Optical properties of binary composite materials with two nonlinear components

Abstract

A new formulation is presented for the calculation of effective dielectric magnitudes of two-component composites in which both components (the host matrix particles and the embedded particles) exhibit nonlinear behaviour of the Kerr type. It is predicted that, under certain conditions, two nonlinear component composites can exhibit optical bistable behaviour as a function of the shape and concentration of the embedded particles, the dielectric contants of the components, the intensity of the external electric field (power density) and the intrinsic third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities χ⁽³⁾ _p and χ⁽³⁾ _m of the nonlinear components. It is also deduced that, as the power density increases, the effective third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ⁽³⁾ of the composite exhibits a clear transition from values close to χ⁽³⁾ _p (low power density) to χ⁽³⁾ _m (high power density). Therefore, it is shown that the optical response of binary composites dramatically changes at moderate and high power densities. A comparison is performed between the optical response of a real two nonlinear component composite and that of a composite with a single nonlinear component.     

Preparation of highly water-dispersible titanium-silicon binary oxide materials by sol-gel method

The preparation of highly water-dispersible titanium-silicon binary oxide materials was performed by the following two-stage sol-gel reactions. First, the mixture of titanium tetraisopropoxide and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane was stirred in a mixed solvent of isopropyl alcohol and 0.5 mol/L methanolic hydrochloric acid at room temperature, followed by heating in an open system until the solvent was evaporated. Then, the aqueous solution obtained by adding water to the resulting product was heated in the open system until the water was completely reevaporated. The resulting product was dispersed well in water, and its aqueous dispersion was highly transparent and cut off UV light, confirmed by UV-Vis measurements. The solid product obtained by lyophilization of its aqueous dispersion was redispersed in water. The average particle size of the product was assessed to be < 10 nm by dynamic light scattering (DLS) in water and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements, indicating that the product was a water-dispersible spherical nanoparticle. It was assumed that the water-dispersible property of the product probably originated from the TiO2/SiO1.5(CH2)3NH3 x Cl core/shell structure. In addition, highly transparent films can be prepared from the aqueous dispersion of the product, and these films also cut off the UV light, evaluated by UV-Vis measurements.     

A semi-analytical integration method for the numerical simulation of nonlinear visco-elasto-plastic materials

A semi-analytic integration method is proposed, which can be used in numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of nonlinear viscoelastic and viscoplastic materials with arbitrary stress nonlinearity. The method is based upon the formalism of Prony series expansion of the creep response function and accepts arbitrary stress protocols as input data. An iterative inversion technique is presented, which allows for application of the method in routines that provide strain and require stress as output. The advantage with respect to standard numerical integration methods such as the Runge-Kutta method is that it remains numerically stable even for integration over very long time steps during which strain may change considerably due to creep or recovery effects. The method is particularly suited for materials, whose viscoelastic and viscoplastic processes cover a very wide range of retardation times. In the case of simulation protocols with phases of slowly varying stress, computation time is significantly reduced compared to the standard integration methods of commercial finite element codes. An example is given that shows how the method can be used in three dimensional (3D) constitutive equations. Implemented into a Finite Element (FE) code, the method significantly improves convergence of the implicit time integration, allowing longer time increments and reducing drastically computing time. This is shown in the case of a single element exposed to a creep and recovery cycle. Some simulations of non-homogeneous boundary value problems are shown in order to illustrate the applicability of the method in 3D FE modeling.     

Organic materials for nonlinear optics

This review discusses nonlinear optical (NLO) polymeric materials. As an example of a second-order NLO material, a novel copolymer with a diazo dye attached is investigated. The second-order NLO coefficient χ⁽²⁾ of the copolymer reaches 1.0 × 10^?6 esu, which is 7 times larger than that of LiNbO₃. A third-order NLO coefficient χ⁽³⁾ larger than 10^?10 esu is obtained for polymers where NLO dyes are introduced into the polymer backbone. The optical transmission loss of these polymers is revealed to be around 2 dB/cm. As these polymers can be formed into channel waveguides using the photo-bleaching technique, they show promise for use in NLO devices because of their processability, transparency and large optical nonlinearity.     

Further development of a data reduction method for the nonlinear viscoelastic characterization of FRPs

According to the well-known Schapery’s formulation, the nonlinear viscoelastic response of any material is controlled by four stress and temperature dependent parameters, g₀ g₁, g₂ and a_σ, which reflect the deviation from the linear viscoelastic response. Based on Schapery’s formulation, a new methodology for the separate estimation of the three out of four nonlinear viscoelastic parameters, g₀, g₁ and a_σ, was recently developed by the authors. In the present article, a further development of the previously developed methodology is attempted leading to an analytical estimation of the fourth nonlinear parameter, g₂, which additionally includes the viscoplastic response of the system. Thus, a full nonlinear characterization of the composite system under consideration is achieved. The validity of the integrated model was verified through creep-recovery experiments, applied at different stress levels to a unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced polymer.     

Algorithm for the extraction of page-formatted binary digital data

We present an algorithm for fast and reliable extraction of page-formatted binary digital data. The advantages of the algorithm include a low raw bit-error rate, fast extraction speed, the use of a simple and density-efficient coding scheme, and large tolerance to a change of the signal-to-noise ratio. We used this algorithm to analyze shot-noise-limited binary data that had large interpage and intrapage intensity variations and obtained an improvement in the bit-error rate of 3-4 orders of magnitude compared with that in a single-threshold-detection scheme. Implications of our results for the development of high-speed, high-density holographic memories are discussed.     

Two field multibody method for periodic homogenization in fracture mechanics of nonlinear heterogeneous materials

This paper presents a new computational approach dedicated to the fracture of nonlinear heterogeneous materials. This approach extends the standard periodic homogenization problem to a two field cohesive-volumetric finite element scheme. This two field finite element formulation is written as a generalization Non-Smooth Contact Dynamics framework involving Frictional Cohesive Zone Models. The associated numerical platform allows to simulate, at finite strain, the fracture of nonlinear composites from crack initiation to post-fracture behavior. The ability of this computational approach is illustrated by the fracture of the hydrided Zircaloy under transient loading.     

A stable numerical solution method for in-plane loading of nonlinear viscoelastic laminated orthotropic materials

In response to the tremendous growth in the development of advanced materials, such as fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composite materials, a new numerical method is developed to analyze and predict the time-dependent properties of these materials. Basic concepts in viscoelasticity, laminated composites, and previous viscoelastic numerical methods are presented. A stable numerical method, called the nonlinear differential equation method (NDEM), is developed to calculate the in-plane stresses and strains over any time period for a general laminate constructed from nonlinear viscoelastic orthotropic plies. The method is implemented in an in-plane stress analysis computer program, called VCAP, to demonstrate its usefulness and to verify its accuracy. A number of actual experimental test results performed on Kevlar/epoxy composite laminates are compared to predictions calculated from the numerical method.     

Analysis of refractory materials for metallurgy by the ICP-AES method

A technique for determining oxides of aluminum, iron (III), calcium, magnesium, and chromium (III) at a level of 2–205 μg/l by the ICP-AES method is described. The absence of the effect of components of the matrix (Al₂O₃, MgO) and fluxes (Na, K) used for decomposition of analyzable samples on the intensity of an analytical signal is shown. Methods of sample decomposition by alloying are compared depending on the composition of refractories.     

