气候变化对中国寒冷和夏热冬暖城市建筑能耗的影响

气候变暖已对建筑全生命周期的运行状况产生了不可忽略的影响,准确评估气候变化下的建筑能耗对建筑方案设计和既有建筑的节能改造具有重要意义。进行气候变化下建筑能耗的精确预测,必须拥有未来的逐时气象数据。以寒冷地区北京和夏热冬暖地区广州为研究对象,将挑选的两个城市典型气象年为基线气候,结合全球模式下的预测气象数据,应用变形法修正TMY的气象参数,得到直至本世纪末的10个节点年逐时气象文件,并进行了全年能耗模拟,预估了两个城市的办公建筑在气候变化下建筑能耗的变化趋势。结果表明:在两种预测排放情景下,干球温度、含湿量和太阳辐射均呈增加趋势;北京采暖能耗显著降低、制冷能耗增加,总能耗减少,广州采暖能耗降低、制冷能耗显著增加,总能耗增加。     

气候变化条件下中国典型城市未来天气参数与建筑能源需求预测

20世纪以来,全球气候变暖趋势已得到证实,对生态系统和人居环境造成的影响备受瞩目,气候变化无疑将对建筑能源需求产生重大影响。基于IPCC最新预测结果,选择我国3个典型气候区代表城市——北京、上海和广州,采用统计降尺度方法 -Mor-phing,在现有典型气象年的基础上,结合地球气候模式(GCM)在气候变化中间稳定路径(RCP4.5)和高端路径(RCP8.5)下的大尺度预测结果,进行未来天气参数预测。针对每个城市、每个气候变化路径各生成5个未来时间段(2000年～2017年、2018年～2035年、2036年～2053年、2054年～2071年和2072年～2089年)的TMY逐时天气参数文件,用于典型建筑模型进行全年能耗模拟,预估典型城市建筑能源需求在未来100年里的变化趋势。     

建筑能耗模拟用气象数据研究

研究典型气象年是为了准确地服务于建筑能耗模拟分析,为室外设计条件提供气象数据支持的基础工作。典型气象年的研究立足于详实的历史气象数据和科学处理方法以及在建筑能耗模拟中的验证。介绍了国内外建筑能耗模拟用典型气象年的研究进展。针对我国特有的气候特点和建筑行业能耗模拟的实际要求,梳理了建筑能耗模拟用典型气象年的生成方法及对建筑能耗的影响,以及适应我国建筑设计的气象参数的逐时化分析方法。指出了下一步研究工作的重点是不同气象参数逐时化、精细化模型及针对极端气候条件和用能高峰期的基础气象数据处理方法研究。     

建筑能耗模拟典型年中气象参数权重的确定

在建筑能耗模拟用典型年的生成中,传统的Finkelstein-Schafer统计方法对气象参数赋予了固定的权重因子,但有关研究表明,由于地域间气象资源不同,气象参数权重因子的固化有待商榷。针对挑选典型年时气象参数权重因子统一与否对典型年挑选结果和建筑能耗模拟准确性的影响问题,选同一建筑热工分区中寒冷地区的代表城市北京和拉萨,分别使用FS方法和主成分法进行了典型年的挑选,并对典型公共建筑建模进行了能耗模拟分析。结果表明:FS统计方法适于表征单独气象参数的长期相似性,但存在对太阳辐射参数权重赋予过大的问题,适用于太阳能丰富地区;而主成分法适合寻求当地气象资源的本质特征,使用主成分法时对气象参数的选择尤为重要。     

室外气象数据对地下工程围护结构热过程影响分析

在总结适用于中国大陆地区使用的建筑能耗分析用室外气象参数的基础上,建立了浅埋地下工程围护结构及周边岩土的传热数学模型.对不同气象参数条件下地下工程围护结构及其周边岩土传热过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明:地下工程围护结构顶板处受到室外气象参数影响较大,不同气象参数对地板传热几乎没有影响.较其他气象参数,中国城市建筑用标准气象数据库误差较大,这可能是由于其原始数据来源于国际地面气象观测数据库,本文认为其不适用于地下工程围护结构传热过程的分析.     

