二甲醚作为汽车空调制冷剂的性能研究

本文对二甲醚（DME）用作汽车空调制冷剂的性能与现有汽车空调制冷剂R134a进行了对比。首先比较了二甲醚和R134a的基础热力性质，然后对二甲醚和R134a的汽车空调标准工况和变工况下制冷循环性能进行了详细的理论计算及分析。分析表明：二甲醚的制冷性能与R134a基本相似，而性能系数（COP）却优于R134a。因此，更具环保优势的二甲醚是一种理想的潜在的汽车空调制冷剂。     

R134a／R23A动复叠制冷循环的试验研究

在分析自动复叠制冷循环特点和R134a／R23混合工质特性的基础上，搭建了试验台进行了循环特性的研究。在一系列合理简化的基础上对试验结果进行了分析，并给出了循环系统中各点参数的计算结果和制冷循环的空问压焓图。     

喷射器极限工况特性实验研究

喷射器作为热驱动喷射式制冷系统的核心部件,其性能会影响整个制冷系统的运行效率。极限工况是指喷射器从可以工作状态到不能工作状态的极端工况,对该工况下喷射器的特性研究具有重要意义。本文自行设计并搭建了以R134a为制冷剂的喷射式制冷系统极限工况的实验装置,分别对引射流体质量流量为零的极限工况下不同喷射器工作流体压力及喷射器出口背压对缩放喷嘴出口背压的影响规律进行了实验研究。结果表明:极限工况下,喷嘴出口背压同时受工作流体压力和喷射器出口背压的影响,随工作流体压力升高而降低,随喷射器出口背压升高而升高。同时,得到该喷射器在工作流体压力为1.5~3.2MPa,且喷射器出口背压在0.66~0.96 MPa范围内的最低引射流体压力,为工程应用提供参考。     

Refrigeration system performance using liquid-suction heat exchangersPerformance d''un système frigorifique utilisant des échangeurs liquide-vapeur à l''aspiration

Heat transfer devices are provided in many refrigeration systems to exchange energy between the cool gaseous refrigerant leaving the evaporator and warm liquid refrigerant exiting the condenser. These liquid-suction or suction-line heat exchangers can, in some cases, yield improved system performance while in other cases they degrade system performance. Although previous researchers have investigated performance of liquid-suction heat exchangers, this study can be distinguished from the previous studies in three ways. First, this paper identifies a new dimensionless group to correlate performance impacts attributable to liquid-suction heat exchangers. Second, the paper extends previous analyses to include new refrigerants. Third, the analysis includes the impact of pressure drops through the liquid-suction heat exchanger on system performance. It is shown that reliance on simplified analysis techniques can lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the impact of liquid-suction heat exchangers on refrigeration system performance. From detailed analyses, it can be concluded that liquid-suction heat exchangers that have a minimal pressure loss on the low pressure side are useful for systems using R507A, R134a, R12, R404A, R290, R407C, R600, and R410A. The liquid-suction heat exchanger is detrimental to system performance in systems using R22, R32, and R717.     

Analysis of a refrigeration cycle driven by refrigerant steam turbine

The objectives of this paper are to develop a novel cycle with refrigerant Rankine and refrigeration cycles, and to discuss the thermodynamic analysis of the cycle and the adequacy of the development. The combined cycle uses only one working fluid, has a simple mechanical system and does not have abrading parts. Three different refrigerants are evaluated to find the best candidate for the novel combined cycle—R123, R134a and R245ca. It is found that the R123 cycle gives the highest cycle efficiency among all cycles considered in the present study. The base cycle has a low efficiency because of the high temperature at the turbine outlet. By recovering the heat at the turbine outlet, the overall COP increases by 47% in case of the R245ca cycle. In the base cycle, COP depends mostly on the boiler pressure, while in the modified cycle with the recuperator, the cycle efficiency depends mostly on the boiler temperature. Considering the cycle efficiency and environmental issues, it is concluded that R245ca is the most promising refrigerant out of the cycles considered in the present paper.     

Experiment and simulation on the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system using carbon dioxide as a refrigerant

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system using zeotropic refrigerant mixtures of R744/134a and R744/290. One of the advantages of this system is the possibility of keeping the highest pressure of the system within a limit by selecting the composition of a refrigerant mixture as compared to that in the vapor compression system using pure carbon dioxide. Performance test and simulation have been carried out for an autocascade refrigeration system by varying secondary fluid temperatures at evaporator and condenser inlets. Variations of mass flow rate of refrigerant, compressor power, refrigeration capacity, and coefficient of performance (COP) with respect to the mass fraction of R744 in R744/134a and R744/290 mixtures are presented at different operating conditions. Experimental results show similar trends with those from the simulation. As the composition of R744 in the refrigerant mixture increases, cooling capacity is enhanced, but COP tends to decrease while the system pressure rises.

