Substrate Effects on the High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Thermal Barrier Coatings

The high-temperature oxidation behaviors of the NiCrAlYSi/P-YSZ thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) produced by electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) on directionally solidified (DS) and single crystalline (SC) Ni-based superalloy substrates were investigated. The cross-sectional microstructure investigation, isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests were conducted for the comparison of oxidation behaviors of TBCs on different substrates. Although TBC on DS substrate has a relatively higher oxidation rat...     

界面形貌对热障涂层残余应力分布的影响

用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了热障涂层模型,计算得出,在热载荷作用下,界面形貌对热障涂层材料残余应力分布影响很大,σ22主要集中在热生长氧化层和过渡层波峰处,随着热生长氧化层变厚、波长变小、振幅变大,σ22变大,且最大值产生在热生长氧化层/过渡层界面的波峰处.     

Effects of TGO Roughness on Indentation Response of Thermal Barrier Coatings

In this paper, an axisymmetric indentation model is set up to calculate the effects of the roughness of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer, which was modeled as a sinusoidal wave, on the indentation response of the thermal barrier coatings. It is found that the amplitude, wavelength, and thickness of the thermally grown oxide layer have obvious influences on the indentation response, while the effect of the indenter position can be neglected. In the top coating layer, residual stress mainly occurs below the indenter and around the nearest two peaks of the thermally grown oxide layer to the indenter. Only when the indentation depth is less than 10% of the thickness of the top coating layer, the influence of TGO roughness on the force versus displacement curves of the indentation can be ignored. Correlating this work with the experimental data from indentation test may lead to improved characterization of the mechanical properties of TBC systems.     

热障涂层体系中的氧化局域化及其成因

热生长氧化层的形貌影响热障涂层体系中应力应变分布,从而决定热障涂层体系的最终失效形式.研究了热生长氧化层中钉子或瘤状的局部突起物,即有可能造成应力集中的微区氧化局域化现象,采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察热生长氧化层的形貌,采用EDS能谱仪分析氧化局域化区域的成分.结合热障涂层体系的氧化机制,从材料学的角度分析了出现氧化局域化的原因,探讨了氧化局域化的出现对热障涂层体系力学性能的影响.结果表明,氧化局域化是由下列因素引起的:(1)活性元素的钉扎效应;(2)裂纹或者微孔洞等缺陷的诱导;(3)尖晶石的快速生长.氧化局域化的出现对热障涂层力学性能的影响同时存在有利和有害的一面.     

热障涂层的研究现状与发展方向

热障涂层(TBCs)是目前最先进的高温防护涂层之一,具有良好的隔热效果和抗高温氧化性能.综述了热障涂层的陶瓷材料、粘结层材料、涂层结构、制备工艺及涂层失效机理等5个方面的研究现状,在此基础上提出了热障涂层的发展方向.     

Influence of Water Vapor on the Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Thermal Barrier Coatings

The oxidation of specimens with thermal barrier coating (TBC) consisted of nickel-base superalloy, low-pressure plasma sprayed Ni-28Cr-6AI-0.4Y (wt pct) bond coating and electron beam physical vapor deposited 7.5 wt pct yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) top coating was studied at 1050℃ respectively in flows of 02, and mixture of O2 and 5%H2O under atmospheric pressure. The thermal barrier coating has relatively low oxidation rate at 1050℃ in pure O2. Oxidation rate of thermal barrier coating in the atmosphere of O% and 5%H2O is increased The oxidation kinetics obeys almost linear law after long exposure time in the presence of 5% water vapor. Oxide formed along the interface between bond coat and top coat after oxidation at 1050℃ in pure O2 consisted of Al2O3, whereas interfacial scales formed after oxidation at 1050℃ in a mixture of O2 and 5%H2O were mainly composed of Ni(AI,Cr)2O4,NiO and AI2O3. It is suggested that the effect of water vapor on the oxidation of the NiCrAlY coating may be attributed     