居住建筑外墙传热系数优化研究

根据调研得到的我国居住建筑特征,建立了居住建筑动态能耗分析计算模型.在各气候分区中选取12个代表城市,使用DOE-2软件,对非自然通风条件下外墙传热系数进行了优化分析,得到了12个典型城市中建筑单位外墙面积的能耗变化量与墙体热阻变化的关系曲线图,并得到了不同气候条件下的各代表城市外墙传热系数的优化推荐值.     

气象参数对成都地区办公建筑能耗的影响及预测

气象参数是影响建筑热环境和供暖空调能耗的主要因素之一。基于成都地区1971—2000年共30a的历史观测数据,生成了建筑能耗模拟软件EnergyPlus所需要的逐时气象数据文件。比较分析了该地区30a干球温度、太阳辐射等各气象参数月均值的变化,模拟分析了该地区建筑的采暖、制冷及总能耗,利用多元回归建立了建筑能耗与气象参数之间的关系式,并检验了该关系式的准确性。结果表明:成都地区办公建筑能耗变化与各气象参数没有呈现明显的规律性;建筑月总能耗与各气象参数呈纯二次多项式关系,月采暖能耗、月制冷能耗与各气象参数呈交叉二项式关系;建筑月能耗回归模型能够较准确地预测建筑月能耗与各气象参数的关系,且月采暖能耗和月制冷能耗回归模型预测的准确性优于月总能耗模型。     

基于DeST的城市建筑能耗模拟平台开发

我国建筑运行用能占社会总能耗的22％.城市建筑能耗模拟为评估区域可再生能源潜力、节能改造效果、气候变化对城市影响等方面提供重要支撑.而城市建筑能耗模拟面临数据来源庞杂,城市热岛、建筑遮挡等影响因素复杂,计算规模巨大等挑战.因此,城市建筑能耗模拟平台的开发尤为重要.本研究提出一个基于DeST的城市建筑能耗模拟平台(DeST-urban),实现了从城市三维几何数据到城市建筑的DeST能耗模型的自动生成,并实现了多线程并行模拟.本文以北京市五环内区域的建筑能耗模拟为案例,分析了城市气象的空间差异对建筑耗冷热量的影响.考虑建筑当地的气象后,相比采用单一默认气象,城市建筑的逐时耗冷热量的最大值和累计值均呈现显著变化.     

住宅建筑气候适应性优化设计研究

以中国5个典型城市的气候条件为例，提出住宅建筑气候适应性优化设计流程。基于Grasshopper参数化性能分析平台，和Ladybug/Honeybee环境分析插件，以热环境舒适度模型、建筑能耗模型和建筑生命周期成本模型为目标函数进行优化分析。发现哈尔滨和北京气候条件下，住宅建筑应选择nZEB'（权衡最优）设计参数，而上海、昆明和深圳气候条件下，C-O（成本效益最优）解决方案比nZEB（节能最优）解决方案的综合效益更好。基于参数化性能模拟的多目标优化可以有效辅助住宅建筑的气候适应性设计研究。     

辐射空调在某住宅建筑中的可行性和经济性分析

辐射空调是一种新型、节能的空调方式,但其可行性与节能性与气候条件、建筑类别等密切相关.本文采用EnergyPlus软件结合典型气象年参数(CTYW)对西安某高层住宅建筑的能耗状况进行了模拟,对比和分析了变风量空调系统、风机盘管系统、辐射空调系统加自然通风等几种空调方案对建筑全年能耗的影响,表明了顶板辐射加自然通风这种空调型式适合在西安气候条件下的住宅建筑应用,可达到节能效果,是住宅建筑空调系统设计的优选方案之一.     