Résumé

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system using zeotropic refrigerant mixtures of R744/134a and R744/290. One of the advantages of this system is the possibility in keeping the highest pressure of the system within a limit by selecting the composition of a refrigerant mixture as compared to that in the vapor compression system using pure carbon dioxide. Performance test and simulation have been carried out for an autocascade refrigeration system by varying secondary fluid temperatures at evaporator and condenser inlets. Variations of mass flow rate of refrigerant, compressor power, refrigeration capacity, and coefficient of performance (COP) with respect to the mass fraction of R744 in R744/134a and R744/290 mixtures are presented at different operating conditions. Experimental results show similar trends with those from the simulation. As the composition of R744 in the refrigerant mixture increases, cooling capacity is enhanced, but COP tends to decrease while the system pressure rises.     

Performance evaluation of combined adsorption refrigeration cycles

This paper presents the results of an investigation on the performance of combined adsorption refrigeration cycles. The novel combined cycle amalgamates the activated carbon (AC)-R507A as the bottoming cycle and AC-R134a cycle as the topping cycle and deliver refrigeration load at as low as −10 °C at the bottoming cycle. The cycle simulation is based on the experimentally confirmed adsorption isotherms, kinetics and isosteric heat of adsorption data for R134a and R507A on highly porous based activated carbon of type Maxsorb III. The optimum cooling capacity, coefficient of performance (COP) and chiller efficiency are calculated in terms of cycle time, switching time, regeneration and brine inlet temperatures. Results show that the combined adsorption cycles are feasible even when low-temperature heat source is available.     

冷藏车层叠式蒸发器应用R404A与R22和R134a的比较

采用分布参数法对层叠式蒸发器建立数学模型，并对蒸发器采用R404A，R22和R134a时的换热和流动性能进行模拟比较。结果表明，在空调工况范围内，新型中低温混合制冷剂R404A具有R134a换热性能好和R22压降小的特点，能够很好地适用于冷藏车系统空调侧层叠式蒸发器。     

地埋管换热器变热流工况下换热模型及其试验验证

在制冷空调产品及热泵热水机国家标准规定的名义工况下,比较CO2跨临界循环与R22,R410A和R404A单级蒸气压缩循环的理论循环效率。结果表明：在空调制冷名义工况下,R22理论循环效率最高,CO2的理论循环效率只有R22的50％～60％;在热泵热水机名义工况下,CO2的理论循环效率最高,可以达到R22的145％;CO2跨临界循环受冷却器压力及出口温度2个方面的影响,适当降低CO2冷却器出口温度可改善循环效率,应用CO2制冷剂需要通过改善循环和优化控制提高系统的能效。     

The commercial feasibility of the use of water vapor as a refrigerant

This paper investigates the economic feasibility of a water-based vapor compression chiller with a nominal capacity of 3520 kW (1000 ton). Simplified models of potential cycle configurations are developed and used as a screening tool to identify a baseline cycle, the most attractive configuration for a water-based refrigeration machine. More detailed component-level models are developed to accurately size equipment and predict both the performance and cost of the baseline chiller. These component models address issues that are particularly crucial when water is used in refrigeration cycles, such as compression ratio, compressor discharge superheat and refrigerant-side pressure drop. Where possible, these component models are verified through comparison against the current state-of-the-art technology for large chillers that use R-134a as the refrigerant. The capital cost and expected operating costs are determined in order to quantify the payback and life-cycle costs associated with using water as a refrigerant, relative to traditional halocarbon refrigerants currently in use. Other issues that may have an economic impact on the feasibility of water as a viable alternative to traditional synthetic refrigerants are discussed, including purging and condensation within the compressor.The results show that water-based vapor compression refrigeration systems will not be economically attractive without substantial and successful efforts to develop low-cost, high capacity compressors. The paper provides an indication of the cost targets that must be met in order to make water vapor refrigeration systems practical.     

改进的R23/R134a自复叠制冷系统实验研究

为了研究R23/R134a混合工质自复叠制冷系统在变工况下的运行性能,更深入地了解系统各部件对自复叠循环的影响,在已建成的自复叠循环系统实验台上进行实验研究.在冷凝温度较高的夏季,测试该自复叠实验装置所能达到的最低蒸发温度,并研究冷凝温度、工质充注质量分数及蒸发冷凝压力对该系统的影响.     

Enhanced ejector refrigeration cycles powered by low grade heat. Part 1. Systems characterization

Conventional and improved ejector refrigeration cycles are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the adaptation of these cycles for the utilization of low grade or waste heat. A compression enhanced ejector system is suggested as a mechanically efficient way to improve the ejector cycle. It is demonstrated that a combination of mechanical and thermal energies may provide a wide range of design alternatives which should yield a competitive refrigeration system. The paper provides an over-all view of the systems by discussing their principle of operation, expected performance and design considerations.     

