木粉含量对PE-HD/木粉复合材料热性能及热流变性能的影响

以回收高密度聚乙烯(PE-HD)为塑料基体,以木粉作为填充料,用微型挤出成型设备制备了PE-HD/木粉复合材料,研究了高填充含量的木粉对PE-HD/木粉复合材料热性能、热流变性能的影响。结果表明,随着木粉含量的增加,PE-HD/木粉复合材料的熔融峰温度降低,结晶峰温度增加;PE-HD/木粉复合材料的热分解分两个阶段,木粉含量的增加,降低了PE-HD的分解速度和PE-HD/木粉复合材料的分解总量;随着木粉含量的增加,PE-HD/木粉复合材料的表观黏度增大、假塑性增强,对剪切的依赖性增强,可以通过提高剪切速率降低材料的表观黏度。     

废旧聚烯烃塑料/木粉复合材料的性能研究

以马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-MAH)为相容剂,制备了废旧聚烯烃塑料/木粉复合材料,探讨了木粉用量对复合材料加工性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着木粉用量从10%增加到30%,复合材料的熔融时间、熔融能耗以及热稳定性变化不大,剪切扭矩增加了32.4%;且当PP-g-MAH含量为9%、木粉用量为20%左右时,木粉能够有效发挥增韧增强作用,此时复合材料的力学性能最好。     

CPE对PVC/木粉复合材料动态力学性能及耐热性能的影响

为了增强聚氯乙烯(PVC)基木塑复合材料的动态力学性能,加入氯化聚乙烯(CPE)对复合材料进行改性,并探究CPE对PVC基木塑复合材料性能的影响。采用动态力学分析仪(DMA)和维卡软化温度测试仪,对加入CPE的PVC/木粉复合材料进行测试,分析CPE对PVC/木粉复合材料动态力学性能及耐热性能的影响。结果表明:CPE的加入会对PVC/木粉复合材料的动态力学性能产生重要的影响,且CPE含量约为5份时,复合材料的动态力学性能最佳;但维卡软化温度、热变形温度测试结果显示,CPE的加入降低了PVC/木粉复合材料的耐热性,且随着CPE含量的增加,复合材料的耐热性逐渐减弱。     

高密度聚乙烯／木粉复合材料熔融性能及表面张力的研究

探讨了木粉及马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯(MAPE)对高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/木粉复合材料熔融性能及表面张力的影响。结果表明:复合材料的起始熔融温度均略高于纯HDPE的,熔融峰的面积及形状介于纯木粉与纯HDPE之间,复合材料的表面张力及其极性组分均随木粉的质量分数逐渐增加。使用MAPE将提高复合材料熔融峰的面积,复合材料更难被熔化。质量分数为5%、10%的MAPE的复合材料的表面张力较低;而质量分数为15%及20%的MAPE的复合材料的表面张力与无MAPE的复合材料的基本相等。     

PVC/MBS/无机物复合材料性能的研究

选择片状的滑石粉和针状的碱式硫酸镁晶须,将两者等质量比复合,与弹性体MBS一起加入到硬质PVC中,分别采用一步法和二步法制得了PVC/MBS/无机物的复合材料,研究了其力学性能、加工流变性能和耐热性能。结果表明,采用二步法改性时,在PVC中加入11phr母料时,复合材料的缺口冲击强度为纯PVC的3.1倍,同时弯曲模量不变;在相同配方下,二步法加工的最大扭矩和平衡扭矩均比一步法的小,且二步法加工可以延缓聚合物的热降解;无论采用一步法还是二步法加工,相同配方的复合材料的维卡软化温度均较纯PVC的有所提高。     

木质填料种类及含量对木塑复合材料性能的影响

研究了木质填料的种类和含量对木塑复合材料性能的影响。实验发现:随着木粉、竹粉含量的提高,复合材料的拉伸强度、维卡软化温度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量都得到了较大幅度的提高,冲击强度、断裂伸长率和熔体流动速率有所下降。不同粒径和不同种类的木质填料对复合材料的力学性能也有明显的影响,以100目木粉制得复合材料的性能最好,DSC实验数据分析表明:木粉、竹粉含量的变化对复合材料体系的熔融温度有影响;SEM扫描冲击断口形貌表明:相容剂能够有效改善木粉与HDPE界面的相容性,提高界面黏合力,从而使复合材料的性能得到提高。     

