垂直管内弹状气泡上升中壁面传递的实验研究

垂直管内弹状流壁面传递是诸多工业应用中需研究的重要问题之一。今用极限扩散电流技术,对弹状气泡上升时瞬时壁面剪应力和传质系数进行了测定,结果显示:当基于表观气速的Froude数FrG < 0.74时,壁面剪应力随弹状气泡和液塞的到来呈现方向相反的交替变化,壁面传质系数亦相应变化;而当FrG > 0.74时,剪应力方向一直向下,说明液膜向下流动,且弹状气泡和液塞的到来对壁面传质系数的影响很小。这说明下落液膜射流穿透了液塞段,控制了整个壁面传递过程。研究还对下落液膜区、尾迹区及液塞段的不同传递特征及机理进行了分析, 并结合气泡塔熔融结晶器中弹状气泡上升时的传热,对结晶操作条件的合理选择进行了讨论。     

随机分布纤维束间纵向层流时传质的数值模拟

按层流流动理论模型,对纤维为随机分布的中空纤维膜组件的壳程,在恒定壁面传质量和恒定壁面浓度边界条件下的传质现象进行了数值模拟,并得到了不同装填率下传质Sherwood数关联式。结果表明,纵向层流时,随机分布纤维间的传质仍可分进口段和充分发展段。对于某一给定的纤维束,在传质的充分发展段,传质Sherwood数为一个定值,且较纤维束规则排列时小得多,纤维分布不均一性将导致膜组件的传质能力下降。在传质进口段,传质Sherwood数也较纤维束规则排列时要小,装填率不但对传质系数的关联式Sh=BReaScbf(de/L)的系数B值有影响,且对该式中的Reynolds数的指数a和Schmidt数的指数b值也均有影响。     

入口角度及壁面性质对蛇形微通道内弹状流流动特性影响的格子Boltzmann模拟

在Y型汇流的矩形截面蛇形微通道内,采用格子Boltzmann方法对不同壁面性质的蛇形微通道内弹状流流动进行了数值计算。首先以空气和水为工作流体对气液两相流动进行模拟研究并通过实验进行验证。通过验证实验后,模拟计算了气相速度,Y型夹角和壁面性质对气泡长度的影响,以及Y型夹角对微通道内弹状流压降和流动阻力的影响;探讨了粗糙度与壁面润湿性对流动阻力的影响;同时,针对蛇形微通道弯管部分,分析了角度和壁面性质对弹状流流动的影响。通过计算,发现当壁面接触角及Y型夹角为90?时,气泡长度最大;当直微通道为亲水性光滑壁面,回转弯道为粗糙度较大的疏水壁面时,Po数较小。     

垂直及倾斜上升管内气液两相弹状流壁面切应力的模拟

用VOF模型对垂直及倾斜上升管内弹状流壁面切应力进行数值模拟。计算结果表明,垂直上升流动时,液膜厚度始终小于对应位置倾斜上升弹状流的液膜厚度,壁面切应力从气弹头部至尾部逐渐增大至恒定不变,在尾流区呈杂乱无章状态。倾斜上升流动时,气泡头部顶点偏向管中心线上方,倾角越小,相同轴向位置处测得的液膜厚度越大。当FrTB较小时,倾斜管内弹状流上管壁面的切应力曲线在液膜区有明显波动,而下管壁面在对应区域的切应力分布则比较光滑。随着FrTB的增大,上下壁面切应力分布曲线越来越靠近。     

矩形截面螺旋通道内弹状流的流动特性

对水平放置矩形截面螺旋通道内弹状流的流动特性进行了实验研究.通过实验获得了不同周角下的气弹演变过程和局部流动特征,结果表明,其流动特性会随着螺旋周角位置的变化而变化.根据实验数据分析发现,同一工况下,不同转角气弹的运动速度、频率和长度分布不尽相同.重力和离心力的相对大小决定着内外壁面液膜的厚度,给出了同一条件下,不同时刻的液膜厚度的演变过程.最后对下降液膜的运动速度展开了分析研究,在螺旋上升过程中,液膜下降速度逐渐减小,在螺旋下降段,液膜速度明显增大.     

垂直上升气液两相弹状流模型

基于等效弹单元思想,改进了预测垂直上升管中充分发展气液弹状流流动特性的模型。 模型中考虑了界面切应力对液膜运动的影响;并在液弹空隙度预测中引入临界气体夹带速度的概念,以此来描述弹状流中大气泡尾部的混合特性。本文提出的模型还考虑了管径对液弹空隙度的影响。弹状流模型的计算结果得到本文及其他作者实验数据的验证。     

气液两相流壁面剪应力及传质系数测试方法探讨

探讨了不加支持电解质条件下，液固传质系数及壁面剪应力的测试方法及测量垂直管中弹状流区上升液体段和下降液膜段的双电极测试技术，并尝试用空气作为测试体系的气相。     

蛇形微通道气液两相流动特性

以空气、去离子水为实验工质,在θ=50°的Y型混合器内充分混合,利用高速摄像仪对当量直径177.8 μm的小曲率蛇形微通道进行可视化实验,对比了两种气液混合方式(上气下液型、上液下气型)下的流动特性。实验发现的主要流型有弹状流、波状分层流、弥散流等,对此分别研究了气弹的形状和长度、液膜厚度以及气流携带液滴的份额,并提出新的预测液滴含量的关联式。此外,针对这两种不同的混合方式,在弯道处发现圆弧可以诱导产生弹状流,二者均经历拉伸和断裂过程,区别在于后者在拉伸之前,先要进行膨胀。不同的气液混合方式对各相的流动会产生一定的影响,两相流体在通道壁面附近以及弯道处的分布也有所区别。     

柱式膜组件结构的CFD优化设计

采用Euler模型与多孔介质模型对不同结构的柱式膜组件内的流体流动进行了计算模拟。研究了曝气孔数目(开孔率为1.92%保持不变)与膜组件高度对膜组件膜丝填充区域内的气液两相分布、壁面剪应力、湍流黏度以及液相速度场的影响。计算模拟数据与实验结果吻合良好。计算模拟表明:通过减小曝气孔直径,增加曝气孔数目的方式能够促进气液两相流场与液相速度场的均匀分布,以及壁面剪应力与湍流黏度的增强;增加膜组件的高度,有利于增加单支膜组件膜面积的同时充分利用曝气擦洗过程中气液两相流对膜丝壁面进行高效的气擦洗。综合考虑膜组件的安装运输、膜丝通量分布以及能耗等因素,对于直径250 mm的膜组件采用曝气孔的直径为6.32mm,数目为30个,长度在2~2.5 m之间为最优。     

柱式膜组件结构的CFD优化设计

采用Euler模型与多孔介质模型对不同结构的柱式膜组件内的流体流动进行了计算模拟。研究了曝气孔数目（开孔率为1.92%保持不变）与膜组件高度对膜组件膜丝填充区域内的气液两相分布、壁面剪应力、湍流黏度以及液相速度场的影响。计算模拟数据与实验结果吻合良好。计算模拟表明：通过减小曝气孔直径,增加曝气孔数目的方式能够促进气液两相流场与液相速度场的均匀分布,以及壁面剪应力与湍流黏度的增强;增加膜组件的高度,有利于增加单支膜组件膜面积的同时充分利用曝气擦洗过程中气液两相流对膜丝壁面进行高效的气擦洗。综合考虑膜组件的安装运输、膜丝通量分布以及能耗等因素,对于直径250 mm的膜组件采用曝气孔的直径为6.32 mm,数目为30个,长度在2~2.5 m之间为最优。     

Study of an air-lift system,Part II: Heat transfer in co-current,vertical two-phase,non-boiling flows

Heat transfer at the inner wall for co-current vertical air-water mixture flow has been investigated in a 161.5 mm diameter pumping tube of an air-lift system. The experimental heat transfer coefficients were found to be significantly higher than those calculated from a single liquid phase correlation for the same liquid flow rate. The enhancement of heat transfer was found to be related to the flow pattern. A decrease of the heat transfer coefficient was observed in the transition region from slug flow to churn flow. Hydrodynamic and heat transfer models have been used to describe heat transfer during the slug flow regime and a correlation is proposed for the heat transfer coefficient in the liquid plug behind the gas bubble.     

IMPROVED HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL OF TWO-PHASE SLUG FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES

Merits of the Fernandes model(Fernandes et al.1983)for two-phase slug flow in verticaltubes are reviewed in this paper.While predicting many macroscopic parameters of slug flow in verti-cal tubes,it fails to present correctly the trend that the average voidage in liquid slugs increases asthe rising velocity of Taylor bubbles is increased.It is also desirable to extend its application toelectrolyte systems, and to churn flow conditions.Based on the diagnostic analysis,the model equa-tion for gas entrainment by falling liquid film is reformulated and the influence of surface tension isalso accounted for.Development of the falling liquid film is recognized in the revised model in or-der to suit the case of short Taylor bubbles as well.The modified model predicts the variation of av-erage voidage in liquid slugs in good agreement with available experimental data.     

错排降膜阵列气液交叉流界面捕集PM2.5的传质类比模型

根据气溶胶颗粒拟流体性质提出了气液交叉流界面捕集PM2.5的传质类比模型.分析了颗粒Schmidt数及其指数m对气溶胶流体传热传质类比的影响机理.以常用的横掠错排管束对流传热Nu方程为基础,导出了横掠错排降膜阵列PM2.5传质Sherwood数方程,由此建立了以m为模型参数的PM2.5捕集效率预测模型.用横掠20列×90排ø3 mm降膜阵列PM2.5捕集效率实测数据回归获得m值为0.808.在Reynolds数50～650的范围内,模型预测传质Sh与实测值误差在±20%之内.     

Condensation with non-condensing gases inside vertical tubes with turbulent gas and film flow

Mass transfer coefficients in the turbulent gas flow of a vertical condenser tube are determined experimentally in a short test segment. When the film model is used to evaluate the data, the gas phase resistance to mass transfer is well described by a correlation obtained from single-phase pipe flow. No significant interaction between gas and film flow is observed, neither for laminar nor for turbulent film flow. A design method for long condenser tubes is developed considering superheating of the gas and subcooling of the falling film. When the film model and a single-phase pipe flow correlation are incorporated, the method matches with sufficient accuracy experimental data taken from the literature. To estimate the onset of entrainment in falling film exchangers a correlation for entrainment in annular two-phase flow is checked. The calculations are in good agreement with experimental data obtained in a long adiabatic tube.     

垂直管内弹状气泡上升时的壁面传质

Wall-liquid mass transfer for Taylor bubbles rising through liquid column in vertical tubes is an important and fundamental topic in industrial processes.In this work,the characteristics of wall-liquid mass transfer for this special case of slug flow were studied experimentally by limiting diffusion current technique (LDCT). Based on the experimental results and the analysis of hydrodynamic mechanisms,it was proposed that four different zones exist,i.e.the laminar falling film zone,the turbulent falling film zone,the wake region and the remaining liquid slug zone.The corresponding correlations for all these zones were developed.     

夹套式上升管内荒煤气对流辐射传热的计算

通过理论推导和数值计算,分析了荒煤气在上升管内流动的对流传热和辐射传热问题。基于热平衡方程推导得到上升管内荒煤气流动传热微分方程,考察荒煤气进口温度、内壁面发射率、对流传热系数和斯坦顿数对上升管内壁面温度变化和荒煤气出口温度的影响。采用Matlab软件编制四阶Runge-Kutta计算程序求解,得出上升管内壁温度沿轴线方向的变化曲线和荒煤气的平均传热系数,荒煤气在夹套式上升管中的平均传热系数为30 W/(m^2·K)~36 W/(m^2·K),将此计算结果与他人的成果进行对比,吻合较好,误差为10%左右。结果表明:辐射传热过程主要受内壁面发射率和荒煤气进口温度的影响,内壁面发射率越大,辐射传热量越大;流体速度对对流传热的影响很大,随着流速的增加,对流传热量增大;焦炉在一个炼焦周期内,应该合理控制荒煤气的流量,可避免上升管内壁焦油的凝结;在设计上升管时,增大内壁面的发射率,可以提高上升管的传热效率。     

降膜蒸发管内液体夹带及传热恶化特性的研究

对垂直管内蒸汽和水逆向流动时的降膜蒸发、蒸汽夹带液体及传热恶化特性进行了详细的试验研究,发现降膜蒸发管工质入口端的壁温首先突然升高和出现波动.通过分析其机理和影响因素,给出了传热恶化的预测关系式.     

垂直管内气液两相弹状流含气率研究

In order to investigate the influence of the entrance effect on the spatial distribution of phases, the experiments on gas-liquid two-phase slug flow in a vertical pipe of 0.03m ID were carried out by using optical probes and an EKTAPRO 1000 high speed motion analyzer. It demonstrates that the radial profile of slug flow void fraction is parabolic. Influenced by the falling liquid film, the radial profile curve of liquid slug void fraction in the wake region is also parabolic. Since fully turbulent velocity distribution is built up in the developed region,the void fraction profile in this region is the saddle type. At given superficial liquid velocity, the liquid slug void fraction increases with gas velocity. The radial profiles of liquid slug void fraction at different axial locations are all saddle curves, but void fraction is obviously high around the centerline in the entrance region. The nearer the measuring station is from the entrance, the farther the peak location is away from the wall.