Multifractal detection of overlaps based on a stereometric analysis of fracture surfaces: Application to fractures of sintered carbides

A methodology is presented of a multifractal image analysis which was applied to real stereometric files from profilographometric examinations of the fractures of WC-Co sintered carbides. The analysis was conducted based on the research scheme and theoretical basis discussed in [Stach S, Cybo J. Multifractal detection of overlaps based on a stereometric analysis of fracture surface: assumptions, Materials Characterization (in this issue).[1]]. The solution presented enables the detection of the locations of overlaps on a fracture surface and their graphic presentation.     

基于多重分形去趋势波动的机械故障诊断新方法

针对旋转机械系统故障信号的非平稳性、非线性等复杂特征,给出一种基于多重分形去趋势波动分析的机械故障诊断方法。该方法首先对原始信号进行去趋势处理,再结合多重分形理论提取多重分形谱面积和多重分形熵两个分形参数,并将其作为故障诊断的新判据,最后通过实验结果证明了方法的有效性,从而为机械故障诊断提供了一种新的方法。     

主成分分析的入侵检测方法研究

直接将入侵检测算法应用在粗糙数据上,其入侵检测分析的效率非常低.为解决该问题,提出了一种基于主成分分析的入侵检测方法.该方法通过提取网络连接中的相关信息,对它进行解码,并将解码的网络连接记录与已知的网络连接记录数据进行比较,发现记录中的变化和连接记录分布的主成分,最后将机器学习方法和主成分分析方法结合实现入侵检测.实验结果表明该方法应用到各种不同KDD99入侵检测数据集中可以有效减少学习时间、降低各种数据集的表示空间,提高入侵检测效率.     

Surface layer stiffness effects on fracture of polymer multilayers: a linear elastic model

A tough thermoplastic polymer may show a transition to brittle behaviour when a skin of different properties forms on, or is painted or bonded onto, its free surfaces. A small-scale yielding, linear elastic analysis of the core material, in combination with an axisymmetric plate analysis of the skin, is used here to explore the role in this phenomenon of skin-core modulus inequality. When applied to the homogeneous (equal modulus) case, this very simple constraint model appears to provide independent support for the ASTM thickness criterion for plane-strain LEFM test validity. When applied to previously published impact fracture data from inhomogeneous (polyethylene-polypropylene) sandwich plates, the model successfully explains the shift in brittle-tough transition temperature precipitated by bonding a polypropylene skin to a polyethylene core. The model offers specific predictions for the effect, on transition temperature shift, of variables such as skin thickness and core properties; these predictions remain to be verified.     

Modification of surface functionality of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on fracture toughness of basalt fiber-reinforced composites

In this work, we studied the influence of surface functionality of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the mechanical properties of basalt fiber-reinforced composites. Acid and base values of the MWCNTs were determined by Boehm's titration technique. The surface properties of the MWCNTs were determined FT-IR, and XPS. The mechanical properties of the composites were assessed by measuring the interlaminar shear stress, fracture toughness, fracture energy, and impact strength. The chemical treatments led to a change of the surface characteristics of the MWCNTs and of the mechanical interfacial properties of MWCNTs/basalt fibers/epoxy composites. Especially the acid-treated MWCNTs/basalt fibers/epoxy composites had improved mechanical properties compared to the base-treated and non-treated MWCNTs/basalt fibers/epoxy composites. These results can probably be attributed to the improved interfacial bonding strength resulting from the improved dispersion and interfacial adhesion between the epoxy resin and the MWCNTs.     

Statistical analysis of the effects of prior load on fracture

Collated fracture data for three steels, A533B, A508 and BS1501, and an Aluminium alloy, 2650, were examined to assess the statistical significance of the effect of prior loading on subsequent fracture. Weibull statistical and probabilistic analysis was used throughout. Two prior loading conditions were examined; one associated with warm pre-stress, and a second using pre-compression. For the former, prior loading resulted in an increase in the mean toughness together with an increase in the shape parameter and a decrease in variability compared to the as-received material. In contrast, when prior loading involved out-of-plane compressive loading (or side-punching) statistical evidence revealed that there was a reduction in toughness together with a decrease in the shape parameter and an increase in variability. Two numerical models were applied to steel data and were able to predict the overall trends obtained from the experiments, but could not reproduce accurately the experimental statistical distributions.     