含异氰酸基表面改性剂制备及其在PVC/木粉材料中的应用

以异氰酸酯与脂肪醇为原料,制备了含异氰酸基表面改性剂,并研究了该改性剂对聚氯乙烯（PVC）/木粉复合材料力学性能及加工性能的影响。结果表明,通过3 %表面改性剂改性以后的木粉,其表面接触角能够达到146.0 °;相对于由未改性木粉制备的PVC/木粉复合材料,由改性木粉制备的PVC/木粉复合材料,拉伸强度提高了32.6 %,断裂伸长率提高了42.1 %;PVC/改性木粉复合材料的塑化时间从57.5 s缩短至46.7 s,平衡扭矩从24.7 N·m减小到18.2 N·m,塑化温度从147.3 ℃降低到了140.4 ℃;随着碳链的增长,改性剂的改性效果也随之优化。     

木粉对PVC发泡木塑复合材料性能的影响

采用PVC树脂和木粉加入发泡剂制得PVC/木粉发泡复合材料。本文对木粉进行了热重分析,考察木粉粒径及含量对PVC/木塑发泡材料性能的影响,考察了木粉含量对发泡、熔融指数、转矩加工流变性以及耐候性的影响。结果表明:TG分析表明PVC/木塑复合材料加工的最佳温度200℃左右。随着木粉粒径的减小,PVC/木粉复合材料的冲击强度和弯曲强度出现先上升后下降的趋势,100目木粉,力学性能最好。随着木粉用量的增加,体系的拉伸强度、冲击强度和弯曲强度均呈降低的趋势,材料的发泡效果变差,流动性、稳定性、耐候性变差,因此PVC木塑复合材料应该控制其木粉含量。     

木粉预处理对PP木塑复合料性能影响

采用熔融共混法制备了聚丙烯(PP)木塑复合材料(WPC),研究了木粉含量及预处理方式对WPC力学性能、吸水性能的影响.结果表明:随着木粉含量的增大,WPC的弯曲强度和弯曲模量明显上升,拉伸强度有所降低,而冲击强度基本保持不变.木粉经过化学预处理对WPC力学性能的改善比物理预处理要好.从吸水率来看,随着木粉含量的增大,WPC吸水率保持在0.22％以下,远低于纯木材.     

聚乙烯/木粉复合材料热性能研究

研究了木质填料的种类和用量对木塑复合材料性能的影响.实验发现:随木粉、竹粉用量的提高,聚乙烯基复合材料维卡软化温度提高幅度不大,熔体流动速率有所下降.DSC实验数据分析表明,木粉、竹粉用量的变化使复合材料的熔融温度增加,耐温性提高,当木粉、竹粉用量超过40%时,体系熔融温度反而降低.     

Fusion characteristics of rigid PVC/wood‐flour composites by torque rheometry

This study was aimed at examining the effects of wood flour contents, wood species (softwood vs. hardwood), and particle size on the fusion characteristics (fusion time, fusion temperature, fusion torque, and fusion energy) of rigid PVC/wood‐flour composites in a torque rheometer. Neat rigid PVC exhibited one fusion peak, whereas the addition of wood flour into the PVC matrix led to two fusion peaks. Increased wood flour content caused a significant increase in the time, temperature, and energy at which fusion between the primary particles started, thereby leading to increased fusion torque, irrespective of the wood flour species. These results implied that rigid PVC filled with wood flour must be processed at higher temperatures than neat resin. Although fusion characteristics of the composites were influenced by the wood species, a clear trend between softwood and hardwood species could not be established. However, finer particles fused more quickly and needed less energy than coarse ones. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:7–13, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

PEW-g-MAH改性竹粉对PVC材料加工性能的影响

采用自制的聚乙烯蜡接枝马来酸酐(PEW-g-MAH)对竹粉进行包覆改性,研究了竹粉用量对竹粉/PVC复合材料加工性能的影响,并通过SEM对其界面进行了观察。结果表明:①竹粉/PVC复合材料的平衡转矩、平衡温度、塑化时间均随竹粉用量的增加而增大;②与未改性竹粉相比,经过PEW-g-MAH处理的竹粉可降低竹粉/PVC复合材料的平衡转矩、平衡温度,稍微缩短塑化时间;③SEM照片表明,PEW-g-MAH不仅改善了竹粉在PVC基体中的分散性,而且提高了两者的相容性。     

