Fatigue Crack Growth Rate of Ti-6Al-4V Considering the Effects of Fracture Toughness and Crack Closure

Fatigue fracture is one of the main failure modes of Ti-6A1-4V alloy,fracture toughness and crack closure have strong effects on the fatigue crack growth(FCG)rate of Ti-6A1-4V alloy.The FCG rate of Ti-6A1-4V is investigated by using experimental and analytical methods.The effects of stress ratio,crack closure and fracture toughness on the FCG rate are studied and discussed.A modified prediction model of the FCG rate is proposed,and the relationship between the fracture toughness and the stress intensity factor(SIF)range is redefined by introducing a correcting coefficient.Notched plate fatigue tests(including the fracture toughness test and the FCG rate test)are conducted to investigate the influence of affecting factors on the FCG rate.Comparisons between the predicted results of the proposed model,the Paris model,the Walker model,the Sadananda model,and the experimental data show that the proposed model gives the best agreement with the test data particularly in the near-threshold region and the Paris region,and the corresponding calculated fatigue life is also accurate in the same regions.By considering the effects of fracture toughness and crack closure,the novel FCG rate prediction model not only improves the estimating accuracy,but also extends the adaptability of the FCG rate prediction model in engineering.     

16MnR钢在不同应力比下的疲劳裂纹扩展的试验研究及模拟

采用3.8 mm厚带有圆形缺口的CT试样,研究了16MnR钢在不同应力比的恒幅循环载荷作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展。开发了一种基于疲劳损伤的方法来模拟疲劳裂纹扩展速率。将16MnR钢的循环塑性本构模型通过用户材料子程序UMAT嵌入到ABAQUS中。把有限元计算得到的疲劳裂纹尖端附近区域的弹塑性循环应力应变结果,代入到疲劳损伤模型中,得到每个加载循环在裂尖各点产生的疲劳损伤值。通过疲劳损伤准则,导出疲劳裂纹稳定扩展速率的计算公式。疲劳裂纹扩展试验验证了模拟结果。实验结果和模拟结果都表明,该试样厚度下,应力比对裂纹扩展速率几乎没有影响。     

Fatigue life prediction by statistical approach under constant amplitude loading

In general, the experimental data of fatigue crack growth rates scatter very much even under identical experimental condition such as a constant amplitude loading condition. It is, thus, essential to take into account the data scatter of crack growth rates by using statistical approach for a reliable fatigue crack, propagation analysis. In this study, fatigue crack propagation tests were conducted on a 1.02 mm-thick 2024-T3 aluminum alloy under a constant amplitude loading condition. The distribution of the fatigue crack propagation life is estimated by using the stochastic Markov chain model based on a modified Paris-Erdogan equation to consider the variability of the fatigue crack growth. The fatigue lives estimated by using the Markov chain model are found to be agreed well with the experimental results.     

填充天然橡胶材料裂纹扩展模型的建模方法

填充天然橡胶材料疲劳裂纹扩模型是指裂纹扩展速率与撕裂能峰值之间的关系,它是用于橡胶减振元件疲劳寿命预测的重要模型。在裂纹扩展试验得到的填充天然橡胶材料裂纹扩展长度与循环次数的数据中,由于橡胶的应力软化现象,试验后期的部分数据不可用。为此,建立了数据处理方法,获得有效的裂纹扩展长度与循环次数数据。基于单轴拉伸载荷下填充天然橡胶材料最大应变能密度与最大应变满足幂函数关系的假设,建立了变幅加载工况下裂纹扩展长度与循环次数的数学模型和识别其模型参数的优化方法。在建立的裂纹扩展长度与循环次数模型的基础上,建立了裂纹扩展速率与撕裂能峰值关系的模型和确定模型中参数的数值方法。利用一组哑铃型试片的疲劳寿命实测数据,对建立的裂纹扩展速率模型进行了验证,证明了所建立模型的正确性。     

疲劳裂纹扩展的影响因素分析

从材料抵抗裂纹扩展的能力和对试件或结构施加的载荷两方面对影响疲劳裂纹扩展速率因素进行分析。分析结果表明 ,从文中理论出发对影响疲劳裂纹扩展速率因素进行定量分析 ,并对众多的实验现象例如裂纹扩展速率随加载频率变化等作出合理解释。文中还对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的实验研究及工程应用提出见解 ,例如通过有限的疲劳裂纹扩展速率数据取得Kc、Kth值以及通过惯性效应的比较 ,在偏于安全条件下把试验室数据应用于工程结构疲劳寿命的预测     

