Antioxidant capacity of fruits and vegetables cultivated in Chile

The high prevalence of non transmissible chronic diseases (NCD) related to food consumption had increased the studies conducted to investigate the relationship between diet and health. A smaller incidence of NCD, with food patterns with high consumption of fruits and vegetables has been observed and chemical compounds of these foods have been one of the main subjects of the actual research in the reaqltion between food consumption and health. The effect of vegetable foods has been attributed to various nutrients and bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity. In order to determine the antioxidant capacity of vegetable foods cultivated in Chile, natural fruits and vegetables were analyzed according to the FRAP (ferric reducing activity power) method, reading to the 4 minutes. In vegetables, the values were between 0.002 and 1.91 milimoles of Fe/l00 g for cooked carrot and red pepper respectively. The values of the fruits ranged between 0.02 milimoles of Fe/100 g for the cucumber and 12.32 for maqui, the berries studies showed values between 3.10 for strawberry and 3.55 for wild blackberry. Lemmon and quince with 0.25 and 0.23 respectively are located in the intermediate level and the lowest values within the fruits corresponded to apple (fuji variety) and peaches.     

Associated factors to dietary intake of fruits and vegetables in Bucaramanga, Colombia

The objective of this study was to determine associated factors to the consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV) in the adult population of each socioeconomic status (SES) in Bucaramanga, Colombia. We conducted a cross-sectional in a sample of 317 people and we measured socio-demographic, economic and anthropometric variables and dietary factors related to the purchase and consumption of FV. We made a survey, a 24-Hour dietary recall and we did anthropometric measurements. Portion sizes were estimated with a standardized set of utensils and food-photography atlas. Frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion were established and Logistic Regression models were used for the bi and multivariate analysis. Average consumption of FV was 162.6 g/day (188.5 g in high SES and 145.7 g in low SES, p = 0.056). On average 2 servings per day of FV (2.3 servings in high SES and 1.5 in low SES, p = 0.055). The prevalence of adequate intake of FV (more than 5 servings / day) was 8.6% (8.9% in high SES and 8.4% in low SES, p = 0.896). The associated factor to consumption of FV was BMI > or =25 (OR: 0.31, CI (95%): 0.11-0.89, p = 0.030), adjusted for occupation, income, SES, and number of family members. FV consumption is low; excess weight is the only variable associated to no-consumption of five or more servings; causes: cost to the consumption of fruit and flavor in the case of vegetables.     

Nutritional related cardiovascular risk factors in patients with coronary artery disease in IRAN: A case-control study

Background and aims  

There are limited findings available on coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors and nutritional pattern of CAD patients in Iran. The purpose of this study was to compare nutritional-related risk factors of CAD patients with that of matched controls.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定蔬菜及水果中的吲哚丁酸和萘乙酸

采用高效液相色谱法,以DiamonsilTMC1(8250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为色谱柱,甲醇∶水∶磷酸为60∶40∶0.35(pH值3~4)作为流动相,检测波长为272nm的条件下测定萘乙酸和吲哚丁酸含量,试验结果表明:在0～50.00mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r吲=0.9998,r萘=0.9998,最低检出浓度为0.025mg.L-1,试样在5.00、10.00、15.00mg.L-13个添加水平下的平均回收率在81.2%~99.4%之间,相对偏差在0.41%~1.61%之间,方法简便,准确。     

Barriers and facilitators to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables in six countries in Latin America

Low intake of fruits and vegetables is among the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and some cancers. The countries have implemented policies to promote food consumption. Identifying the barriers perceived by people to consume it helps to recognize the resources that would be willing to exchange for benefits. The objectives of this study are to determine what factors are facilitators and barriers to increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables in six countries in Latin America, and a possible relationship between the 5 a day program and the food based dietary guidelines. This is a qualitative and field study. Techniques used were group interviews with health professionals and the media, and interviews with experts in food policy. The outstanding facilitators were television advertising campaigns promoting their use, and the existence of fruits and vegetables markets in the neighborhoods. Highlighted those obstacles were lack of public policies of advertising regulations and trade hooks of food, of self-sustainability, of funding for related programs, and of sociological research of the topic. The main barrier to the consumption of fruits and vegetables in these countries was the lack of policy support and related public policy, being a good advertising campaign vital to the success of programs that encourage consumption. The main relationship between the Dietary Guidelines and the 5 A Day Program is to both promote the consumption of vegetables and fruits.     

