的气弹载荷和疲劳载荷谱有较明显的影响。研究工作对于保证风力机安全稳定运行和疲劳寿命设计有重要的作用。     

振荡参数对涡流发生器抑制风力机翼型动态失速影响研究

动态失速对风力机叶片气动特性具有重要影响,涡流发生器(Vortex generators, VGs)是目前风力机领域应用最为广泛的流动控制技术,对动态分离具有一定的抑制作用。为探索VGs对风力机翼型动态失速的抑制作用,采用SSTk-ω湍流模型,研究振幅Δα、折合频率k对加VGs的DU91-W2-250翼段动态失速特性的影响。结果表明：振幅增大,动态失速迟滞效应增强,失速角延后,最大升力系数增加,下俯阶段的升力系数减小,平均升力系数降低。折合频率较大时,阻力系数迟滞效应增强,上仰阶段阻力增大,下俯阶段阻力减小,平均升阻力系数随折合频率增大先增大后减小;折合频率越大的工况,流场动态响应明显,加VGs翼段失速严重。与光滑翼段相比较,VGs延迟动态失速效果与振幅成正比,与折合频率成负相关。     

Aerodynamic response analysis of wind turbines

Wind energy has received increasing attention in the same way as energy crisis and environmental deterioration. The aerodynamic response of wind turbines is the major problem in wind turbine design. Blade element momentum theory was used to study the aerodynamic thrusts of the blades on the tower. Iterative solutions were used to calculate the axial flow induction factor for each cross-section of the blades. The harmonic superposition method was used to simulate the fluctuating wind velocity time histories. The wind shear equation was used to calculate the mean wind velocities at different heights. Finally, the finite element method model was used to study the aerodynamic response of wind turbines under random wind loads. Results show that the top displacement of tower is increased accordingly by increasing the rotational speed of the blades. Hence, this should be considered in wind turbine design.     

大型风力发电机叶片在三维旋转状态下的气动特性分析

为了更准确地研究风力发电机在三维旋转状态下的动态失速特性,分析其气动性能,建立风力机叶片和轮毂的三维气动模型,采用计算流体力学方法,对叶片在三维旋转状态下的气动特性进行了模拟,得到叶片周围流场分布状况。分析结果表明相对于无旋转状态,三维旋转状态下,叶片表面气流有沿叶展方向的运动,改变了叶片表面压力分布,致使气流流动分离延迟,导致叶片出现失速延迟的现象,提高了叶片从风中获得能量的能力。     

Aerodynamic shape optimization of wind turbine rotor blades considering aeroelastic deformation effect

An aerodynamic shape optimization framework of two modules is developed for improving the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine rotor blades. The first module conducts CFD-based aeroelastic analysis for the complete blade configuration to evaluate the turbine performance and to extract the sectional flow conditions at selected blade sections. The second module performs 2-D shape optimization of blade sections to maximize the lift-to-drag ratio under given sectional flow conditions. When the optimization is completed for all selected blade sections, the performance and sectional flow characteristics of the new blade reconfigured from the optimized sections are evaluated again by the CFD-based aeroelastic analysis. The above procedure is repeated until the solution converges satisfactorily. Applications were made for the NREL phase VI and the NREL 5MW reference wind turbines. The results showed that the optimization framework can be effectively utilized in enhancing the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine blades.

     

一种星敏感器系统热设计方法及试验验证

目前,国内机构针对星敏感器的温控研究与设计较少,多集中于星图的图像处理和图像算法的优化。着重以星图中目标能量变化、信噪比、质心定位误差等参数为指标,分析温度对该星敏感器的热影响,从而实现高精度星敏感器在空间复杂热环境下的可靠应用。进一步基于星敏感器的结构及热分布,对星敏感器进行热设计及散热路径优化,提出星敏感器热电制冷器（Thermo electric cooler,TEC）的热控措施。以典型在轨高温工况与低温工况为例,利用有限元仿真软件进行该热设计的有效性与合理性仿真分析。在以上的设计与分析基础上,完成一套温度控制系统,通过模拟星敏感器在高温工况下的环境条件,使用热电制冷方式对星敏感器采取制冷措施,使星敏感器探测器温度维持在20℃±3℃,达到温控指标,保证星敏感器能够在恶劣温度环境下持续提供高精度姿态信息。重点阐明热环境因素与成像质量之间的关系,完成温度与星点识别精度的关联性分析,为后续星敏感器热控设计及定姿精度提升提供参考。     

基于钝尾缘翼型叶片的三维风力机性能分析

随着风力机向大型化发展,为有效提升风力机叶片的性能以及结构强度,将钝尾缘翼型应用于风力机叶片设计。以NACA639XX系列翼型为基准翼型,通过Hicks-Henne型函数和钝尾缘函数对翼型进行参数化拟合,使用多岛遗传算法优化得到层流钝尾缘翼型族(USST-XXX)。将此翼型族中相对厚度为21%的USST-211翼型与NACA63921层流翼型替换NREL PhaseVI叶片截面的S809翼型,建模得到两种三维风力机叶片,采用数值模拟的方法,对这两种叶片不同风速下的流场进行分析,并与NREL Phase VI风力机叶片的气动性能进行对比。数值模拟结果表明,在额定风速附近,采用层流钝尾缘翼型所构造的新叶片风力机的风能利用系数高于其他两种叶片。研究结果表明优化得到的层流钝尾缘翼型族可以有效提升风力机气动性能,在大型水平轴风力机叶片设计方面具有良好的应用前景。     

风力机叶片气动设计与结构研究

采用Wilson模型优化设计水平轴风力机叶片的气动外形;利用有限元软件对玻璃钢叶片在风力、重力和离心力的耦合作用下的静力学、稳定性和动力学进行仿真分析.通过对叶片额定风况下的静力学和稳定性分析,不仅能获取叶片的应力和应变分布,而且可检验叶片设计的安全性和合理性.通过叶片动力学分析,计算叶片的振动频率,判断能否避免共振,实现正常运行.     

CFD Investigation on the aerodynamic characteristics of a small-sized wind turbine of NREL PHASE VI operating with a stall-regulated method

The objective of this investigation is to clearly understand the aerodynamic characteristics of a small-sized wind turbine of NREL Phase VI, operating with a stall-regulated method using CFD code. Based on this, it is possible to provide turbine designers with the aerodynamic design data to increase efficiency and improve performance in the design phase of future small-sized wind turbine blades. Moreover, a comparison was made between experimental datasets, in order to verify the reliability and validity of the analysis results. The first height in the normal direction from the surface of a rotor blade is about 0.2 mm, and the average value of y⁺ is about 7 at 7 m/s. The domain is chosen to consist of only two hexahedral mesh regions, namely the interior region, including the wind turbine blade, and the external region excluding the rectangle. The total cell number of the numerical grid is about N_g = 3.0 × 10⁶. Five different inflow velocities, in the range V_in = 7.0−25.1 m/s, are used for the rotor blade calculations. The calculated power coefficient is about 0.35 at a TSR of 5.41, corresponding to 7 m/s, and showed considerably good agreement with the experimental measurements, to within 0.08%. It was observed that the 3-D stall begins to generate near the blade root at a wind speed of 7 m/s. Therefore, root design approaches considering the appropriate selection of the angle of attack and the thickness are very important in order to generate the stall on the blade root. Through a clear understanding of aerodynamic characteristics of a small-sized NREL Phase VI wind turbine, it is expected that this useful aerodynamic data will be made available to designers as guidance in designing stall-regulated wind turbine blades in the development phase of small-sized wind turbine systems in the future.     

基于泊松随机过程的风力发电机叶片疲劳寿命估算

疲劳寿命决定了正常工况下工程结构服役期限的长度,对其进行准确预测对于零部件疲劳强度设计至关重要。由于机械零部件在工作期间经常会受到随机变幅载荷的作用,载荷间相互作用效应现象十分显著,导致单次循环载荷对材料所造成的疲劳损伤量发生变化,若忽略该效应会影响疲劳寿命估算的准确性。针对当前研究中的疲劳损伤累积法则无法考虑该效应的问题,提出一种将非齐次泊松随机过程函数与伴随损伤理论相结合来估算零部件疲劳寿命的方法,解决了由于载荷间相互作用效应所带来的载荷作用顺序的问题,并以随机加载试验为例验证了该方法的准确性。将其应用于风力发电机叶片的疲劳寿命估算过程中,结果表明该方法可靠、有效,为风力机叶片的疲劳可靠性设计提供了新的路径。     