Thermal performance of courtyard buildings

In this analysis, the energy performance of a courtyard in buildings is investigated under conditions of different factors of climate, height, glazing type, and glazing percentage. The courtyard design used for the analysis was square in plan and surrounded by the building on all four sides. The glazing type and percentage for the courtyard walls were varied in the analysis. Weather data from four cities representative of climatic conditions of cold, temperate, hot-humid, and hot-dry were used. The computer energy simulation program DOE2.1E was used in this analysis as a tool to evaluate the impact of these factors on the energy consumption of the buildings. The results of the parametric simulation showed that the courtyard building thermal performance differed from climate to climate and even the impact of the measures or the variables on cooling, heating, and the total annual energy consumption differed with different variables’ configuration. In general, the open courtyard building exhibits a better energy performance in hot-dry and hot-humid climates.     

Developing future hourly weather files for studying the impact of climate change on building energy performance in Hong Kong

The concern on climate change leads to growing demand for minimization of energy use. As building is one of the largest energy consuming sectors, it is essential to study the impact of climate change on building energy performance. In this regard, building energy simulation software is a useful tool. A set of appropriate typical weather files is one of the key factors towards successful building energy simulation. This paper reports the work of developing a set of weather data files for subtropical Hong Kong, taking into the effect of future climate change. Projected monthly mean climate changes from a selected General Circulation Model for three future periods under two emission scenarios were integrated into an existing typical meteorological year weather file by a morphing method. Through this work, six sets of future weather files for subtropical Hong Kong were produced. A typical office building and a residential flat were modeled using building simulation program EnergyPlus. Hourly building energy simulations were carried out. The simulated results indicate that there will be substantial increase in A/C energy consumption under the impact of future climate change, ranging from 2.6% to 14.3% and from 3.7% to 24% for office building and residential flat, respectively.     

建筑能耗分析逐时气象资料的开发研究

逐时气象资料对建筑能耗动态模拟是不可缺少的。在编制《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》时 ,应用了动态模拟计算软件。为了开发逐时气象资料 ,通过与美国劳伦斯·伯克利国家实验室的技术合作 ,研究建立了我国城市的逐时资料。介绍了由我国气象台站报道的气象参数建立太阳辐射量的数学模型 ,阐述了典型气象月的选取原则 ,以及逐时数值插补方法。     

Building climate zones of major marine islands in China defined using two-stage zoning method and clustering analysis

The current scheme of building climate zones in China generally assumes that building climate zones of island cities are identical to adjacent land stations.Consequently,building design strategies for island buildings usually refer to those developed for inland cities.This approach has to some extent hindered the energy-saving design and green development of island buildings in China.This research takes a first step on this issue by defining the building climate zones of 36 marine islands over China marine area using two-stage zoning methodology adopted by current building climate zoning standard(GB50178-1993).The meteorological data used for analysis was obtained from the National Climate Center of China over the 30-year period from 1985 to 2014.As comparison,40 coastal stations which are adjacent to the inves-tigated marine islands were also included in this study.Subsequently a more objective techni-que-cluster analysis was operated as an effective supplement to discover the climate characteristics among different observations.The results of both methodologies consistently show that among the 36 islands investigated,the majority of islands located in northern and eastern marine area belong to the same climate zones as their adjacent coastal cities.Howev-er,island cities in southern marine area cannot be assigned to any current climate zone,which was demonstrated by its distinctive climate features different from any other sites investi-gated through cluster analysis as well as different energy use patterns.Thus a new zone was defined to supplement the current building climate zoning scheme to cover marine area of China.     