氯磺酚S分光光度法测定果蔬中微量铜

研究了氯磺酚S与Cu2 的显色反应。氯磺酚S在pH 2.5~5.0的Britton-Robinson缓冲介质中最大吸收波长为564nm,与Cu2 反应生成蓝色配合物,λmax=650 nm,比显色剂本身红移86 nm。铜含量在0~20μg/10 mL范围内符合Beer定律,ε=6.87×104L.mol-1.cm-1,十二烷基苯磺酸钠有增敏作用。方法操作简便,快速,灵敏度高,用于水果蔬菜中铜(Ⅱ)含量的测定,结果满意。     

Determination of the antioxidant capacity of flavonoids in fruits and fresh and thermicaly treated vegetables

The main objective of the work was to determine the antioxidant capacity of the flavonoids in red apples with and without skin, strawberries, tomatoes and fresh onions and thermally treated: humid heat (boiled and vapor), dry heat (oven) and high frequency (microwaves). The measurement was carried out in a fluorescence spectroscopy and the statistical analysis through the Variance and Test of Duncan. The results indicate that the antioxidant capacity of the flavonoids of red apples with and without skin, strawberries, tomatoes and onions were of 0.259, 0.267, 0.278, 0.165 and 0.223 Equivalent uM Trolox. These values diminished after the thermal treatment at a higher degree by dry heat at 0.128, 0.072, 0.077 and 0.048 Equivalent uM Trolox respectively and 0.146 Equivalent uM Trolox in the boiled onion. The flavonoids showed a higher antioxidant activity in fresh state, and their activity diminished under heat (cooking).     

Consumption of fruit and vegetables among elderly people: a cross sectional study from Iran

Background  

There is substantial evidence that low consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV) is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to assess FV consumption and the variables that influence it among elderly individuals in Iran aged 60 and over.     

对新鲜果蔬中维生素C的测定结果影响因素研究

针对果蔬中Vc含量的测定数据报导经常出入较大的现状,采用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法测定常见的脐橙、蜜桔、苹果、猕猴桃、青枣、萝卜、西兰花、山楂、草莓等水果、蔬菜中维生素C含量,对维生素C的测定结果影响因素:样品色素、Vc稳定性、试剂、及滴定方式进行各种条件实验,探究测定维生素C含量的最佳方法。     

试纸法快速检测果蔬中敌敌畏含量的研究

基于比色法原理,以定量滤纸为纸基,以间苯二酚溶液为显色剂,研制出一种快速检测果蔬中有机磷农药敌敌畏的试纸。结果表明,此方法的检出限为12.5 mg/kg,检测时间仅需5 min。该试纸法具有成本低、耗时短、操作简单、携带方便等优点,适合于果蔬中敌敌畏残留的现场初步筛查。     

常见果蔬组织破坏后Vc的损失速率试验

为研究水果、蔬菜在组织被破坏后Vc含量的变化,以脐橙、桔子、西兰花、猕猴桃、青枣等水果、蔬菜为对象,比照国家标准GB/T 6195—1986,分别对加入草酸或蒸馏水作为浸提剂所制得的两种果浆的Vc损失速率变化情况进行了研究。提出一个应用拟合和求导等数学方法建立函数,对果蔬组织被破坏后Vc的损失速率进行研究的方法。结果表明,在正常条件下,大多果蔬组织被破坏后Vc损失速率较大,故按GB/T 6195—1986测量果蔬中Vc含量时应及时检测,否则会影响检测结果。     

试纸法快速检测果蔬中敌敌畏含量的研究

基于比色法原理,以定量滤纸为纸基,以间苯二酚溶液为显色剂,研制出一种快速检测果蔬中有机磷农药敌敌畏的试纸。结果表明,此方法的检出限为12.5 mg/kg,检测时间仅需5 min。该试纸法具有成本低、耗时短、操作简单、携带方便等优点,适合于果蔬中敌敌畏残留的现场初步筛查。     

Model-based estimation of the attributable risk in case-control and cohort studies

In a comprehensive review, Benichou recently discussed adjusted estimators of the attributable risk (AR). Among these are model-based estimates, where adjustment for confounding factors is based on a regression model. Different model-based approaches have been developed for case-control and cohort studies. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed review and illustration of model-based methods for both types of sampling. For case-control studies, we show that two previously proposed approaches for the common case of a logistic regression model are in fact identical. This allows a unified approach to the estimation of the adjusted AR, which also accommodates stratified sampling. For cohort studies, a loglinear model is proposed for the case where cross-sectional sampling allows estimation of the prevalence of exposure; the approach can also be used for stratified sampling when the prevalence is known or can be estimated. For both designs, the standard error of the adjusted AR is estimated using the delta method. Estimation of the generalized AR is also discussed for both types of sampling. Examples show that for even fairly complex models, the computations are practical using standard statistical software. The bootstrap provides an easily implemented alternative to the delta method for the computation of standard errors.     

1995～2000年中国松香的生产、消费和发展趋势

对 1995～ 2 0 0 0年中国松香的生产作简单概括 ,对消费和今后 5年的发展趋势作粗略分析和预测     

Socio-economic status,racial composition and the affordability of fresh fruits and vegetables in neighborhoods of a large rural region in Texas

Background  

Little is known about how affordability of healthy food varies with community characteristics in rural settings. We examined how the cost of fresh fruit and vegetables varies with the economic and demographic characteristics in six rural counties of Texas.     