Mold susceptibility of rigid PVC/wood‐flour composites

Rigid PVC/wood‐flour composite lumber containing either hardwood (maple) or a softwood (southern pine) wood flour at different levels of wood‐flour content was evaluated for susceptibility to fungal colonization and discoloration by using standard tests that mimicked exterior (ASTM G21) and interior (ASTM D3273) environments, respectively. In the exterior test protocol, although both types of PVC/wood‐flour composite lumber exhibited fungal colonization and discoloration, the composites containing maple exhibited greater discoloration than those containing pine. Irrespective of wood species, fungal colonization and discoloration in the composite lumber were greater at the bottom faces where they were in constant contact with moisture. The wood content range (50–100 phr) used in this study showed no effect on extent of fungal colonization and discoloration. All composites showed no discoloration in the interior test protocol. Both optical microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy clearly demonstrated that wood flour particulates are not completely encapsulated by the PVC matrix, so that exposed wood flour in the surface crevices of the composite lumber may serve as points of moisture sorption and staging points for fungal colonization and discoloration. J. Vinyl Addit. Technol. 10:179–186, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

PVC／木粉复合材料抗冲改性研究

用甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯三元共聚物P（MAA—BA—MMA）对木粉进行预处理,再利用CPE、ACR和nano—CaCO3对PVC／木粉复合材料进行增韧改性。结果表明,木粉经P（MAA—BA—MMA）预处理后,使用ACR增韧时效果最好,其拉伸强度、弯曲强度、冲击强度和断裂伸长率分别提高了7．97％、5．26％、68．85％和571．26％。SEM结果表明,木粉预处理后再增韧,复合材料界面模糊,断面呈一定的韧性断裂特征。     

Thermal and dynamic mechanical behavior of poly(vinyl chloride)/wood flour composites

Thermal and dynamic mechanical behaviors of wood plastic composites made of poly vinyl chloride (PVC) and surface treated, untreated wood flour were characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. Glass transition temperature (T_g) of PVC was slightly increased by the addition of wood flour and by wood flour surface treatments. Heat capacity differences (ΔC_p) of composites before and after glass transition were markedly reduced. PVC/wood composites exhibited smaller tan δ peaks than PVC alone, suggesting that less energy was dissipated for coordinated movements and disentanglements of PVC polymer chains in the composites. The rubbery plateaus of storage modulus (E′) curves almost disappeared for PVC/wood composites in contrast to a well defined plateau range for pure PVC. It is proposed that wood flour particles act as “physical crosslinking points” or “pinning centers” inside the PVC matrix, resulting in the absence of the rubbery plateau and high E′ above T_g. The mobility of PVC chain segments were further retarded by the presence of surface modified wood flour. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Reinforcement of rigid PVC/wood‐flour composites with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes

Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) were compounded with PVC by a melt blending process based on fusion behaviors of PVC. The effects of CNT content on the flexural and tensile properies of the PVC/CNT composites were evaluated in order to optimize the CNT content. The optimized CNT‐reinforced PVC was used as a matrix in the manufacture of wood‐plastic composites. Flexural, electrical, and thermal properties of the PVC/wood‐flour composites were evaluated as a function of matrix type (nonreinforced vs. CNT‐reinforced). The experimental results indicated that rigid PVC/wood‐flour composites with properties similar to those of solid wood can be made by using CNT‐reinforced PVC as a matrix. The CNT‐reinforced PVC did not influence the electrical and thermal conductivity of the PVC/wood‐flour composites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Rheological and fusion behaviors of PVC micro‐ and nano‐composites evaluated from torque rheometer data