汽轮机叶片断裂失效分析

利用电子显微镜对汽轮机叶片断裂原因进行分析,结果是疲劳断裂。     

基于局部纹理分析的小目标检测方法

在多分辨率分析的基础上,提出了一种基于局部纹理分析的小目标检测新方法。利用目标与背景的局部纹理特征差异,在局部距离像上完成小目标的检测;而传统的检测方法利用目标点亮度值与背景亮度值不同进行目标与背景的分离,因此本方法更能体现目标与背景的差异,在强杂波背景中实现高效的检测。对实测数据的仿真实验表明,该方法能有效地检测占极少(1-3 个)像素的小目标;同时,在小波分解阶段分别采用 Mallat 算法和 à trous 算法时,该方法都能在 0.65秒内完成单帧检测,具有良好的实时性能。     

Estimation of fracture energy from the work of fracture and fracture surface area: I. Stable crack growth

Past attempts to determine fracture energy by the work of fracture (γ _WOF) technique, in most cases, have resulted in greater estimates due to the use of the cross-sectional area rather than the actual area of the fracture surface in calculations. The actual fracture surface area A _F of soda-lime-silica glass chevron-notch flexure specimens was estimated using atomic force microscopy. An equation for A _F was developed using the data from these tests. The use of A _F in the equation for γ _WOF resulted in γ _WOF values less than values reported from traditional fracture mechanics tests and from those obtained using the cross-sectional area. The implication is that the tortuosity of the fracture surface contributes to the energy expended during fracture and should be accounted for in the calculation of the fracture energy. These calculations provide an estimate for the minimum energy required to break bonds in the fracture process.     

轴承套圈断裂分析

利用电子显微镜及应力分析方法对轴承碎裂原因进行分忻,结论为安装不当引发早期疲劳而断裂。     

六元探测基阵被动声定位算法及其性能研究

通过对目前常用的空间声目标定位方法的分析,针对四元平面方阵定距精度差的问题,提出了立体六元探测基阵的传感器布置方案,即在四元平面方阵的基础上,增加两个声传感器。根据被动声定位原理推导了定位算法,分析了时延估计误差对定位精度的影响,并进行了数字仿真实验,与四元平面方阵相比取得了较好的定位效果。     

Strength of silicon wafers: fracture mechanics approach

This paper describes a model to predict mechanical strength distribution of silicon wafers. A generalized expression, based on a multimodal Weibull distribution, is proposed to describe the strength of a brittle material with surface, edge, and bulk flaws. The specific case of a cast, unpolished photovoltaic (PV) wafer is further analyzed. Assuming that surface microcracks constitute the dominant mechanism of wafer breakage, this model predicts the strength distribution of PV silicon that matches well the experimental results available in the literature.     

基于线结构光的叶片型面特征检测方法研究

叶片是燃气轮机和航空发动机的核心部件,随着我国两机行业的高速发展,对于叶片在研发、生产和维修等方面全生命周期检测的要求不断提高.光学测量是目前叶片三维形貌高效检测的新手段,但是在测量精度等方面相比传统三坐标测量机仍存在一定局限.该文提出一种基于线结构光的叶片型面特征检测方法,设计开发一套四自由度检测平台,针对基于标定物...     

The use of surface analysis techniques to determine the route of manufacture of tablet dosage forms

Analytical methods for determining the manufacturing process of tablet dosage forms have not been previously reported. The use of surface analysis techniques in particular X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Time of Flight Secondary Ionization Mass Spectrometry will be described and a model proposed which allows the prediction of the route of manufacture in calcium phosphate and cellulosic-based tablet formulations. Results of the application of this model to evaluate prototype tablet formulations prepared by wet granulation or direct compression will be reported. Strengths and limitations of the model will be discussed.     