Macronutrients, vitamins and minerals intake and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study in Iran

Background

Although Iran is a high-risk region for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), dietary factors that may contribute to this high incidence have not been thoroughly studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals on the risk of ESCC.

Methods

In this hospital-based case-control study, 47 cases with incident ESCC and 96 controls were interviewed and usual dietary intakes were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Data were modeled through unconditional multiple logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), controlling for age, sex, gastrointestinal reflux, body mass index, smoking history (status, intensity and duration), physical activity, and education.

Results

ESCC cases consumed significantly more hot foods and beverages and fried and barbecued meals, compared to the controls (p < 0.05). After adjusting for potential confounders, the risk of ESCC increased significantly in the highest tertiles of saturated fat [OR:2.88,95%CI:1.15-3.08], cholesterol [OR:1.53, 95%CI: 1.41-4.13], discretionary calorie [OR:1.51, 95%CI: 1.06-3.84], sodium [OR:1.49,95%CI:1.12-2.89] and total fat intakes [OR:1.48, 95%CI:1.09-3.04]. In contrast, being in the highest tertile of carbohydrate, dietary fiber and (n-3) fatty acid intake reduced the ESCC risk by 78%, 71% and 68%, respectively. The most cancer-protective effect was observed for the combination of high folate and vitamin E intakes (OR: 0.02, 95%CI: 0.00-0.87; p < 0.001). Controls consumed 623.5 times higher selenium, 5.48 times as much β-carotene and 1.98 times as much α-tocopherol as the amount ESCC cases consumed.

Conclusion

This study suggests that high intake of nutrients primarily found in plant-based foods is associated with a reduced esophageal cancer risk. Some nutrients such as folate, vitamin E and selenium might play major roles in the etiology of ESCC and their status may eventually be used as an epidemiological marker for esophageal cancer in Iran, and perhaps other high-risk regions.     

微量元素锌与蔬菜产量和品质的关系

锌是蔬菜生长发育必需的微量元素之一,对锌在蔬菜体内的含量与分布,锌与蔬菜产量、品质的关系等方面的研究现状做一综述,并提出了该研究未来的发展趋势,以引起人们对锌肥的重视。     

Reactivity study of combustion for coals and their chars in relation to volatile content

To determine the effect of volatile matter on combustion reactivity, the pyrolysis and combustion behavior of a set of four (R, C, M and K coals) coals and their chars has been investigated in a TGA (SDT Q600). The maximum reaction temperatures and maximum reaction rates of the coals and their chars with different heating rates (5–20 °C/min) were analyzed and compared as well as their weight loss rates. The volatile matter had influence on decreasing the maximum reactivity temperature of low and medium rank coals (R, C and M coals), which have relatively high volatiles (9.5–43.0%), but for high rank coal (K coal) the maximum reactivity temperature was affected by reaction surface area rather than by its volatiles (3.9%). When the maximum reaction rates of a set of four coals were compared with those of their chars, the slopes of the maximum reaction rates for the medium rank coals (C and M coals) changed largely rather than those for the high and low rank coals (R and K coals) with increasing heating rates. This means that the fluidity of C and M coals was larger than that of their chars during combustion reaction. Consequently, for C and M coals, the activation energies are lower (24.5–28.1 kcal/mol) than their chars (29.3–35.9 kcal/mol), while the activation energies of R and K coals are higher (25.0-29.4 kcal/mol) than those of their chars (24.1–28.9 kcal/mol).     

Multivariate study of moose browsing in relation to phenol pattern in pine needles

Extracts of needles from Scots pine,Pinus sylvestris L., grown on fertile (A) or poor (B) soil, and from lodgepole pine,P. contorta Doug. (C), have been analyzed with HPLC and UV detection. By application of multivariate analysis, the phenol pattern was shown to vary between species and between habitats. Within groups A and B, moose food choice was highly correlated to phenol pattern. Concentrations of most of the analyzed compounds were internally correlated. Information related to pine growth rate could also be extracted from the phenolic pattern for A, B, and C. Moose food choice was not correlated to pine growth rate.     

Institutional and policy framework analysis in relation to the application of autonomous desalination systems — Greece

Greece is generally described as a country with affluent water resources. However, this is half the truth due to the uneven distribution of water resources, which is responsible for the water scarcity problems in many regions of the country. Energy demand, on the other hand, during the past few years has exhibited a far greater rate of growth than the average increase in Europe. Therefore, a strong interest is now present towards the market of renewable energy sources. Under this framework, the development of desalination as an alternative source of freshwater is widely recognized by the authorities who up to now subsided water transportation in arid islands undertaking thus an enormous cost. Autonomous desalination units based on the use of renewable energy sources exist in a small and rather pilot scale in Greece. However, the potential of a rapid future development in this field is clear and gradually recognized by all involved players. The existing legislative and administrative framework does impose barriers to the wide scale implementation of autonomous units and specific amendments and restructuring could accelerate the development of decentralized desalination plants in the country.