随机超载下疲劳裂纹扩展的模拟计算

采用蒙特卡罗法对随机超载作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展进行模拟计算。载荷谱为在基本循环载荷基础上加入一以泊松流发生的随机超载序列．超载的大小为均匀分布。相邻两次超载发生的时间间隔通过一系列相互独立、服从指数分布的随机数进行模拟。采用Wheeler模型考虑超载的迟滞效应，计算出每一载荷循环的裂纹扩展量。由此模拟出裂纹从初始长度一直到疲劳破坏的扩展曲线。通过大量样本的模拟计算，获得随机超载作用下疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的平均值与标准差。最后研究超载发生强度和大小对疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的影响。     

某型飞机机翼Ⅱ梁框疲劳寿命研究

某型飞机机翼Ⅱ梁框是重要的受力部件,必须准确估计疲劳寿命,以预防疲劳事故的发生。采用名义应力法和局部应变法两种方法及Miner累积损伤理论估计疲劳裂纹形成寿命;在随机载荷谱转化为等幅载荷谱的基础上通过Walker方程求得疲劳裂纹扩展寿命,从而估算出某型飞机机翼Ⅱ梁框的疲劳寿命。估算结果与试验结果吻合很好。     

An Investigation into the Effect of Normal Load Frequency on Fretting Fatigue Behavior of Al7075-T6

Most previous studies on fretting fatigue have been accomplished under constant normal loading and less attention has been paid to cyclic normal loading. An innovative test apparatus was specially designed and manufactured for fretting fatigue tests under cyclic loading in this work and the fretting fatigue behavior of Al7075-T6 was investigated at different normal load frequencies. A finite element model was developed to study the effect of normal load frequency on the contact stress distribution. It was found that the cyclic normal load has a more damaging effect on fretting fatigue life compared to constant normal load, particularly at lower frequencies. The results showed that at the normal load frequency of f = 1 Hz, fatigue life decreased by 52% in the high cycle fatigue regime and 28% in the low cycle fatigue regime. The experimental results also indicated that at the normal load frequency of 80 Hz, the fretting fatigue life converged to its corresponding life under constant normal load condition. The fracture surface and the fretting area of the specimens were examined using both optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental observations showed that the dominant partial slip condition with a wider slip region compared to constant normal loading, severe delamination, and higher oxidation rate due to the normal load release at each cycle, are the most important reasons for significant reductions in fretting fatigue life, under cyclic normal loading, especially for low normal load frequencies.     

基于新裂纹扩展驱动力参量的焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展的研究

传统上疲劳裂纹扩展速率以一个参量——应力强度因子幅(PARIS模型)或有效应力强度因子幅(ELBER模型)来表达。PARIS模型不能统计应力比效应和变幅加载历史。ELBER裂纹闭合模型虽被广泛应用,但确定其开闭口载荷的测量方法很多,且测量结果均存在主观性。最近研究表明,疲劳裂纹扩展不仅依赖于应力强度因子幅,还与最大应力强度因子有关。并且KUJAWSKI提出了两参量模型,该模型避开了有争议的裂纹闭合效应。基于一个载荷循环中柔度变化与裂纹尖端开闭口与弹塑性行为的关系,提出一个新的具有物理意义的两参量驱动力模型。针对Q345钢焊接接头各区域进行两种应力比R=0.1和0.5的疲劳裂纹扩展试验。使用该模型针对Q345钢焊接接头各区域的疲劳裂纹扩展数据进行验证。结果表明,提出的新模型在预测应力比对裂纹扩展速率的影响时比上述三个模型更有效。     

恒幅载荷16MnR钢疲劳裂纹扩展统计特性分析

通过21个紧凑拉伸试件的疲劳试验，进行16MnR钢疲劳裂纹扩展统计特性研究。研究给定裂纹尺寸条件下疲劳寿命的分布规律，给定寿命条件下裂纹尺寸的分布规律，给定裂纹尺寸下疲劳裂纹扩展速率的分布规律；为16MnR钢疲劳可靠性评估提供基础数据。     

Corrosion effects on fatigue crack propagation of stainless steel and its heat affected zone in pH buffer solutions

A corrosion fatigue crack propagation test for 430 stainless steel and its heat affected zone was conducted in pH buffer solutions, and the results were compared with model predictions. The bare corrosion effect on fatigue crack propagation, particularly in corrosive environments was evaluated by means of a modified Forman equation. As shown in the results, the average corrosion rate determined from the ratio of corrosion induced crack length to the entire crack length under a cycle load was 0.11 and 0.37 for the base metal and heat affected zone, respectively, with a load ratio of 0.5, frequency of 0.5, and a pH 10.0 environment. The modeling and experimental processes demonstrate a step towards a methodology enabling the corrosion effects on fatigue crack propagation behavior to be determined.     