Integrated aero-structural optimization design of pre-bend wind turbine blades

In the optimization design of a pre-bend wind turbine blade, there is a coupling relationship between blade aerodynamic shape and structural layup. The evaluation index of a wind turbine blade not only shows on conventional ones, such as Annual energy production (AEP), cost, and quality, but also includes the size of the loads on the hub or tower. Hence, the design of pre-bend wind turbine blades is a true multi-objective engineering task. To make the integrative optimization design of the pre-bend blade, new methods for the blade’s pre-bend profile design and structural analysis for the blade sections were presented, under dangerous working conditions, and considering the fundamental control characteristics of the wind turbine, an integrated aerodynamic-structural design technique for pre-bend blades was developed based on the Multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm (MOPSO). By using the optimization method, a three-dimensional Pareto-optimal set, which can satisfy different matching requirements from overall design of a wind turbine, was obtained. The most suitable solution was chosen from the Pareto-optimal set and compared with the original 1.5 MW blade. The results show that the optimized blade have better performance in every aspect, which verifies the feasibility of this new method for the design of pre-bend wind turbine blades.

     

基于气弹耦合特征的风力机叶片优化设计

为提高风力机叶片气动结构性能,基于风力机风轮空气动力学及叶片结构动力学原理,选取叶片所处位置及扭转变形为自由度,在研究叶片摆振、摆振方向各阶振动模态的基础上,提出风力机叶片气动弹性耦合振动变形计算模型。基于风力机整机部件构成及输出功率特征,提出风力机叶片优化设计模型,对某5 MW风力机叶片的进行形状优化设计,通过对比分析优化叶片和原始叶片的输出功率及气弹载荷特性,验证优化叶片气动及结构性能的优越性。     

Enhancement of wind turbine aerodynamic performance by a numerical optimization technique

Sectional aerodynamic design optimization was performed to enhance the aerodynamic performance of horizontal axis wind turbine rotor blades based on a computational fluid dynamics technique. The proposed sectional optimization framework consists of airfoil section contour modeling by the PARSEC shape function and a modified feasible direction search algorithm. To enhance the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine rotor blades, the objective of the design framework was set to maximize the lift-over-drag ratio for each design section. A two-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow solver coupled with a transition turbulence model was used to evaluate the aerodynamic performance during the iterative design optimization procedure. The sectional flow conditions were extracted from the flow of a three-dimensional rotor blade configuration. The design framework was applied to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Phase VI rotor blade. The design optimization was conducted at nine spanwise sections of the rotor blade. To validate the present methodology, the aerodynamic performances of the original baseline rotor and the rotor after the design optimization were compared by using a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow solver. It was found that approximately 11% of torque enhancement was achieved after the aerodynamic shape design optimization.     

动静干涉下低压涡轮非定常气动载荷研究

为研究动静干涉下轴向间距和尾缘锯齿结构对低压涡轮叶片非定常气动载荷的控制作用,对高效节能发动机(energy efficient engine,简称E3)低压涡轮最后一级的内部流场进行了数值仿真,研究了不同轴向间距和静叶尾缘锯齿结构两种情况下,下游动叶表面非定常气动载荷的变化规律。研究发现：增大轴向间距可以加强尾迹与主流的掺混,消除气流不均匀性,削弱下游动叶表面的非定常气动载荷;静叶采用尾缘锯齿结构不仅可以加强尾迹与主流的掺混,同时还会改变尾缘处的涡结构,对下游动叶前缘产生破坏性干涉效应,使其最大载荷波动降低约30%,减少静叶尾迹速度亏损75.7 m/s,还能适当提升涡轮的流通能力和时均效率。与采用直尾缘静叶的模型相比,采用锯齿尾缘静叶不仅能大幅度地改善涡轮的转静干涉效应和气动性能,还能在不影响涡轮效率的前提下,将涡轮轴向间距缩短10%。     

双层翼叶片几何参数对水平轴风力机气动性能影响研究

为了提高风力机的气动性能,基于NREL Phase Ⅵ水平轴风力机叶片,设计出的一种双层翼叶片。通过计算流体力学的方法,在不同来流风速下,对比分析了双层翼叶片与按比例缩放各叶高处弦长的NREL Phase Ⅵ水平轴风力机叶片的扭矩与弯矩,研究了叶片实度的影响,发现实度增加并不是双层翼叶片的气动性能优于原始NREL Phase Ⅵ风力机叶片的主要原因。对不同弦长比、垂直距离及水平距离的大小叶片所组成的双层翼结构进行数值模拟研究,利用流线图着重分析了大小叶片水平距离对风力机气动性能的影响,总结了气动性能随双层翼叶片几何参数的变化规律,发现在15 m/s至25 m/s的风速下,选择较大弦长比、较大垂直距离或者较小水平距离的双层翼叶片可得到较高的扭矩值,但弯矩值也会随之增加。     

复杂载荷作用下压气机叶片疲劳寿命数值分析

为提高叶片服役寿命,在计算叶片应力分布并预测其在复杂载荷作用下的疲劳寿命后,基于逆向工程建立了三种不同精度的叶片模型;考虑离心和气动载荷作用,求解压气机叶片复合载荷作用下的应力分布规律;通过叶片模拟件疲劳试验,确定TC4钛合金疲劳极限,拟合寿命模型参数;利用非线性连续损伤力学模型预测叶片在典型工况下的疲劳寿命。结果表明：不同模型的应力及寿命计算值存在一定差异,开展叶片数值分析时,需考虑计算模型还原叶片几何特征的精度对计算结果的影响。     

复合新翼型风力机叶片的气动设计及建模

基于Wilson法,用美国可再生能源实验室开发的S系列新翼型S833、S834、S835和三者的组合翼型来设计叶片,不同翼型连接处采用MATLAB程序语言的样条差值和曲线拟合法进行过渡修正,以满足气动连续性要求。在叶片设计基础上,分别计算了单翼型和复合翼型叶片的气动性能;利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了风轮的三维实体模型。结果表明:复合翼型叶片在较宽尖速比范围内比其它几种单翼型叶片的功率系数大,利用ANSYS软件建立的风轮实体三维模型,为风轮的结构动态及载荷等问题的进一步分析提供了技术基础。     

兆瓦级风机偏航系统仿真分析与优化

偏航控制系统的作用就是保持机舱与风向一致,使风力发电机尽可能多地获取风能。针对风向的频繁变化,编写了一种自动偏航控制程序。在此基础上,对兆瓦级玻璃钢风力机叶片在风力、重力和离心力的耦合作用下的静力学进行仿真分析。通过对叶片额定风况下的静力学分析,不仅检验了叶片正常运行时的安全性,而且为后续的疲劳寿命分析提供疲劳载荷依据。根据Miner线性累积损伤法则的玻璃钢叶片疲劳寿命估计方法,实现对风机叶片疲劳寿命的计算。以仿真结果为依据,进行铺层优化设计,降低了叶片应力,提高了使用寿命。     

Numerical simulation for prediction of aerodynamic noise characteristics on a HAWT of NREL phase VI

The purpose of this study is to numerically predict the characteristics of aerodynamic noise generated from rotating wind turbine blades according to wind speeds using commercial CFD code, FLUENT. The near-field flow around a HAWT of NREL Phase VI is simulated directly by LES, whereas the far-field aerodynamic noise for frequencies below 500 Hz is modeled using FW-H analogy. As there was no experimental noise data, we first compared aerodynamic noise analysis with experimental data. This result showed a difference of power outputs by 0.8% compared with the experimental one with 6.02 kW. Then the characteristics of aerodynamic noise were predicted at a specific location P1 according to IEC 61400-11 international standard. When the wind turbine blades rotate with time, tip-vortices occur at the tip of two blades and are generated periodically in a circle. These vortices in the vicinity of the blade tip cause intense aerodynamic noise due to the tip vortex-trailing edge interaction by local cross flows along the trailing edge. In a wind speed of 7m/s the sound intensity ratio of quadrupole to dipole at P1 location is about 21.1%, but as wind speed increases the sound intensity ratio increases up to 54.3% in the case of no-weighted correction. This means that there is a considerably close relation between the quadrupole noise by small and large scales and the increase of wind speeds. With the purpose of a rough prediction of sound power level, CFD results were compared with a simple model of previous researchers and showed a good agreement with one by Hagg of three other models.     

大型风力机叶片研究现状与发展趋势

叶片是风力机最为关键的部件之一,叶片、轮毂组成的风轮是能量捕获机构,将风能转变为机械能,与此同时,叶片又是风力机力源,主要承载部件,对整个风力机安全运行起着关键作用。在对大型风力机及其叶片产业发展现状分析基础上,从气动外形与结构设计现状、运行监测与控制技术现状、发展趋势与有待研究的问题等几个角度进行较为全面的梳理总结,从而从总体上把握现代大型风力机叶片研究现状及发展趋势。指出今后将在针对抗台风叶片、低风速叶片、仿生叶片和低噪音叶片等的个性化设计,具有外部载荷环境和自身结构状态变化感知功能的智能风力机叶片设计等方面进一步发展;已经形成的风力机叶片设计、制造及运行监控理论等还要随着大批量风力机全生命周期服役实践,进一步完善和发展。