一种基于CAD的翼类曲面误差检测方法

数字化检测是保障机翼部件装配质量的关键技术之一.为了快速准确地获得机翼外形的形面装配质量数据,采用了一种基于CAD的非接触形面误差检测方法,针对翼类曲面误差计算研究了快速算法,开发了相应的检测程序.该方法可以快速准确地计算翼面形状误差,并实现误差分布的直观色彩显示.     

基于图像处理技术的五金件表面缺陷检测研究

为实现图像处理技术在表面缺陷检测中的应用,取代传统人工检测的方式,设计开发了一套五金件表面缺陷检测系统,研究了镀镍五金件表面图像在线处理算法,包括边缘检测算法、位置修正算法、标定算法和检测算法,实现了五金件表面缺陷视觉检测.同时提出一种阈值反馈算法,用实际缺陷值反馈验证理论缺陷值,最终得到可靠的缺陷阈值,判断表面缺陷....     

Damage detection of surface cracks in composite laminates using modal analysis and strain energy method

This paper presents an approach to detect surface cracks in various composite laminates. Carbon/epoxy composite AS4/PEEK was used to fabricate laminated plates, [0]₁₆, [90]₁₆, [(0/90)₄]_S and [±45/0/90]_2S. Surface crack damage was created on one side of the plate using a laser cutting machine. Modal analysis was performed to obtain the mode shapes from both experimental and finite element analysis results. The mode shapes were then used to calculate strain energy using the differential quadrature method (DQM). Consequently, the strain energies of laminated plates before and after damaged were used to define a damage index which successfully identified the surface crack location.     

Effect of skin fracture on failure of a bilayer polymer structure

A thin skin of low tensile failure strain, if bonded to the tensile surface of an un-notched impact bend specimen of much tougher material, can change the global failure mode from ductile to brittle. A novel model of this well-known effect is developed and applied to results from impact tests on a tough core of polyamide-polyethylene blend, with a single skin of brittle EVOH. At a fixed crosshead speed, notched specimens of the blend become brittle at a relatively low temperature T _bt. Un-notched bilayer specimens continue to show skin fracture up to a considerably higher temperature T _fs; above this temperature they do not fail at all but below T _bt they too fail in a brittle manner. Within the temperature range from T _fs down to T _bt there is a transition from crack arrest, either at the skin/core interface or further into the core where a crack would not normally propagate, to brittle fracture. This brittle fracture temperature is predicted by modelling the process as a three-phase impact event. In the first phase, the striker bends the bilayer quasi-statically. The second phase begins with instantaneous fracture of the skin at its failure strain. The skin ends retract at finite speed, and a craze grows in the adjacent core material to accommodate the local strain singularity. The last phase is a striker-driven impact event similar to that in a notched bend specimen of the core material, except that the crack-tip craze already bears the adiabatic temperature distribution generated while it was driven open by skin retraction. The criterion for craze decohesion, and hence for a crack jump, is the same adiabatic decohesion criterion which accounts for the speed-dependence of impact fracture in notched monolayer specimens. Applied computationally, this model predicts whether a bilayer structure fails in a brittle way or whether cracks initiated in the skin are arrested, either temporarily or permanently, at the skin/core interface.     

Fatigue crack growth thresholds-the influence of Young''s modulus and fracture surface roughness

In the present investigation it is shown that the effective fatigue threshold is uniquely correlated to the Young's modulus for a wide range of metallic and composite materials (ΔK_th,eff=1.64·10⁻²·E). It is also demonstrated that the crack closure level K_cl increases with increased roughness of the fracture surface . K_cl and are quantitatively related via the equation for steels with widely different mechanical properties and grain sizes (120 MPa<R_p<1100 MPa, 1 μm<λ<100 μm). This relation can be extended to materials other than steels (e.g. aluminium and WC-Co alloys) by normalising against Young's modulus. The roughness value represents the standard deviation of height of the fracture surface and is shown to be simply related to the length and angle distributions of the linear length elements constituting the fracture profile.