回热管在汽车空调中的应用分析

对汽车空调系统采用回热管前后的性能进行理论分析,并通过试验方法对上汽某款车型采用回热管前后的性能进行验证。通过不同的工况测试,系统的4个出风口温度平均下降1.4℃,制冷量提高6%～11%,而压缩机的吸排气压力仅有略微的升高,功耗变化不大。汽车空调系统采用回热循环后,系统的性能提升明显,尤其适合应用于恶劣环境。     

传热不可逆回热式布雷顿制冷机分析

用有限时间热力学方法分析实际隐态制冷装置性能，导出了恒温和变温热源条件下实际闭式回热式布雷顿制冷循环制冷率与压力比和制冷系数与压力比之间的解析关系。考虑了不可逆性包括高，低温侧换热器和回热器的不可逆传热损失，压缩机和膨胀机中的非等熵压缩和膨胀损失，以及管路系统中的压力损失，通过优化两个换热器和回热器之间的热导率分配或传热面积分配可得循环最优性能，由数值算例给出了各项损失对循环制冷率和制冷系数的影响。     

改进的R23/R134a自复叠制冷系统试验台设计

为了研究R23/R134a混合工质自复叠制冷系统在变工况下的运行性能,更深入地了解系统各部件对自复叠循环的影响,设计一套试验装置。该装置对现有循环流程进行改进,增加了电磁阀、膨胀容器等部件。对该系统的运行工况、参数范围以及系统的各部件进行设计或选型,并介绍所搭建的试验台。     

一种新型吸收-压缩复合制冷循环模拟

为了对一种新型吸收-压缩复合制冷循环的性能进行模拟,使用Visual Basic语言自行编制了一个程序.该程序模拟了发生温度、蒸发温度、冷凝温度、加热量、制冷量对系统性能的影响,并将其性能与传统蒸气压缩式制冷循环作了对比.模拟结果表明:当发生温度升高时,新循环的制冷系数先增大后减小;当蒸发温度升高或加热量增大时,新循环...     

基于双级离心式冷水机组的低GWP制冷剂制冷循环特性分析

对比多种低GWP制冷剂在双级压缩与单级压缩制冷循环中的性能差异,并分析各制冷剂用于双级离心式冷水机组时,机组性能系数COP对有效过热度、过冷度、吸排气压损和压缩比分配系数(中间压力)等主要参数变化的敏感度.研究结果表明,低压替代制冷剂的安全性更优,且理想制冷循环的COP更高,但是其在变过冷度和变吸排气压损特性方面逊于中...     

R404A在螺杆式制冷机组中替代R22的性能研究

对比分析制冷剂R22和R404A应用于螺杆式压缩机的制冷量、功耗、EER和排气温度及其所需内容积比值的差异。结果表明,当冷凝温度为38℃,蒸发温度在-50~10℃范围内变化时,与R22相比,R404A的制冷量降低0%~17.6%,EER降低11.8%~23.1%,功耗增加7.0%~14.7%,系统压比和所需的内容积比值相差在10%以内,R404A与R22在同一螺杆式压缩机上可以相互替换使用,不需要改变螺杆式压缩机的内容积比值。机组冷冻水出口温度在-18~10.5℃范围内变化时,机组性能参数(制冷量、功率、EER)变化曲线基本与随蒸发温度变化的性能参数曲线类似。R404A在系统含水量、清洁度、密封性、使用的冷冻油等方面与R22有所不同,在生产和应用中需要加以注意。     

单机双级滚动活塞式压缩机适宜容积比的探讨

为研究以R410A为工质的两级压缩制冷循环性能,模拟计算两级压缩制冷循环制冷系数随工况和高低压容积比的变化情况,以及不同工况下容积比与中间温度变化的关系。得出结论,在蒸发温度3~9℃,冷凝温度35~50℃范围内,相同蒸发温度和冷凝温度下,容积比越大对应的中间温度越低,当容积比ζ在3/4~4/5之间时,循环制冷系数更为接近最大制冷系数。本研究为合理选择两级压缩高低压容积比、确定最佳运行工况提供指导。     

Generalized correlation of refrigerant mass flow rate through adiabatic capillary tubes using artificial neural network

A capillary tube is a common expansion device widely used in small-scale refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. Generalized correlation method for refrigerant flow rate through adiabatic capillary tubes is developed by combining dimensional analysis and artificial neural network (ANN). Dimensional analysis is utilized to provide the generalized dimensionless parameters and reduce the number of input parameters, while a three-layer feedforward ANN is served as a universal approximator of the nonlinear multi-input and single-output function. For ANN training and test, measured data for R12, R134a, R22, R290, R407C, R410A, and R600a in the open literature are employed. The trained ANN with just one hidden neuron is good enough for the training data with average and standard deviations of 0.4 and 6.6%, respectively. By comparison, for two test data sets, the trained ANN gives two different results. It is well interpreted by evaluating the outlier with a homogeneous equilibrium model.