PBA—PMMA核一壳增韧剂改性聚碳酸酯的研究

采用多阶段种子乳液聚合方法制备了以交联的聚丙烯酸丁酯（ＰＢＡ）为核、以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（ＰＭＭＡ）为壳的核－壳结构增韧剂，用透射电子显微镜观察了增韧剂胶乳粒子的形态和粒径。考察了增韧剂与聚碳酸酯（ＰＣ）共混物的相容性及力学性能。动态力学实验结果显示，增韧剂与ＰＣ基体之间具有良好的相容性和界面粘接。冲击实验结果表明，增韧剂对ＰＣ有良好的增韧效果，其用量为４％（体积分数）时，使ＰＣ的缺口冲击强度较增韧     

含核－壳聚合物共混体系PC／PBA－cs－PMMA的研究

将聚碳酸酯（ＰＣ）和聚丙烯酸丁酯－聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯核－壳聚合物（ＰＢＡ－ｃｓ－ＰＭＭＡ），采用密炼机以不同条件机械混合。经力学性能测试、形态结构观察和转变行为表征表明，ＰＣ与ＰＭＭＡ具有一定的相容性，ＰＢＡ－ｃｓ－ＰＭＭＡ能很好地分散在ＰＣ中，当其含量超过１０％，共混物的冲击强度值为ＰＣ的１０余倍，是ＰＣ的良好增韧剂。增韧机理属银纹和剪切屈服共存。     

含核—壳聚合物共混体系PC／PBA—cs—PMMA的研究

将聚碳酸酯（ＰＣ）和聚丙烯酸丁酯－聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯核－壳聚合物（ＰＢＡ－ｃｓ－ＰＭＭＡ），采用密炼机以不同条件机械混合。经力学性能测试、形态结构观察和转变行为表征表明，ＰＣ与ＰＭＭＡ具有一定的相容性，ＰＢＡ－ｃｓ－ＰＭＭＡ能很好地分散在ＰＣ中，当其含量超过１０％，共混物的冲击强度值为ＰＣ的１０余倍，是ＰＣ的良好增韧剂。增韧机理属银纹和剪切屈服共存。     

马来酸酐化低分子量聚丁二烯接枝改性LLDPE的制备及增韧尼龙6的性能

在传统橡胶增韧塑料体系中,由于橡胶含量通常大于10%(质量分数,下同),不仅提高了材料的成本而且大幅降低了材料的强度和模量。文中报道了以马来酸酐化低分子量聚丁二烯(MLPB)接枝改性的线性低密度聚乙烯(LLD-PEg)为增韧剂,通过反应挤出的方法制备了LLDPEg与尼龙6(PA6)的合金。利用在反应挤出过程中LLDPEg增韧剂中马来酸酐(MAH)与PA6中端胺基的反应,在合金体系中形成以LLDPE为核,MLPB为壳的核-壳结构。结果发现体系中MLPB净含量只有3%时,核壳增韧体系的缺口冲击强度最高可达到118kJ/m2。与POE-g-MAH增韧PA6的体系相比,在相同增韧剂含量的情况下,核壳增韧体系的冲击强度和拉伸强度都更高。     

PBA／PMMA型核壳弹性粒子增韧环氧树脂研究

合成了一系列的ＰＢＡ／ＰＭＭＡ核壳型复合弹性粒子,并用于增韧双酚Ａ环氧树脂ＤＥＧＭＡ／ＤＤＭ体系。研究表明,适宜的ＰＢＡ／ＰＭＭＡ核壳比是核壳型复合弹性粒子增韧环氧树脂的先决条件,添加合适核壳比的复合粒子能提高改性体系的冲击强度、剪切强度、降低固体化系的内应力。随着核壳粒子橡胶相尺寸的减小,改性体系的冲击强度逐渐增加,内应力降低,但对体系的剪切强度影响并不显著。在外作用下观察到核壳粒子空穴化引起剪切屈服增韧。核壳粒子的形态由透射电镜观测（ＴＥＭ）。,改性试样的断裂表面扫描电镜观测（ＳＥＭ）。改性体系中分散相的尺寸由预测结构的核的核壳复合粒子控制。     

