自由曲面数控加工动态仿真研究

在VC++6.0平台上采用OpenGL技术开发一种自由曲面数控加工过程仿真系统。该系统可根据自由曲面的不同造型,规划出适当的刀位轨迹,生成G代码;实现交互控制,完成设计曲面的成型加工,并动态显示加工路径。     

空间自由曲面五轴联动数控加工

介绍了五轴数控机床的运动方式,阐述了空间自由曲面五轴联动数控加工中刀具路径规划的基本方法:参数线法、CC路径截面线法、CL路径截面线法、导动面法等。之后对五轴加工中刀具轴向规划进行了论述:垂直于表面方式、平行于表面方式、倾斜于表面方式。最后归纳总结了刀具干涉的检测与处理的方法,并分别说明了其优缺点和适应范围。     

自由曲面加工中NURBS曲线的插补实现

针对复杂型面零件的高精度曲面加工,传统上应用直线、圆弧和螺旋线等插补。由于曲面轮廓离散成大量微段直线或圆弧来加工,这不仅使编程复杂、代码量膨胀,而且不可避免地带来逼近误差,影响零件的加工精度、表面粗糙度和生产效率。提出一种NURBS曲线的实时插补算法,它基于NURBS曲线的参数表示法来求出优化的曲线参数,实现了NURBS曲线高速、高精度加工的插补控制。试验的结果表明,这种插补方法是有效的。     

自由曲面数控加工刀具轨迹生成的约束条件分析

在提出自由曲面数控加工过程和刀具轨迹的规划原则情况下,分析无干涉控制、恒表面速度进给、伺服能力控制和相邻加工曲线影响等轨迹控制的约束条件,实时对轨迹的生成进行系统优化控制。通过系统分析刀具轨迹生成的约束条件,为刀具轨迹优化控制提供决策,对提高自由曲面的切削质量和加工效率具有重要意义。     

自由曲面五轴变步长数控加工刀轨生成方法

为了在满足逼近误差要求的同时最大程度减少冗余刀轨,对自由曲面提出了一种五轴变步长数控加工刀轨生成方法.首先对刀触点轨迹基于线性误差计算出初始刀触点点集,再以局部干涉调整前倾角的方式计算出无干涉刀位点和刀轴矢量;以最大非线性误差刀位处到刀触点轨迹的最小值作为相邻刀位点之间的逼近误差,并基于数据点自适应离散法计算逼近误差;...     

A novel iso-scallop tool-path generation for efficient five-axis machining of free-form surfaces

Weld cladding is a process of depositing a thick layer of a corrosion resistance material over carbon steel plate to improve the corrosion resistance properties. The main problem faced in stainless steel cladding is the selection of process parameters for achieving the required clad bead geometry and its shape relationships. This paper highlights an experimental study carried out to develop mathematical models to predict clad bead geometry and its shape relationships of austenitic stainless steel claddings deposited by gas metal arc welding process. The experiments were conducted based on four-factor, five-level central composite rotatable design with full replication technique. The mathematical models were developed using multiple regression method. The developed models have been checked for their adequacy and significance. The direct and interaction effects of process parameters on clad bead geometry and its shape relationships are presented in graphical form.     

Three-half and half-axis patch-by-patch NC machining of sculptured surfaces

Despite the inbuilt advantages offered by five-axis machining, the manufacturing industry has not widely adopted this technology due to the high cost of machines and insufficient support from CAD/CAM systems. Companies are used to three-axis machining and their shop floors are not yet ready for five-axis machining in terms of training and programming. The objective of this research is to develop and implement a machining technique that uses the simplicity of three-axis tool positioning and the flexibility of five-axis tool orientation, to machine sculptured surfaces. This technique, 3½½-axis, divides a sculptured surface into patches and then machines each patch using a fixed tool orientation. This paper presents the surface partitioning scheme and the method of selecting an optimum number of sub-divisions along with actual machining experiments. For the example surface utilized in this study, the proposed hybrid method led to shorter machining time compared to traditional three-axis machining and comparable to simultaneous five-axis machining.     