二氧化锆热障涂层的性能与应用

近年来,等离子喷涂二氧化锆热障涂层在航空及工业用燃气轮机上的应用已有很大进展,在一定限度内已经用于燃气轮机的涡轮部分。由于这种涂层可以降低气冷高温部件的温度50～200℃,因此可以显著地改善高温部件的耐久性,或者容许提高燃气温度或减少冷却气体的需用量而保持高温部件目前所承受的温度不变,从而提高发动机的效率。许多研究工作正在继续进行,以期进一步认识、改进及标定涂层的性能。本文将评述这方面的研究工作,简述二氧化锆热障涂层的性能与应用。     

粘结层喷涂方法对铜基体与热障涂层结合强度的影响

为提高铜基体上热障涂层的工作温度和寿命,分别采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)和等离子喷涂(APS)制备NiCrAlY粘结层,采用等离子喷涂制备ZrO2-8%Y2O3陶瓷面层.用拉伸试验测试了热障涂层的结合强度,利用SEM分析了拉伸断口的成分分布和微观形貌.研究表明,用HVOF制备粘结层的热障涂层的结合强度为47.9 MPa,用APS制备粘结层的热障涂层的结合强度为31.2 MPa.与等离子喷涂制备粘结层相比,采用超音速火焰喷涂制备粘结层可明显提高ZrO2陶瓷涂层的结合强度.     

YZrHf热障涂层的制备及热震性能分析

目的 研究喷涂态YZrHf热障涂层的微观组织及其抵抗高温热冲击的性能,探讨高温条件下热生长氧化物(TGO)对陶瓷层的影响。方法 采用大气等离子喷涂(APS)技术制备厚度约为300μm的YZrHf热障涂层,并将涂层在950℃下保温15 min后进行水冷循环热震实验,直至涂层剥落失效,使用SEM、EDS、X射线衍射仪对制备态及热震实验后的热障涂层微观组织进行分析。结果 涂层表面粗糙不平且分布有十几到几十微米长度的网状裂纹,这些相互贯通的裂纹为氧气的进入提供了通道。经过101次循环热震实验后,涂层部分区域剥落失效,SEM结果显示,在陶瓷层/黏结层界面处、黏结层内部均出现了热生长氧化物,且在陶瓷层中分布有横向、纵向的贯通性裂纹,而在TGO生长区域,也出现了一些小裂纹,但涂层并未剥落。经测定分析可知,TGO的主要成分为Al₂O₃、Cr₂O₃、NiO以及尖晶石氧化物组成的混合物(CSN)。结论 热震实验后TGO层中Al元素贫化,Ni、Cr等元素向界面处迁移参与反应,同时尖晶石氧化物以α-Al₂     

Modification of NiCoCrAlY with Pt: Part Ⅱ. Application in TBC with pure metastable tetragonal(t’) phase YSZ and thermal cycling behavior

A thermal barrier coating system comprising Pt-modified NiCoCrAlY bond coating and nanostructured 4mol.% yttria stabilized zirconia(4YSZ, hereafter) top coat was fabricated on a second generation Ni-base superalloy. Thermal cycling behavior of NiCoCrAlY-4 YSZ thermal barrier coatings(TBCs) with and without Pt modification was evaluated in ambient air at 1100?C up to 1000 cycles, aiming to investigate the effect of Pt on formation of thermally grown oxide(TGO) and oxidation resistance. Results indicated that a dual layered TGO, which consisted of top(Ni,Co)(Cr,Al)_2O_4 spinel and underlying α-Al_2O_3, was formed at the NiCoCrAlY/4 YSZ interface with thickness of 8.4μm, accompanying with visible cracks at the interface. In contrast, a single-layer and adherent α-Al_2O_3 scale with thickness of 5.6μm was formed at the interface of Pt-modified NiCoCrAlY and 4 YSZ top coating. The modification of Pt on NiCoCrAlY favored the exclusive formation of α-Al_2O_3 and the reduction of TGO growth rate, and thus could effectively improve overall oxidation performance and extend service life of TBCs. Oxidation and degradation mechanisms of the TBCs with/without Pt-modification were discussed.     

热障涂层（TBC）稳定性的研究EI

将ＺｒＯ_２·８％Ｙ_２Ｏ_３用射频磁控溅射技术沉积在ＮｉＣｒＡｌＹ底涂层上，进行ｌｌ００℃→室温，１１００℃→冷水和９００℃→室温等热周期和熔盐作用的试验。随后进行Ｘ－射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）分析和扫描电镜（８ＥＭ）观察。结果表明，沉积态的氧化锆层主要为立方相和少量单斜相及四方相。热周期及熔盐Ｎａ_２ＳＯ_４－５％ＮａＣｌ与ＺｒＯ_２·８％Ｙ_２Ｏ_３的化学作用都促使立方相→单斜相的转变。熔盐对晶界和底涂层的化学和物理的作用是影响涂层稳定性的另一因素。     

高温合金表面激光熔敷热障涂层组织结构与氧化性能

采用 5KW连续CO2 激光器对Ni基高温合金上二次重熔NiCoCrAlY和ZrO2 陶瓷层进行了研究。结果表明 :激光快速熔化和凝固获得定向外延生长、紧密堆积的柱状晶氧化锆陶瓷层。NiCoCrAlY结合层与柱状晶之间存在氧化铝层 ,保证了柱状晶与NiCoCrAlY层的联结。扫描电镜和电子探针联合分析发现 ,氧化锆层与NiCoCrAlY结合层、结合层与基体间均为冶金结合。采用化学改性氧化锆消除了涂层裂纹。高温氧化性能测试得出激光重熔试样氧化动力学近似地遵守抛物线速率方程。在 12 0 0℃ ,空气下激光熔敷TBCs 抗氧化性明显高于等离子喷涂TBCs。     

Correlation of processing technique and microstructure of platinum aluminide bond coats with performance of thermal barrier coatings deposited on nickel base superalloy

Abstract

We show that the performance of thermal barrier coating systems is critically dependent upon the processing technique and microstructure of platinum aluminides utilised as bond coats. It is demonstrated by thermal exposure tests at 1150°C in air with 24 h cycling period to room temperature that the average useful life of a coating system employing zirconia–7 wt-% yttria as top coat and alloy MAR M002DS as substrate is increased from 192 to 480 h by replacing a three-layer bond coat aluminised by conventional pack cementation with a two-layer bond coat aluminised by chemical vapour deposition. Before each aluminising process, the superalloy has been electroplated with a platinum layer about 7 μm in thickness. Microstructural characterisation using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electron-probe microanalysis, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction indicates that the superior performance provided by the two-layer bond coat is related to its higher thermal stability enhancing the adhesion of the thermally grown oxide. However, both coating systems are found to fail by the same mechanism involving loss of adhesion between the thermally grown oxide and bond coat.     

热喷涂及电子束物理气相沉积技术在热障涂层制备中的应用

对常用热障涂层制备技术,包括火焰喷涂、爆炸喷涂、大气等离子喷涂、高能等离子喷涂、超音速等离子喷涂、低压等离子喷涂、溶液注入等离子喷涂及电子束物理气相沉积技术进行了综述.介绍了上述几种制备技术的原理、工艺特点、存在不足及解决措施.认为发展爆炸喷涂工艺、溶液注入等离子喷涂工艺与EB-PVD工艺及其在新型热障涂层制备中的应用将是热障涂层制备技术研究的重点.     

Testing of Thermal Barrier Coatings by Laser Excitation

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are used to increase the operating temperature of land‐, sea‐, or air‐based turbines. As failure of the coating may result in serious damage of the turbine, reliable estimation of the lifetime is essential. Most experiments to assess the lifetime or to determine parameters for simulations of the behavior of TBCs are done by burner‐rig‐tests, where the operating conditions are simulated by cyclic heating of the surface and cooling of the backside of a coated sample. In this work a possibility is presented to do comparable experiments by heating the surface with laser irradiation instead of a burner. For this purpose a Nd:YAG‐laser with a maximum output power of 1 kW and a wavelength of 1064 nm is used. The laser spot can be moved by integrated optics across the sample surface to achieve homogeneous heating of the coating. Cooling of the backside is done by air. The temperature of the sample surface is determined by an infrared‐camera which also enables the possibility to detect failures in the coating via thermography. Additionally, acoustic sensors attached to the sample holder are used to detect failures in the sample. The investigated ceramic material (yttria stabilized zirconia) has a very low absorption coefficient at the used laser wavelength. Therefore, a pre‐treatment of the samples was needed to increase the absorption coefficient to be able to heat up the samples. In this paper, the experimental setup and first experimental results are presented.     

超音速等离子与HVOF喷涂WC-Co涂层的冲蚀磨损性能研究

用超音速等离子喷涂(HEPJet)和两种进口高速氧燃气火焰喷涂(HVOF)设备(JP-5000 和DJ-2700)制备WC-Co涂层,进行了孔隙率、显微硬度、结合强度及30°和90°攻角的冲蚀磨损对比实验,分析了涂层的SEM磨损形貌.结果表明,超音速等离子喷涂WC-Co涂层综合性能与JP-5000喷涂WC-Co涂层相当,优于DJ-2700;在30°冲蚀磨损条件下,WC-Co涂层的失效行为表现为疲劳剥落和微切削两种特征;在90°冲蚀磨损时,涂层的失效主要是垂直表面的磨粒冲击力导致涂层疲劳剥落.     

Influence of Annealing on the Grain Growth and Thermal Diffusivity of Nanostructured YSZ Thermal Barrier Coating

The nanostructured zirconia coatings were deposited by atmospherically plasma spraying. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the microstructure of the zirconia coatings. Thermal diffusivity values at normal temperatures have been evaluated by laser flash technique. Effect of annealing on the microstructure evolution of the zirconia coating has been performed. The grains and thermal diffusivity are increased with increasing annealing time and temperature. The grain growth is according to the GRIGC （the grain rotation induced grain coalescence） mechanism. The increase in thermal diffusivity is attributed to the grain growth and the decrease in porosity of nanostructured zirconia coatings.     

8YSZ双层热障涂层缺陷演变与微裂纹水浸超声宏观检测

采用PASCAN-64型水浸超声设备并配合扫描电镜对8wt %Y₂O₃-ZrO₂(8YSZ)双层热障涂层热震过程中内部组织结构演变进行了检测。结果表明, 当超声波从垂直陶瓷层方向入射至粘结层反射所获得的回波信号影像主要反映了陶瓷层组织结构演变, 从垂直基底方向入射至粘接层/陶瓷层界面处反射所获得的回波信号影像主要反映了热生长氧化物层组织结构演变, 从垂直陶瓷层方向透射整个试片所获得的回波信号影像综合反映了整个涂层组织结构演变。当陶瓷层中均匀分布着孔隙率<11%、最大横向尺寸<50 μm的孔隙以及热生长氧化物层主要为致密的α-Al₂O₃时, 回波信号的幅值dB<0, 反映在影像中的信号分布均匀, 表明涂层处于良好状态。当陶瓷层中均匀分布着孔隙率>44%、最大横向尺寸>100 μm的孔隙以及热生长氧化物层主要为具有稀疏结构且厚度>5.2 μm的Cr、Co氧化物时, 回波信号的幅值dB>0的区域连接成片, 则预示着涂层即将失效或已失效。可见, 水浸超声技术能够较准确地反映热障涂层内部组织结构演变, 是一种较好的热障涂层内部缺陷的无损检测方法。     

Finite Element Simulation on Thermal Fatigue of a Turbine Blade with Thermal Barrier Coatings

In this paper, a finite element model was developed for a turbine blade with thermal barrier coatings to investigate its failure behavior under cyclic thermal loading. Based on temperature and stress fields obtained from finite element simulations, dangerous regions in ceramic coating were determined in terms of the maximum principal stress criterion. The results show that damage preferentially occurs in the chamfer and rabbet of a turbine blade with thermal barrier coatings and its thermal fatigue life decreases with the increase of thermal stress induced by high service temperature.