尼龙6／“壳—核”型聚合物共混合金的力学性能与亚微形态

采用以ＰＭＭＡ为壳，聚丙烯酸丁酯为核心的“壳－核”型聚合物作为冲击性剂，并以双酚Ａ型环氧树脂（ＤＧＥＢＡ）为增容剂，通过反应挤出法制备了尼龙６／“壳－核”型聚合物共混合金。对合金力学性能与亚微形态的研究表明，在合金中添加ＤＧＥＢＡ可以显著改善尼龙６与“壳－核”型聚合物的界面粘接性和相容性，从而大幅度地提高了合金的缺口冲击强度，同时合金的断理解伸长率与显著提高。Ｂｒａｂｅｎｄｅｒ动态扭矩显示，ＤＧＥ     

AIM 核壳增韧剂/ PVC 树脂共混体系性能

采用自制的丙烯酸丁酯接枝甲基丙烯酸甲酯核壳结构增韧剂( PBA-g-PMMA, AIM) 与聚氯乙烯( PVC) 树脂熔融共混, 制备了AIM/ PVC 共混物。研究了增韧剂粒子在PVC 中的分散和空洞化、AIM/ PVC 共混物的断裂与脆韧转变。结果表明, 球形的增韧剂粒子能够在PVC 树脂中均匀分散并对PVC 有很好的增韧作用, 在PVC 树脂中加入质量分数为615 %AIM 时, 冲击样条以韧性方式断裂; 样条冲击断面周围应力发白区域内产生了空洞。提出AIM 增韧PVC 的机理是橡胶粒子的空洞化与塑料基体剪切屈服协同作用。      

不同结构聚合物核壳粒子对环氧树脂的增韧改性

传统环氧树脂的增韧改性方法往往达不到理想的效果。核壳粒子与环氧树脂混合,能减小内应力,获得显著的增韧效果,且不改变热变形温度。文中采用微皂核壳乳液的聚合方法合成了不同的核壳粒子,并对这些核壳粒子增韧环氧树脂体系的力学性能进行试验研究、理论分析和数值计算。用力学强度、动态力学分析等表征手段对核壳粒子的结构和改性环氧树脂体系的增韧机理进行了探讨。结果发现,改善核、壳之间或者核壳粒子壳层同环氧树脂之间的相容性和界面粘合力,核层能更好地将能量充分耗散,改性体系的冲击强度得以进一步提高。     

核壳粒子的制备及对环氧树脂的增韧作用

采用无皂乳液聚合方法制备了以聚丙烯酸丁酯(PBA)为核、以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)为壳的核壳粒子,讨论了引发剂量对种子乳液粒径的影响,MMA单体滴加速度对聚合反应的影响。用激光粒度仪和透射电子显微镜,分别测试了核壳粒子的粒径和形态。红外光谱(FT-IR)图谱证明了产物具有核壳结构。用合成的核壳粒子对环氧树脂进行增韧改性,冲击实验和扫描电镜结果表明,环氧树脂的缺口冲击强度较增韧前有了显著的提高,核壳粒子含量为3%时,共混体系的冲击强度达到峰值80.2 kJ/m2。     

PMMA基核-壳型有机刚性粒子增韧改性R-PVC/CPE韧性体

探讨了经过特殊表征的ＰＭＭＡ基核－壳型有机刚性粒子对Ｒ－ＰＶＣ／ＣＰＥ体系的增韧和增强作用及其对加工流变性的影响。研究发现,适当粒径的核－壳型粒子与Ｒ－ＰＶＣ／ＣＰＥ基体共混,常温（２３℃）使基体的冲击强度和断裂伸长率得到提高,断裂强度、屈服强度、硬度和加工流变性也有改善,而在低温（－１０℃）时几乎无增韧效果。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...