Monitoring nonlinear profile data using support vector regression method

In today's manufacturing industries, if the quality characteristic of a product or a process is assumed to be represented by a functional relationship between the response variable and one or more explanatory variables, then the data generated from such a relationship are called profile data. Generally speaking, the functional relationship of the profile data rarely occurs in linear form, and the real data usually do not follow normal distribution. Thus, in this paper, the functional relationship of profile data is described via a nonparametric regression model and a nonparametric exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart is developed for detecting the process shifts for nonlinear profile data in the Phase II monitoring. We first fit the nonlinear profile data via a support vector regression model and use the fitted values to calculate the five metrics. Then, the nonparametric EWMA control chart with the five metrics can be constructed accordingly. Moreover, a simulation study is conducted to evaluate the detecting performance of the new control chart under various process shifts using the out‐of‐control average run length. Finally, a realistic nonlinear profile example is used to demonstrate the usefulness of our proposed nonparametric EWMA control chart and its monitoring schemes. It is expected that the proposed nonparametric EWMA control chart can enhance the monitoring efficiency for nonlinear profile data in the phase II study.     

Multireader multicase variance analysis for binary data

Multireader multicase (MRMC) variance analysis has become widely utilized to analyze observer studies for which the summary measure is the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. We extend MRMC variance analysis to binary data and also to generic study designs in which every reader may not interpret every case. A subset of the fundamental moments central to MRMC variance analysis of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) is found to be required. Through multiple simulation configurations, we compare our unbiased variance estimates to na?ve estimates across a range of study designs, average percent correct, and numbers of readers and cases.     

非线性吸收激光光限幅材料研究进展

介绍了基于非线性吸收原理的新型光限幅材料及其研究进展。主要是反饱和吸收机制和双光子吸收机制的材料。     

Constitutive potentials for dilutely voided nonlinear materials

Constitutive relations are derived for an incompressible, isotropic power-law matrix material containing a dilute concentration of spherical voids. The derivation is made for a nonlinearly viscous material used to characterize steady creep. However, the theory applies equally well to small strain nonlinear elasticity (deformation theory), and an extension to a rate-independent flow theory is also discussed. The starting point and key element in the formulation is the potential function for an isolated spherical void in an infinite block of power-law material. Approximate, but accurate, representations for this potential function are given. The overall constitutive relation governing the behavior of the dilutely voided solid is obtained simply and directly using the void potential. An assessment of the range of validity of the dilute concentration results is obtained using numerical solutions to the problem of a spherical void centered in a sphere of finite radius made of the power-law material. The potential function is also given for a dilute concentration of aligned penny-shaped cracks in the same power-law material.     

A donor-nanotube paradigm for nonlinear optical materials

Studies of the nonlinear electronic response of donor/acceptor substituted nanotubes suggest a behavior that is both surprising and qualitatively distinct from that in conventional conjugated organic species. We find that the carbon nanotubes serve as both electronic bridges and acceptors, leading to a donor-nanotube paradigm for the effective design of large first hyperpolarizabilities. We also find that tuning the donor orientation, relative to the nanotube, can significantly enhance the first hyperpolarizability.     

纳米SiO_2对混凝土材料阻尼性能的改良研究

利用自主开发的三点弯曲梁阻尼测试装置对不同掺量纳米SiO2混凝土的阻尼性能进行了测试,通过X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜研究了不同掺量纳米SiO2对混凝土微观结构的影响,并对其阻尼增强机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明纳米SiO2掺量为4%时混凝土材料的损耗因子最大,为素混凝土的2.41倍,综合考虑成本、流动性、强度和阻尼等因素确定纳米SiO2的最优掺量为3%;纳米SiO2掺入混凝土中后,与之发生二次水化反应,使得混凝土中六方板状Ca（OH）2晶粒数量减少;纳米SiO2对于混凝土的阻尼增强机理在于纳米SiO2的掺入使得混凝土材料的内接触面数量增多,在外力作用下使应力不均匀分布增加,从而提高了材料摩擦阻尼耗能的能力。     

Determination of coefficient of thermal expansion for binary composite materials

The coefficient of thermal expansion is determined for two-phase materials on the basis of the percolation model.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 617–624, October, 1984.