变幅载荷下填充型天然橡胶疲劳试验与预测方法研究

以填充天然橡胶哑铃型圆柱试件为研究对象,进行不同应变比R与变幅载荷下的单轴疲劳试验,并分析变幅载荷对疲劳寿命的影响。以应变幅值为损伤参量,建立基于应变比R=0的等效应变幅值统一疲劳寿命预测模型,利用该模型预测所有应变比工况下的疲劳寿命,其预测值与实测寿命的偏差在2倍分散因子以内;对不同应变比R、载荷水平、加载顺序与停顿时间等变幅载荷下的疲劳寿命进行单轴疲劳试验,基于Miner线性损伤法则预测变幅载荷下的疲劳寿命,和实测寿命相比其偏差都落在2倍分散因子以内;对哑铃型试件进行随机载荷疲劳试验,通过雨流统计和不同应变比R下的统一疲劳寿命预测模型计算其总寿命,预测结果和实测结果最大误差在34%以内。验证了Miner线性损伤法则在填充型天然橡胶疲劳寿命预测中的普适性,所建立的不同应变比R下的等效应变幅值统一疲劳寿命预测模型可用于橡胶隔振器的前期耐久评估。     

Fatigue crack growth behavior of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel at elevated temperatures: Effect of temperature,loading frequency and R ratio

The fatigue crack growth behavior of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel was investigated as a function of temperature, loading frequency and R ratios in the Paris regime. The relationship between fatigue crack growth rate and stress intensity factor range was acquired for each test condition. The results revealed that crack growth rate was accelerated with increasing temperature and decreasing loading frequency. The influence of the R ratio on crack growth rate was only pronounced at the low loading frequency condition. In order to understand the crack growth mechanism, activation energy analysis and normalized ΔK analysis were performed. This study suggests that oxidation and the degradation of mechanical properties promote crack growth behavior.     

Optimisation Method for Determination of Crack Tip Position Based on Gauss-Newton Iterative Technique

In the digital image correlation research of fatigue crack growth rate,the accuracy of the crack tip position determines the accuracy of the calculation of the stress intensity factor,thereby affecting the life prediction.This paper proposes a Gauss-Newton iteration method for solving the crack tip position.The conventional linear fitting method provides an iterative initial solution for this method,and the preconditioned conjugate gradient method is used to solve the ill-conditioned matrix.A noise-added artificial displacement field is used to verify the feasibility of the method,which shows that all parameters can be solved with satisfactory results.The actual stress intensity factor solution case shows that the stress intensity factor value obtained by the method in this paper is very close to the finite element result,and the relative error between the two is only-0.621％;The Williams coefficient obtained by this method can also better define the contour of the plastic zone at the crack tip,and the maximum relative error with the test plastic zone area is-11.29％.The relative error between the contour of the plastic zone defined by the conventional method and the area of the experimental plastic zone reached a maximum of 26.05％.The crack tip coordinates,stress intensity factors,and plastic zone contour changes in the loading and unloading phases are explored.The results show that the crack tip change during the loading process is faster than the change during the unloading process;the stress intensity factor during the unloading process under the same load condition is larger than that during the loading process;under the same load,the theoretical plastic zone during the unloading process is higher than that during the loading process.     

BGA结构无铅微焊点的低周疲劳行为研究

基于塑性应变能密度概念提出微焊点低周疲劳裂纹萌生、扩展和寿命预测模型,阐明其与连续介质损伤力学的联系,评估应力三轴度对预测模型的影响,并通过试验和数值计算相结合的方法确定出微米尺度球栅阵列(Ball grid array,BGA)结构单颗Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu无铅焊点(高度为500～100 μm,焊盘直径为480 μm)疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展模型中的相关常数。研究结果表明,疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展循环数与每个循环所产生的塑性应变能密度均呈幂函数关系;应力三轴度会影响疲劳裂纹扩展速率,并最终影响焊点的疲劳寿命;应力三轴度与加载方式有关,拉伸载荷下焊点的应力应变行为受异种材料界面和封装结构力学约束作用的影响,应力三轴度随焊点高度降低而明显升高;而剪切载荷作用下焊点中的力学约束十分有限,焊点高度变化对应力三轴度的影响非常小;测得的高度为100 μm焊点的疲劳裂纹扩展相关常数可以很好地用于预测其他不同高度焊点的疲劳寿命,表明所提出的预测模型可以有效地减小由几何结构和体积变化造成的塑性应变能集中现象对焊点疲劳寿命的影响。     

A formula for the crack opening level under random loading in 2024-T351 aluminum alloy

Based on the fatigue crack growth results of the previous work for 2024-T351 aluminum alloy, the crack closure behavior under random loading was analyzed, and the correlation between the crack opening ratio and the stress ratio under random loading was discussed. The crack opening ratio under random loading can be expressed as a function of the stress ratio for the largest load cycle in a random load history. The correlation obtained is found to provide good predictions for crack growth under random loading.     

疲劳门槛值统一理论模型的比较及验证

针对应力比对疲劳裂纹扩展及门槛值的影响,依据裂纹闭合与裂纹扩展驱动力机制的统一思想,阐述了Zhu-Xuan模型与Kwofie-Zhu模型的建立过程,并基于25Cr2Ni2MoV转子钢焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展试验数据对模型进行验证。结果表明,两种模型在近门槛值区和Paris区均有良好的预测效果,其中Zhu-Xuan模型形式简单,对CrMoV钢具有普适性,预测门槛值的误差在10%以内,而Kwofie-Zhu模型预测结果更准确,但应用过程涉及参数求解,过程较复杂。研究认为,裂纹闭合与扩展驱动力机制的统一模型描述疲劳裂纹扩展行为的应力比相关性是合理可行的,且具有较好精度。     

对2024铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展寿命进行预测

通过二维弹塑性有限元计算得到Ⅰ型静态裂纹在常幅疲劳载荷下裂纹尖端塑性应变能,进而获得裂纹尖端塑性应变能和应力强度因子幅值的非线性关系;根据能量平衡概念,建立了裂纹扩展速率与裂纹尖端塑性应变能的关系。由此得到一种基于裂纹尖端塑性应变能的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测模型,利用该模型预测了中心裂纹平板的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命,预测结果与试验值吻合得很好。     

铝合金焊点疲劳性能及其影响因素分析

研究了铝合金AA5754和AA6111-T4焊点的疲劳性能,获得了不同厚度及试件类型的焊点疲劳数据;研究了试件类型不同时焊点的疲劳失效模式,讨论了焊点疲劳裂纹的扩展形式;分析了铝合金焊点疲劳寿命的影响因素。结果表明:焊点疲劳失效模式主要有两种,分别是母材“眉状”裂纹断裂和焊点熔核界面断裂;母材对焊点疲劳寿命影响不大;循环载荷比对焊点寿命有一定的影响,增大载荷比导致焊点疲劳寿命略有下降;试件类型对焊点寿命有很大的影响,应在设计中避免焊点承受剥离载荷。     

基于损伤力学-临界面法预估多轴疲劳寿命

基于损伤力学理论建立的非线性疲劳寿命预估模型在多轴疲劳寿命预估中获得了广泛的应用,但该模型并未考虑损伤面发生的位置及其物理意义,将其与临界面法相结合提出一种新的多轴非线性疲劳寿命预估模型,新模型能够弥补现有的非线性疲劳寿命预估模型未考虑临界面物理意义的不足。新模型从损伤的角度来预估多轴疲劳寿命,不仅考虑了临界面上裂纹形成及扩展的物理意义、相位差对附加强化现象的影响,而且对非对称加载下的平均应变进行修正。新模型仅仅利用单轴疲劳试验数据以及单轴疲劳材料常数就可以预估出试样的多轴疲劳寿命,从而避免了代价高昂的多轴疲劳试验。采用45钢、316不锈钢、钛合金TC4三种材料的多轴疲劳试验数据对提出的模型进行评估和验证,对几种材料比例/非比例以及对称/非对称加载下的多轴疲劳寿命进行预估,预估结果与试验结果的误差都在5%以内,结果表明提出的多轴非线性疲劳寿命预估模型具有较高的预估精度。