Building climate zones of major marine islands in China defined using two-stage zoning method and clustering analysis

The current scheme of building climate zones in China generally assumes that building climate zones of island cities are identical to adjacent land stations. Consequently, building design strategies for island buildings usually refer to those developed for inland cities. This approach has to some extent hindered the energyesaving design and green development of island buildings in China.This research takes a first step on this issue by defining the building climate zones of 36 marine islands over China marine area using two-stage zoning methodology adopted by current building climate zoning standard (GB50178-1993). The meteorological data used for analysis was obtained from the National Climate Center of China over the 30-year period from 1985 to 2014. As comparison, 40 coastal stations which are adjacent to the investigated marine islands were also included in this study. Subsequently a more objective techniquedcluster analysis was operated as an effective supplement to discover the climate characteristics among different observations. The results of both methodologies consistently show that among the 36 islands investigated, the majority of islands located in northern and eastern marine area belong to the same climate zones as their adjacent coastal cities. However, island cities in southern marine area cannot be assigned to any current climate zone, which was demonstrated by its distinctive climate features different from any other sites investigated through cluster analysis as well as different energy use patterns. Thus a new zone was defined to supplement the current building climate zoning scheme to cover marine area of China.     

A statistical method to investigate national energy consumption in the residential building sector of China

The purpose of this research is to found a national statistical system of energy consumption in the residential building sector of China, so as to look into the actuality of residential energy consumption, and to provide data support for building energy efficiency work in China. The frame of a national statistical system of residential energy consumption is presented in this paper, according to current status of the climate, social and historic conditions, and energy consumption characteristics in the five architecture climate divisions in China. The statistical index system of residential energy consumption is constituted which refers to housing unit characteristics, household characteristics, possession and utilization of energy consuming equipment, and residential energy consumption quantities. This index system suits for all the different utilization structures of residential energy consumption in different architecture climate divisions. On this base, a complete set of statistical reports is worked out to measure the energy consumption of cities, provinces and the country stage by stage. Finally the statistical method above is applied to measure residential energy consumption by case studies, in order to validate the feasibility of this method. The research in this paper covers the first step of the elaboration of the statistical method to investigate energy consumption in China, and more work will be done in future to further impel national statistics of residential energy consumption.     

Cooling load calculations in subtropical climate

Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is the major electricity consumer in an air-conditioned building; therefore, an accurate cooling load calculation method is indispensable. ASHRAE has developed a Radiant Time Series (RTS) method to improve the accuracy of cooling load calculation. However, outdoor design conditions and occupant load patterns vary with the buildings and cities. This study discusses the development of a new example weather year and a mathematical model to generate design occupant load profiles using Monte Carlo simulation for a subtropical climate. The results would be useful for determining the HVAC energy consumption in buildings in order to obtain more representative data for the prediction of annual energy consumption.     

The influence of calculation error of hourly marine meteorological parameter on building energy consumption calculation

The ocean is a crucial area for future economic development. The marine environment has high energy-efficient and ecological requirements for building construction. Meteorological parameters are the key basis for the analysis and design of building energy efficiency. The lack of meteorological parameters for energy efficiency, particularly hourly data, under oceanic climatic conditions is a universal problem. The appropriate calculation methods of hourly meteorological parameters under oceanic climatic conditions are explored in this study. The impact of the calculation errors of the hourly meteorological parameters on building energy consumption is also analyzed. Three key meteorological parameters are selected: temperature, humidity, and wind speed. Five hourly calculations methods, including linear interpolation, cubic spline interpolation, pieceated three-Hermite interpolation, Akima interpolation, and radial basis function interpolation, are selected to calculate the error of the difference method, with Xiamen, Haikou, and Sanya as the locations of meteorological research. Appropriate interpolation methods are selected for the three parameters, and the seasonal and regional characteristics of the errors of each parameter are compared. Different interpolation methods should be selected for different meteorological parameters in different seasons. The error data of the three parameters of different magnitudes are constructed. A quantitative relationship between the sum of squares due to error of the three meteorological parameters and the rate of change of cooling energy consumption is established. The hourly calculation errors of meteorological parameters have an important impact on the calculation of dynamic energy consumption. The energy consumption differences caused by the errors of different parameters are significant. Obvious regional and seasonal differences also exist. This research strengthens the research foundation of building energy consumption calculation under oceanic climate conditions.