Three-half and half-axis patch-by-patch NC machining of sculptured surfaces

Despite the inbuilt advantages offered by five-axis machining, the manufacturing industry has not widely adopted this technology due to the high cost of machines and insufficient support from CAD/CAM systems. Companies are used to three-axis machining and their shop floors are not yet ready for five-axis machining in terms of training and programming. The objective of this research is to develop and implement a machining technique that uses the simplicity of three-axis tool positioning and the flexibility of five-axis tool orientation, to machine sculptured surfaces. This technique, -axis, divides a sculptured surface into patches and then machines each patch using a fixed tool orientation. This paper presents the surface partitioning scheme and the method of selecting an optimum number of sub-divisions along with actual machining experiments. For the example surface utilized in this study, the proposed hybrid method led to shorter machining time compared to traditional three-axis machining and comparable to simultaneous five-axis machining .     

自由曲面四坐标数控柔顺研抛技术研究

针对自由曲面研抛加工五坐标平台存在操作困难、成本昂贵的问题,现以三轴数控铣床为载体,设计了一套具有良好曲线追踪能力的四坐标柔顺研抛工具系统,来实现模具曲面的自动化光整加工。对工具系统采取力/位混合伺服柔顺控制策略,将研抛加工中的力控空间和位控空间实施了正交分解。在考虑其与数控铣床坐标系统差异的基础上,具体研究了自由曲面四坐标精密研抛的成型机理与成型过程。利用面向对象的开发工具Visual Basic开发了一款自动编程软件系统,能生成该工具系统可执行的数控代码,并借助ADAMS进行了仿真验证。研究结果表明,轨迹与曲面形貌相吻合,该技术能胜任自由曲面的精密研抛。     

The implementation of adaptive isoplanar tool path generation for the machining of free-form surfaces

Machining of steep regions is an important research topic in the machining of free-form surfaces. A new tool path generation algorithm to adaptively machine free-form surfaces has been recently developed. However, similarly to many newly emerged methods, so far it has not been used in industry because no commercial platform is currently available and the user-developed system is not robust enough for industrial applications. To solve this problem, this paper presents a new implementation method by integrating it in a commercial CAD/CAM system (Pro/Engineer). With this strategy, other than conducts detailed computations for parameters, such as scallop heights and forward steps, or designing the non-cutting functions such as engaging and retracting methods, which are routines in every tool path generation process, the implementation utilizes existing tool path generation templates in Pro/E to generate the required tool paths. This makes the tool path generation process easier and the tool paths generated more practicable because the integration is relieved of the time-consuming routine calculation and the entire cutting and non-cutting functions in the commercial system are transparent to users. Based on the API of Pro/E, the new tool path generation method was successfully implemented and cutting tests were conducted. Not losing generality, the implementation could also be conducted in other commercial systems as similar templates are available in these systems as well.     

基于修正等速运动规律的自由曲面多轴加工刀轴序列优化方法

针对自由曲面多轴加工中起始位置处刀具相对工件速度、加速度不为零导致的一定程度刚性冲击现象,提出了一种基于修正等速运动规律的刀轴序列优化方法,通过控制工件坐标系中决定刀具姿态的两个约束角,使之变化遵循修正等速运动规律,获得了切削行上平稳变化的刀轴序列,避免了由于起始位置处刀具相对工件速度、加速度不为零导致刀具不能精准到达后续加工位置的现象。算例分析表明,该方法能产生平稳且光滑的刀轴序列,可一定程度改善机床运动性能,提高加工表面质量。     

Effect of tool tilt angle on machining strip width in five-axis flat-end milling of free-form surfaces

This paper examines the effect of tool tilt angle on machining strip width in the determination of optimal tool orientation and feed direction in five-axis flat-end milling. The machining strip width is evaluated using the swept profile of the flat-end mill, avoiding both local and global gouging of the tool. An optimization problem is formulated to maximize the machining strip width over feasible gouge-free tool orientations for a constant-feed direction. By solving the optimization problem and analyzing the geometry of the machining strip width, it is shown that identifying the optimal tool tilt angle, instead of following the common practice of setting the tool tilt angle as zero, can significantly increase the machining strip width, especially for 3D free-form surface machining. The optimization has also been extended to identify the optimal feed direction that maximizes the machining strip width at a given cutter contact (CC) point. The minimum curvature direction has been considered as the optimal feed direction at a CC point by researchers. Our results indicate that although the minimum curvature direction is mostly not the optimal feed direction in free-form surface machining, the minimum curvature direction does represent a good approximation of the optimal feed direction at a CC point, in particular for a free-form surface with low-curvature relative to the tool size.     

雕塑曲面体混流式叶片的多轴联动数控加工编程技术

转轮叶片是水轮机能量转换的关键部件,也是最难加工的零件,目前多轴联动数控加工是解决该类大型雕塑曲面零件最有效的加工方法。多轴联动数控加工编程则是实现其高精度和高效率加工的最重要环节。本文介绍混流式水轮机叶片五轴联动数控加工大型雕塑曲面编程中涉及到转轮叶片三维造型、刀位轨迹计算、切削仿真、机床运动碰撞仿真、后置变换等关键技术。通过对这些技术的链接和研究,开发实现了大型叶片的多轴联动加工。     

Local interference detection and avoidance in five-axis NC machining of sculptured surfaces

The tool interference problem is the most critical problem faced in sculptured surface machining. This paper presents a methodology for interference detection and avoidance in five-axis NC machining of sculptured surfaces with a filleted-end cutter. The surfaces to be machined are divided into convex and non-convex regions. There is no local interference inside the convex regions. For the non-convex regions, based on the analysis of the different local interference, local gouging is first detected and avoided by determining optimal cutter orientations. Rear gouging detection and avoidance algorithms are then proposed for simple smooth surfaces and complex shaped surfaces, respectively. The techniques presented in this paper can be used to generate interference-free tool paths. The realistic results indicate that the proposed method is feasible and reliable .     

数控网络化加工技术的研究

基于网络化制造是21世纪制造业的发展方向,数控机床是实现产品最终加工的主要加工设备。数控机床远程控制系统为新一代制造企业提供了数控机床联网、远程控制及NC程序治理的全面解决方案。系统应某军工企业需求而开发实施,已成功应用于一些企业,运行稳定、实用强、效率高、便于整体扩展,具有一定的先进性。     

多轴联动数控加工乃具轨迹的优化算法的研究和实验验证

提出一种新的刀具轨迹优化算法，使相邻加工轨迹间的残留高度值都等于允许残留高度值（规定精度），从而达到最大的切削带宽，消除了干涉。同时采用刀位显示验证方法对加工某叶片模型所得到的刀具轨迹进行验证。实验数据表明，在保证精度的前提下，轨迹数和轨迹长度明显减少，大大提高了多轴联动数控加工的效率。     

多轴联动数控加工刀具轨迹的优化算法的研究和实验验证

提出一种新的刀具轨迹优化算法,使相邻加工轨迹间的残留高度值都等于允许残留高度值(规定精度),从而达到最大的切削带宽,消除了干涉.同时采用刀位显示验证方法对加工某叶片模型所得到的刀具轨迹进行验证.实验数据表明,在保证精度的前提下,轨迹数和轨迹长度明显减少,大大提高了多轴联动数控加工的效率.     

非均匀有理B样条曲面五轴加工数控指令的构建与处理

为了将非均匀有理B样条曲面的几何信息和工艺信息完整地传输到计算机数字控制系统中,提出了一种新的非均匀有理B样条曲面,直接插补G指令与加工信息的传输和处理机制.解决了传统的非均匀有理B样条曲面加工方法中将曲面离散成曲线时,丢失待加工曲面与刀具接触点的法向信息和刀具轨迹切向信息的问题,有助于在计算机数字控制中实现在线三维刀具补偿和智能控制.仿真结果证实了这种方法的有效性和准确性.