风电齿轮箱动态响应分析及实验测量

运用达朗伯原理建立了风电齿轮箱传动系统的纯扭转集中参数动力学模型,箱体模型采用有限元法建立,通过作用在箱体支撑孔上的轴承力建立了齿轮箱动力学模型.采用龙格-库塔法求解了传动系统的轮齿动态啮合力,计算了箱体在动态啮合力作用下的振动响应.同时对齿轮箱进行了实验测量,并把测量得到的齿轮箱振动响应数据和模型计算的结果进行了对比,验证了模型的正确性.通过这些分析,为风电齿轮箱动态设计中减少振动噪声、提高承载能力与可靠性奠定了基础.     

Finite element structural analysis of wind turbine gearbox considering tooth contact of internal gear system

Gearbox for wind turbine must be designed to have the sufficient structural strength to sustain the extreme torque and forces transferred from rotor blades. Traditionally, the structural analysis of gearbox has been made using the simplified FEM models in which the contacts between gear teeth are replaced with the equivalent forces acting on the gear shafts, because the consideration of the detailed internal gear transmission system requires a huge number of degrees of freedom. But, the traditional method can neither accurately reflect the gear transmission forces, nor is it preferable for the dynamic analysis. In order to solve these problems, a structural analysis method considering the tooth contact of internal gear system is introduced in this paper. The actual tooth contact between a pair of gears is modeled with spring elements and the spring constants are determined through the stiffness analysis of gear teeth. The current analysis technique is justified through the comparison with the simplified gear system model and applied to the structural analysis of a 2-stage differentialtype gearbox for wind turbine.     

大兆瓦级风电齿轮箱耦合动态特性及结构噪声分析

风电齿轮箱是风电机组的重要组成部分,其动态性能的好坏直接影响整个机组的性能。建立了具有两级行星加一级平行轴齿轮传动的大兆瓦级风电齿轮箱齿轮-传动轴-轴承-箱体系统耦合非线性动力学有限元模型,采用Lanczos法对齿轮箱系统进行耦合模态分析。在综合考虑直斜齿轮时变啮合刚度、齿轮误差及齿轮啮合冲击等内部激励因素综合作用影响下,运用直接积分法对整个风电齿轮箱系统进行了动态响应求解,从而获得齿轮箱各点的振动位移、速度及加速度动态评价指标,并且对系统结构噪声进行了分析。研究结果可为大兆瓦级风电齿轮箱的动态性能优化提供参考。     

行星齿轮典型断齿故障的动力学仿真

基于一种改进的行星齿轮箱集总参数模型,将断齿故障等效到时变啮合刚度中,建立了直齿行星齿轮的太阳轮断齿故障、行星轮断齿故障和内齿圈断齿故障的动力学模型。以某单级行星齿轮为研究对象,考虑扭转方向外部激励,对其正常和各断齿故障状态下的动力学模型进行求解,对内齿圈垂直振动加速度信号进行分析。研究结果表明:只考虑扭转方向的外部激励时,正常状态下内齿圈最高点处的垂直振动加速度信号频谱中幅值最高的共振峰与模态能量分布相关;在各断齿故障状态下,内齿圈垂直振动加速度的有效值均大于正常值,时域波形中可看到不同形式的冲击,包络谱中可看到对应的故障特征频率及其倍频成分。     

Numerical analysis and experimental investigation of modal properties for the gearbox in wind turbine

Wind turbine gearbox (WTG), which functions as an accelerator, ensures the performance and service life of wind turbine systems. This paper examines the distinctive modal properties of WTGs through finite element (FE) and experimental modal analyses. The study is performed in two parts. First, a whole system model is developed to investigate the first 10 modal frequencies and mode shapes of WTG using flexible multi-body modeling techniques. Given the complex structure and operating conditions of WTG, this study applies spring elements to the model and quantifies how the bearings and gear pair interactions affect the dynamic characteristics of WTGs. Second, the FE modal results are validated through experimental modal analyses of a 1.5 WM WTG using the frequency response function method of single point excitation and multi-point response. The natural frequencies from the FE and experimental modal analyses show favorable agreement and reveal that the characteristic frequency of the studied gearbox avoids its eigen-frequency very well.     