The effects of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) particle size on the fusion and rheological behaviors of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites prepared in a Haake torque rheometer were investigated by means of torque data recorded during processing. Increasing the number of particles in the same blend volume by decreasing the particle size resulted in increasing frictional forces. This increase led in turn to increased fusion torque and decreased fusion time and temperature. The power‐law‐index values of the composites increased with decreasing particle size except for 25‐nm CaCO₃. The viscosities of all composites were found to decrease with shear rate; therefore, high pseudoplasticity was observed. At a particular rotor speed, viscosity of the composites decreased with decreasing particle size except for 25‐nm CaCO₃. The overall results showed that the particle size of CaCO₃ altered the fusion characteristics and rheological behavior of PVC. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Wood/plastic composites co‐extruded with multi‐walled carbon nanotube‐filled rigid poly(vinyl chloride) cap layer

Wood/plastic composites (WPCs) can absorb moisture in a humid environment due to the hydrophilic nature of the wood in the composites, making products susceptible to microbial growth and loss of mechanical properties. Co‐extruding a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)‐rich cap layer on a WPC significantly reduces the moisture uptake rate, increases the flexural strength but, most importantly, decreases the flexural modulus compared to uncapped WPCs. A two‐level factorial design was used to develop regression models evaluating the statistical effects of material compositions and a processing condition on the flexural properties of co‐extruded rigid PVC/wood flour composites with the ultimate goal of producing co‐extruded composites with better flexural properties than uncapped WPCs. Material composition variables included wood flour content in the core layer and carbon nanotube (CNT) content in the cap layer of the co‐extruded composites, with the processing temperature profile for the core layer as the only processing condition variable. Fusion tests were carried out to understand the effects of the material compositions and processing condition on the flexural properties. Regression models indicated all main effects and two powerful interaction effects (processing temperature/wood flour content and wood flour content/CNT content interactions) as statistically significant. Factors leading to a fast fusion of the PVC/wood flour composites in the core layer, i.e. low wood flour content and high processing temperature, were effective material composition and processing condition parameters for improving the flexural properties of co‐extruded composites. Reinforcing the cap layer with CNTs also produced a significant improvement in the flexural properties of the co‐extruded composites, insensitive to the core layer composition and the processing temperature condition. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of copper amine treatment on mechanical properties of PVC/wood‐flour composites

Copper amine–treated wood flour was added to PVC [poly(vinyl chloride)] matrix in order to manufacture PVC/wood‐flour composites. Effects of copper treatments on the mechanical properties of PVC‐wood composites were evaluated. Unnotched impact strength, flexural strength, and flexural toughness of the composites were significantly improved by the wood‐flour copper treatment. The optimum copper concentration range was 0.2 to 0.6 wt% of wood flour. Fractured surfaces were examined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). PVC/wood interfacial debonding was the main fracture mode of untreated wood‐flour composites, whereas wood‐particle pullout and breakage dominating the fractured surfaces of copper‐treated wood‐flour composites. On the fractured surfaces, more PVC could be found on the exposed copper‐treated wood particles than on untreated wood, a result suggesting improved PVC‐wood interfacial adhesion after copper treatments. J. Vinyl Addit. Technol. 10:70–78, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Coextruded PVC/wood‐flour composites with WPC cap layers

Wood‐plastic composites (WPCs) can absorb moisture in a humid environment owing to the hydrophilic nature of the wood, thereby making the products susceptible to microbial growth and loss of mechanical properties. In this study, rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/wood‐flour composites (core layer) were coextruded with either unfilled rigid PVC (cap layer) or rigid PVC filled with a small amount (5–27.5%) of wood flour (composite cap layers) in order to decrease or delay the moisture uptake. The thickness of the cap layer and its composition in terms of wood flour content were the variables examined during coextrusion. Surface color, moisture absorption, and flexural properties of both coextruded and noncoextruded (control) composite samples were characterized. The experimental results indicated that both unfilled PVC and composite cap layers can be encapsulated over rigid PVC/wood‐flour composites in a coextrusion process. The moisture uptake rate was lower when a cap layer was applied in the composites, and the extent of the decrease was a strong function of the amount of wood flour in the cap layer but insensitive to cap layer thickness. Overall, coextruding PVC surface‐rich cap layers on WPCs significantly increased the flexural strength but decreased the flexural modulus as compared with those of control samples. The changes in bending properties were sensitive to both cap layer thickness and wood flour content. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers