分布式新能源发电对配电网电压影响研究

分布式发电能够最大限度地利用可再生能源,但无规划地引入分布式发电会对配电网的潮流分布、电压水平、短路容量等产生不良影响。文章建立了光伏和风力发电模型,在IEEE33节点配电网模型的基础上,分别从分布式电源接入容量和接入位置,分析单个分布式电源接入和多个分布式电源的接入对配电网电压分布的影响,为以后电网规划提供参考。     

基于改进FPA算法的配电网光伏消纳能力评估

配电网中接入分布式光伏电源会带来诸多不利影响,研究配电网分布式光伏的消纳能力问题对维持配电网的安全运行至关重要。文章研究了分布式光伏电源接入对配电网电能质量、短路容量及网损的影响,以分布式光伏电源接入量最大、网损最小为目标函数,以电压偏差、电压波动及短路容量为约束条件,建立了分布式光伏消纳能力评估模型。根据所建模型特点,提出了一种改进的花授粉优化算法(Flower Pollination Algorithm,FPA),并对IEEE33节点系统及实际配电网进行求解。最后验证了所建模型的正确性及算法的有效性。     

分布式电源戴维南等效及并网对系统电压影响

针对分布式电源DG接入配电网将影响系统电压的问题,提出了DG的戴维南等效模型接入配电网方法。通过对风力发电机及光伏电源工作原理的研究,利用戴维南定理求取分布式电源在潮流计算中的模型,并接入配电网,采用PQ分解法计算含DG的配电网潮流,分析其对系统电压稳定性的影响。计算结果表明:当配电网系统接入分布式电源时,系统的电压会增加,增加的大小与接入节点的位置、DG的容量和类型有关。     

基于APDE算法的配电网分布式电源承载力评估

针对分布式电源接入配电网装机容量问题,提出一种基于自适应扰动差分进化算法（APDE）的配电网分布式电源最大承载能力评估方法。首先建立包含有载调压变压器及静止无功补偿器的配电网模型,并优化系统潮流与注入功率的关系表达式,通过考虑分布式电源及负荷的不确定性,建立基于机会约束规划下的源荷不确定性配电网分布式电源最大承载力评估模型;然后对差分进化算法进行改进,形成APDE算法以求解模型;最后基于IEEE-33节点配电系统对所建配电网模型进行分析,验证其满足电力系统分析需求,并进一步对所提配电网分布式电源承载力评估方法进行分析,通过与相关算法比较,证明了所建模型的可行性和改进方法的有效性。     

光伏逆变器参与电网无功电压控制策略

分布式电源规模化大批量接入配电网,极大地改变了传统配电网的结构,其对供电安全、经济与可靠性的影响不容忽视。首先分析了分布式光伏接入电网对电能质量的影响,尤其是光伏反送电量导致的配电网末端电压高、谐波干扰大等问题,随后提出了光伏逆变器参与电网无功电压控制的方案,极大消除了分布式光伏大量接入系统对电能质量带来的不利影响。     

高密度分布式光伏发电系统接入配电网准入容量研究

光伏发电是可再生能源中最有发展前景的一种新能源发电形式。高密度分布式光伏发电系统接入配电网可能引起电压偏差越限的问题。建立了考虑分布式光伏发电系统多点接入的馈线电压偏差计算模型,并分别分析了过电压及低电压条件约束条件下不同型号架空及电缆线路光伏电源的准入容量及最大渗透率,根据建立的计算模型采用PSS/E软件进行仿真计算,计算结果表明:利用光伏电源的调压作用可防止过电压,减短馈线长度可防止低电压;电缆线路的光伏电源准入容量主要受过电压因素的限制,而架空线路主要受低电压因素的限制。     

一种配电网的实用谐波电压计算方法研究

分布光伏接入配电网既可以满足用户定制电能的需求、提高用户用电可靠性,又可以节省配电网扩容成本。与此同时,通过电力电子设备接入的分布式光伏也为配电网的电能质量带来新的影响。文章分析了分布式光伏的谐波特性,在此基础上提出了含分布式光伏的配电网模型,通过此模型分析了含分布式光伏的配电网的谐波电压分布。     

分布式电源对主动配电网的电压潮流分析

基于IEEE 10节点母线测试系统,分析在并网状态下接入分布式电源对配电网的影响。采用牛顿拉夫逊的配电网潮流算法,利用MATLAB仿真软件,分析分布式电源对稳态电压和潮流变化的影响,得出分布式电源接入主动配电网的一般规律,以及保证和改善主动配电网电能质量的措施。     

分布式光伏电源对配电网网损的影响

当配电网中接入大量的受天气条件影响而出力具有随机性、波动性和间歇性的分布式光伏电源时,必然会对配电网网损产生影响。将分布式光伏电源集中接入配电网的末端,通过仿真研究了在不同的配电网的R/X、负荷水平、负荷功率因数下,分布式光伏电源的有功出力和功率因数对配电网网损产生的影响,并提出了利用网损变化率指标来量化对配电网网损的影响程度,全面总结了含分布式光伏电源的配电网网损的变化规律。     

含分布式电源的配电网电压调整策略研究

分布式电源的接入给配电网电压和电能质量带来了诸多问题。针对汕尾电网中含分布式电源资源丰富的星云片网,从分布式电源出力、小水电功率因数、无功补偿、变压器抽头4个方面分析了其对配电网电压的影响,从而提出相应的控制策略。并综合电压调整策略对汕尾电网星云片区配网进行验证,结果表明电压调整策略的有效性。     

光伏并网逆变器辅助电源设计

太阳能是清洁安全可靠的可再生能源,采用光伏并网技术的太阳能发电已成为应用面最广的光伏新能源应用技术。基于电流型PWM控制芯片UCC2801设计了一种光伏并网逆变器用辅助电源,采用4路输出的单端反激式拓扑,由光伏并网逆变器的直流母线供电,并采用电压基准源及光耦实现隔离反馈。试验结果表明,该辅助电源输入电压范围宽、输出纹波小、交叉负载调整率低,还能防止反复启停及在电源启动后自动关断。     

光伏逆变器无功调节能力分析与控制策略研究

通过建立光伏逆变器接入配电网稳态分析模型,以接入点运行电压、最大运行电流和SPWM调制控制条件为约束,分析了不同工况下逆变器的无功调节能力。构建接入配电网运行时面向电网电压调整的无功功率控制策略,该策略以控制接入点电压为目标,逆变器通过补偿系统需求的无功对电压进行支撑。构建分布式光伏接入配电网应对配电网负荷变化和光伏注入功率变化引起的电压无功调整仿真实验,验证了该策略的有效性。     

State coordinated voltage control in an active distribution network with on-load tap changers and photovoltaic systems

Decreasing costs and favorable policies have resulted in increased penetration of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation in distribution networks. As the PV systems penetration is likely to increase in the future, utilizing the reactive power capability of PV inverters to mitigate voltage deviations is being promoted. In recent years, droop control of inverter- based distributed energy resources has emerged as an essential tool for use in this study. The participation of PV systems in voltage regulation and its coordination with existing controllers, such as on-load tap changers, is paramount for controlling the voltage within specified limits. In this work, control strategies are presented that can be coordinated with the existing controls in a distributed manner. The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated through simulation results on a distribution system.     

Interfacing solar PV power plant with rural distribution grid: challenges and possible solutions

In rural India and similar countries, the distribution grid is radial in nature where the power generation stations are located far away from the consumption points which makes the grid weak in nature at the site of consumption. Significant penetration of solar photovoltaic within the weak distribution network can cause voltage issues such as voltage rise and dip. A comprehensive simulation method as well as a simple mathematical modelling are developed. The study reveals that the voltage quality issue occurs not only due to the considerable penetration of photovoltaic (PV) but also due to the connected load and X/R ratio of the feeder. The proposed model describes a method to estimate the permissible PV penetration ratio for the distribution feeder. This helps in the (i) selection of overhead conductors to improve the X/R ratio, (ii) utilisation of the on load tap changing facility within the distribution transformer and (iii) connecting/disconnecting flexiloads for improving PV penetration.     

Multilevel converters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems: an overview

Multilevel voltage source inverters offer several advantages compared to their conventional counterparts. By synthesising the AC output terminal voltage from several levels of DC voltages, staircase waveforms can be produced, which approach the sinusoidal waveform with low harmonic distortion, thus reducing filter requirements. The need of several sources on the DC side of the converter makes multilevel technology attractive for photovoltaic applications. This paper provides an overview on different multilevel topologies and investigates their suitability for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems. Several transformerless photovoltaic systems incorporating multilevel converters are compared regarding issues such as component count and stress, system power rating and the influence of the photovoltaic array earth capacitance.     

基于滑模变功率跟踪的PV-VSG控制技术

针对含储能装置的传统光伏虚拟同步发电机（PV-VSG）不仅投资成本高且未考虑光伏阵列输出特性的问题,提出一种基于滑模变功率点跟踪（SM-VPT）的PV-VSG控制策略。该方法在滑模控制的基础上引入直流母线电压偏差控制,调整光伏阵列的功率跟踪轨迹,实现光伏出力自适应匹配负载需求,即当光伏容量充足时,只提供与负载相匹配的功率;光伏功率不足时,可实现传统的MPPT控制以减少电力短缺,同时防止直流电压骤降,保证系统稳定运行。该方法使PV-VSG能够按需向负载供电,无需增加额外的储能设备,可实现光伏发电系统直接以VSG形式接入并网,仿真结果验证了所提控制方法的有效性。     

THD reduction with reactive power compensation for fuzzy logic DVR based solar PV grid connected system

Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is used to protect sensitive loads from voltage disturbances of the distribution generation (DG) system. In this paper, a new control approach for the 200 kW solar photovoltaic grid connected system with perturb and observe maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is implemented. Power quality improvement with comparison is conducted during fault with proportional integral (PI) and artificial intelligence-based fuzzy logic controlled DVR. MPPT tracks the actual variable DC link voltage while deriving the maximum power from a photovoltaic array and maintains DC link voltage constant by changing modulation index of the converter. Simulation results during fault show that the fuzzy logic based DVR scheme demonstrates simultaneous exchange of active and reactive power with less total harmonic distortion (THD) present in voltage source converter (VSC) current and grid current with fast tracking of optimum operating point at unity power factor. Standards (IEEE-519/1547), stipulates that the current with THD greater than 5% cannot be injected into the grid by any distributed generation source. Simulation results and validations of MPPT technique and operation of fuzzy logic controlled DVR demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes.     

Z源逆变电路及其直通控制策略在光伏并网系统中的应用

针对传统的Z源逆变电路控制方式中需要独立分析升压电路控制因子和并网电路控制因子的问题,先在典型的Z源全桥逆变电路的拓扑结构中实现单桥臂上下管的直通相位控制方式下的开关时序,进而分析了Z源逆变电路的5种模态的工作原理,提出了一种适用于单相光伏逆变系统的Z源逆变电路直通控制方式,就是利用能量传递和傅里叶算法在直通零矢量和输出逆变电压之间建立直接联系。以一台3kW光伏并网逆变样机的测试结果表明,样机PV电压稳定,并网电压电流相位在50%输出功率下基本一致,其谐波含量和功率因数符合要求;同时,还具备一定的过压、欠压动态保护特性,反应时间迅速。结果表明,Z源逆变电路及其直通控制策略在光伏并网系统中的应用效果较好。     

准Z源级联光伏并网逆变器功率平衡控制

提出一种基于准Z源级联逆变器功率平衡控制的调制波分配方法,该方法的核心是将系统所需无功功率由某一个级联单元提供,并网有功功率由所有级联单元平均分配,然后按这一功率分配原则生成各级联单元调制波;由于准Z源级联逆变器结构特点,在应用时直通占空比存在一定约束条件,因此基于调制波分配方法,推导出实现功率平衡控制的准Z源级联逆变器的直通占空比约束条件;最后通过载波移相调制控制各级联单元逆变实现并网。仿真与实验结果验证级联单元输入功率不平衡时,该策略能有效保障直流母线电压的稳定和光伏模块最大功率输出,实现单位功率因数并网。     

Coordinated voltage control of renewable energy power plants in weak sending-end power grid

The utilization of renewable energy in sending-end power grids is increasing rapidly, which brings difficulties to voltage control. This paper proposes a coordinated voltage control strategy based on model predictive control (MPC) for the renewable energy power plants of wind and solar power connected to a weak sending-end power grid (WSPG). Wind turbine generators (WTGs), photovoltaic arrays (PVAs), and a static synchronous compensator are coordinated to maintain voltage within a feasible range during operation. This results in the full use of the reactive power capability of WTGs and PVAs. In addition, the impact of the active power outputs of WTGs and PVAs on voltage control are considered because of the high R/X ratio of a collector system. An analytical method is used for calculating sensitivity coefficients to improve computation efficiency. A renewable energy power plant with 80 WTGs and 20 PVAs connected to a WSPG is used to verify the proposed voltage control strategy. Case studies show that the coordinated voltage control strategy can achieve good voltage control performance, which improves the voltage quality of the entire power plant.