风电行星齿轮系统变载荷激励动力学模型及其响应特性

针对风电行星齿轮系统变载变速的运行特点,通过分析系统构件为刚体和弹性体时的受力情况,应用运动合成原理,提出了变载荷激励下行星齿轮系统动力学模型的建立方法,并推导出系统的运动微分方程。在此基础上,分析了行星齿轮系统的内外部激励因素及其对系统动载荷和动载系数的影响机理。计算并分析了某MW级风电行星齿轮系统的动态响应,结果表明：系统的时变啮合刚度和时变轴承刚度主要影响响应频率的数值大小和系统的振动能量;外部变载荷使响应频率中存在明显的低频成分,并影响各阶振动间的能量分配;齿轮啮合力的动载系数主要受到外部变载荷的影响,而轴承力的动载系数同时受到系统内部激励和外部激励的影响。研究结果为风电齿轮箱的疲劳寿命分析和动态优化设计奠定了基础。     

Torque loss in a gearbox lubricated with wind turbine gear oils

In this study, four different fully formulated ISO VG 320 wind turbine gear oils were select: a mineral oil‐based, a polyalphaolefin‐based, an ester‐based and a polyalkyleneglycol‐based fluids. Their physical properties (viscosity, thermoviscosity, piezoviscosity etc.) were characterised for a wide range of operating temperatures. A two‐stage multiplying gearbox, with helical gears, was selected to evaluate the influence of the wind turbine gear oil formulation on torque loss with the gearbox operating at low speed (130–230 rpm) and high torque (500–1000 Nm). The results obtained showed that each wind turbine gear oil formulation generated very different torque losses, evacuated heat flows and operating temperatures, with differences above 20 °C under the most severe operating conditions. A numerical model was developed, simulating all power loss mechanisms inside the gearbox, in particular the churning and friction losses. The coefficients of friction, between gear teeth and between rolling elements and bearing raceways, were calculated for all the tested oils. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental study on vibration characteristics of double-helical gearbox with isolators

A power closed double-helical gear test rig with isolators was created to investigate the dynamic response characteristics of the double-helical gearbox. Experimentally, the vibration accelerations of the bearing seat, machine foot, and base were tested under various working conditions. Experiments validated the validity of the generalized finite element theory-based dynamic model of the double-helical gear system. The study found that the unloaded vibration of the gearbox is greatly caused by the shaft frequency excitation due to assembly/manufacturing errors. As the load increases, the assembly/manufacturing errors are compensated by the system deformation. In the acceleration spectrum of the bearing seat, it is found that the tooth surface modification can reduce the amplitude of the mesh frequency, but the bearing outer ring frequency components are increased. That is, the axial movement of double-helical gears is intensified. Furthermore, the closer the excitation frequency is to the natural frequency of the base, the worse the vibration isolation effect is.

     

基于光谱分析技术的风机齿轮箱系统维护策略研究

风机齿轮箱中轴承和齿面的磨损是齿轮箱最常见的累积故障,当齿轮箱中的系统部件的累积磨损达到一定量时就会严重威胁到整个风电机组的正常运行,甚至大大降低其使用寿命。基于光谱分析技术对风机齿轮箱进行维护策略的研究,依据设备的不同累积磨损情况建立3种不同维护方式下的齿轮箱的维护策略,基于概率模型建立齿轮箱系统的时间成本模型,以最少维护时间成本为优化目标,利用蒙泰卡罗方法模拟设备随机衰退过程对巡检周期进行仿真,仿真结果表明提出的方案可行且有效。     

兆瓦级变桨距风力机组齿轮箱的设计

齿轮箱故障是风力机常见的问题。通过B laded for windows软件,产生在不同风速下兆瓦级变桨距风力机组齿轮箱的各项参数,根据风场的风频,得到载荷谱,从而实现齿轮箱齿轮、轴的设计优化和轴承的最优选择,最终提高齿轮箱的整体寿命和结构的合理性。     

Application of similarity theory to load capacity of gearboxes

This study suggests the theoretical methodology to construct a small-sized similarity model having the same load capacity as a large gearbox. The prototype gearbox was a 2-MW wind turbine gearbox consisting of two planetary gear stages and one parallel shaft gear stage, and the specifications of its 1/4 scale similarity model were determined by applying similarity theory. The constructed similarity model was validated by comparing load capacity parameters with those of the prototype gearbox using analysis tool. The validation results showed that the nominal tooth root and contact stresses of the similarity model and prototype gearbox were identical, whereas the tooth root and contact stresses satisfied the similarity condition within 2% difference. Furthermore, most factors that influenced the tooth root and pitting stress limits were identical. Thus, information related to load capacity, one of the major design evaluation criteria for gears, of large-size gearbox can be replicated by its similarity model. Although this is a theoretical methodology and still has many difficulties to apply to practical situations, these results have opened up the possibility of applying similarity theory to load capacity of gearboxes. Because the load capacity is the primary cause of commercial gearbox failure, this result also shows the possibility of life similarity in the gearbox application, although some further study is needed.     

风电齿轮齿根弯曲应力及裂纹特性分析

以风电齿轮为例,利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,建立了太阳轮简化力学模型,并进行了齿根弯曲应力的分析计算。分析结果与传统计算方法得出的结果基本一致,从而验证了简化模型的正确性。在此基础上,研究了齿轮齿根裂纹特性,分析了初始裂纹长度和外加载荷对应力强度因子(SIF)的影响。结果表明,随着初始裂纹长度的增加,应力强度因子也随之增加,并且应力强度因子与载荷等比例增加。在初始裂纹长度和载荷相同的情况下,应力强度因子KⅠ远大于KⅡ和KⅢ,即在弯曲应力作用下张开型裂纹为风电齿轮轮齿折断失效的主要原因。     

Adaptive filtering based system for extracting gearbox condition feature from the measured vibrations

Vibration signals measured from a gearbox are complex multi-component signals, generated by tooth meshing, gear shaft rotation, gearbox resonance vibration signatures and a substantial amount of noise. This article presents a novel scheme for extracting gearbox fault features using adaptive filtering techniques for enhancing condition features, meshing frequency sidebands. A modified least mean square (LMS) algorithm is developed and validated using only one accelerometer, instead of using two accelerometers in traditional arrangement, as the main signal and a desired signal is artificially generated from the measured shaft speed and gear meshing frequencies. The proposed scheme is applied to a signal simulated from gearbox frequencies with a numerous values of step size. Findings confirm that 10⁻⁵ step size invariably produces more accurate results and there has been a substantial improvement in signal clarity (better signal-to-noise ratio); which make meshing frequency sidebands more discernible. The developed scheme is validated via a number of experiments carried out using two-stage helical gearbox for a pair of healthy gears and one pair suffering from a tooth breakage with severity fault 1 (25% tooth removal), and fault 2 (50% tooth removal) under loads (0%, and 80% of the total load). The experimental results show remarkable improvements and enhance gear fault features. This paper illustrates that the new approach offers a more effective way to detect early faults.     

Research on load sharing performance of wind turbine gearbox involving multiple-errors and tooth crack

The current research on wind turbine gearboxes (WTG) considering multiple-factors influence mainly focuses on dynamic response. However, load sharing performance (LSP) is also extremely important for gear transmission system reliability. In this paper, considering the comprehensive effects of manufacturing errors, assembly errors, clearance floating between stages, mesh stiffness and time-varying load, a coupled translation-torsion dynamic model for WTG was developed to study the LSP. Based on the amplitude variations of time-varying mesh stiffness caused by tooth crack, an approach is provided to introduce the tooth crack into the dynamic model. The results indicate the LSP is mostly sensitive to multiple-errors and severe tooth crack, followed by the time-varying load. The LSP of a system is periodically affected by tooth crack, and the fluctuation ranges increase with the crack growth. Furthermore, the crack of sun gear has greater influence on LSP than that of planet and ring gear.

     

太重Ⅲ型风力发电增速齿轮箱有限元分析

风电增速齿轮箱在兆瓦级风力发电机中属易过载和损坏率较高的部件,对其性能进行分析,预测其性能并进行优化是十分必要的.本文中利用ANSYS软件对太重Ⅲ型两级行星一级平行轴1.5MW风力发电增速齿轮箱进行有限元分析,对太重Ⅲ型风力发电增速齿轮箱各级齿轮强度进行校核,得到了各级齿轮副的齿廓和齿向修形数据;对行星轮系载荷均载特性、主箱体组件、行星架、花键联接等进行分析,得到了风力发电增速齿轮箱各级零部件强度和刚度等相关数据,为风电增速齿轮箱的可靠性评估及优化设计奠定基础.     

基于振动信号耦合调制新模型和参数辨识的 风电齿轮箱齿圈故障监测

针对风电齿轮箱多级传动导致的振动耦合调制问题,提出了一种考虑级间调幅调频的齿圈故障新模型,并通过参数辨 识技术将其应用于齿圈故障监测。 某级齿圈故障特征频率会以调幅、调频方式,调制不同轮系的啮合频率,呈现出耦合调制现 象,本文针对该特殊调制规律,建立了两级齿圈故障下的振动信号耦合调制模型。 在此基础上,提出基于局部均值分解和列文 伯格-马夸尔特算法的参数辨识技术,确定故障辨识模型的调幅系数,进而可方便地构建出状态指标,以达到齿圈故障监测的目 的。 用现场数据进行验证,结果表明,新模型比传统模型描述振动信号更全面;借助参数辨识技术构建的指标能定位故障齿轮。     

Spur Gear Tooth Pitting Propagation Assessment Using Model-based Analysis

Tooth pitting is a common failure mode of a gearbox. Many researchers investigated dynamic properties of a gearbox with localized pitting damage on a single gear tooth. The dynamic properties of a gearbox with pitting distributed over multiple teeth have rarely been investigated. In this paper, gear tooth pitting propagation to neighboring teeth is modeled and investigated for a pair of spur gears. Tooth pitting propagation effect on time-varying mesh stiffness, gearbox dynamics and vibration characteristics is studied and then fault symptoms are revealed. In addition, the influence of gear mesh damping and environmental noise on gearbox vibration properties is investigated. In the end, 114 statistical features are tested to estimate tooth pitting growth. Statistical features that are insensitive to gear mesh damping and environmental noise are recommended.     

考虑随机制造误差的风力机行星齿轮系统动力学特性

为研究综合传递误差的随机波动对风力发电机齿轮传动系统动力学特性的影响,考虑齿轮时变啮合刚度、综合传递误差等因素,建立风力发电机行星齿轮传动系统纯扭转动力学模型。以随机风速引起的齿轮系统转矩波动作为行星齿轮系统的外部激励,对某1.5 MW风力发电机行星齿轮传动系统的动力学特性进行仿真分析,得到系统各响应量时域内的统计特征和齿轮副间的动态啮合力统计特征。分析表明：行星架、行星轮和太阳轮在扭转方向上的振动特性与外部载荷相关,其振动位移与外部载荷波动有相似变化的趋势;综合传递误差随机分量的离散程度对行星齿轮系统的动态特性和齿轮副间的动态啮合力有较大影响。随着综合传递误差随机分量离散程度的增加,行星架、太阳轮和行星轮在扭转方向上的振动幅值明显增加;综合传递误差随机分量的随机性使齿轮副间动态啮合力产生随机波动,随机分量离散程度越大,动态啮合力波动越明显;当随机分量的离散程度达到某一值时,齿轮啮合过程发生脱离,引发啮合冲击。     

风机行星齿轮系统齿轮裂纹故障诊断

针对风力发电机实际行星齿轮系统,由于幅值及相位调制现象(各种制造误差不可避免等原因所导致)带来的故障诊断难题,搭建了含各种制造误差的动力学模型。模型考虑了出现裂纹故障以后,故障对时变啮合刚度以及传递误差的影响,通过数值求解,对比行星轮、太阳轮以及齿圈出现故障后与正常齿轮系统的包络谱结构特性,总结了故障特征频率。在风力发电机齿轮箱实验台上进行裂纹故障试验验证,结果表明所总结的故障特征频率可以作为风力发电机裂纹故障诊断及定位的依据。     

风电机组齿轮箱在用润滑油运行状态分析

为监测某风场5台风机的齿轮箱润滑油的运行状态,对影响齿轮油衰变和齿轮箱寿命的指标,如齿轮油黏度、黏温性能、水分、酸值和污染物等进行监测,分析在用润滑油在不同运行时间下各个指标的变化情况。结果表明：在不同运行时间下各齿轮油的运动黏度有一定变化,但未发生明显衰变,对齿轮箱不会产生较大影响;酸值和水分的测试结果也显示齿轮油尚未发生明显的劣化;在不同运行时间下齿轮油的动力黏度变化不大,表明齿轮油并未受到严重的剪切作用,其结构没有发生明显的变化;温度对齿轮油有重要的影响,随着温度的降低,齿轮油的动力黏度逐渐变差,因此,齿轮箱的运行应控制在合适温度范围内。污染度测试结果表明,齿轮油的污染度已超标,最高达到22/20/17,最低为18/16/11,可采用更换过滤器或者安装旁路过滤系统的方式来控制该风场风机齿轮箱润滑油的污染度,以延长齿轮箱的使用寿命。