2DPCA-ICA算法在人脸识别中的应用

传统独立元分析(Independent Component Analysis,ICA)用于人脸识别首先是将人脸图像矩阵转换成向量求白化矩阵,然后利用快速固定点算法求分离矩阵,获得人脸图像独立基子空间,从而实现人脸识别.二维主元分析(Two-dimensional Principle Component Analysis,2DPCA)无须将人脸图像矩阵转换成向量,直接利用二维人脸图像矩阵求协方差矩阵,其特征值与特征向量的计算得到简化.本文结合2DPCA与ICA算法的特点,提出2DPCA-ICA人脸识别算法.该方法通过2DPCA算法计算白化矩阵;接着利用ICA算法获得人脸图像的独立元;然后构造独立基子空间;最后依据测试样本在独立基子空间上的投影特征实现人脸识别.基于ORL与Yale人脸数据库的实验结果表明,2DPCA-ICA算法正确识别率与识别效率均高于PCA-ICA算法与2DPCA算法,是一种有效的人脸识别方法.     

视频监控系统中基于PCA算法的人脸识别

PCA算法提供了一个高维和低维间的线性变换矩阵,这个变换矩阵可以通过求取协方差矩阵的特征向量获得。特征值较大的特征向量反映人脸最大差异性;根据脸部固定结构特点构造人脸平均模板,利用模板匹配来检测图像中的人脸,计算待测图像与特征空间的距离进一步判别是否是数据库中人脸。实验表明,PCA算法在视频监控系统的人脸识别中可以很好地实现人脸特征提取和检测。     

基于子模式双向二维主成分分析的人脸识别

为了减轻人脸姿态、表情和光照条件等因素变化对识别率的影响,采用了一种子模式双向二维主成分分析(Sp-(2D)2PCA)的人脸识别新方法。该方法通过对原图像进行分块处理,能有效地抽取原图像的局部特征;同时,通过采用(2D)2PCA对分块得到的子图像矩阵直接进行特征抽取,避免了矩阵向量间的转化,能精确地计算协方差矩阵的特征向量,并能有效地降低特征维数。试验结果表明,在姿态、表情和光照条件变化的情况下,Sp-(2D)2PCA都具有较好的识别性能。     

基于子空间正交性的主瓣干扰抑制算法

针对基于特征投影预处理的主瓣干扰抑制算法中主瓣干扰对应的特征向量难以分辨的问题,提出一种基于子空间正交性的主瓣干扰抑制算法。该方法首先利用主瓣大致区域这一先验知识求出主瓣子空间;再将采样协方差矩阵进行特征分解,得到干扰对应的特征向量并逐一在主瓣子空间中进行正交性测试,筛选出主瓣干扰对应的特征向量;然后利用特征投影矩阵预处理抑制实际接收数据中的主瓣干扰成分;最后,通过协方差重构求解自适应权矢量去除旁瓣干扰。仿真实验结果表明,子空间正交性验证能够检测出多个主瓣干扰对应的特征向量,能够有效抑制多个主瓣干扰,避免了基于特征投影矩阵预处理和协方差矩阵重构的主瓣干扰抑制算法仅能抑制单个主瓣干扰的问题。     

基于加权KPCA和融合极限学习机的人脸识别

针对传统的核主成分分析(KPCA)人脸识别算法的投影变换矩阵未必是最佳鉴别矩阵的问题,提出一种加权核主成分分析(WKPCA)的人脸识别算法。高分辨率人脸图像包含图像的大部分纹理信息,而低分辨率人脸图像体现了图像的大量形状信息,两类图像经WKPCA提取的特征具有一定的互补性,根据此特性将提取的特征融合以实现分类识别。所提算法采用ELM神经网络作为分类器,在ORL人脸库和Yale人脸库上的实验验证了算法的有效性。     

改进的双向2DPCA的人脸识别方法

为了提高人脸识别的准确率,且考虑到训练样本的平均值不一定是训练样本分布中心,提出了改进的双向2DPCA人脸识别方法。首先,应用样本中间值代替样本的平均值来重建图像的总体散布矩阵,求解图像总体散布矩阵得到行列两个方向的最优投影向量,然后把人脸图像向这两个方向变换得到人脸识别特征矩阵,最后应用支持向量机进行分类识别。在ORL人脸库和Yale人脸库上对该算法进行实验研究,表明此方法在识别性能上优于普通的二维主成分分析和普通的双向二维主成分分析算法。     

彩色序列图像的人脸检测和识别系统

文中实现了彩色序列图像的人脸检测和识别的系统.所用到的关键性技术是肤色运动分析、主成分分析(PCA)和支撑向量机(SVM).首先根据彩色序列图像中人脸的色度特性、运动特性、几何特性和灰度分布特性完成人脸的检测工作;其次通过人脸模式之间的相关性进行主成分分析,提取并且选择特征,将所选择的特征训练SVM,最后用已经训练好的SVM完成对人脸的识别任务.系统算法结构遵循以下原则:先使用运算量少的简单方法尽可能减少搜索空间,然后在已经大大减少的空间中再用复杂方法处理,可以在保持高的检测和识别率的同时,提高系统响应速度.     

色度马氏距离图与灰度图特征自适应融合的彩色人脸识别

色彩提供了比灰度更为丰富的信息,鉴于彩色人脸图像所包含的鉴别信息远多于灰度人脸图像,将色度马氏距离图引入彩色人脸识别中.基于YCbCr颜色空间,分离彩色人脸图像的色度与亮度信息,构建出基于色度信息的马氏距离图,同时分离出基于亮度信息的灰度图.提出一种色度马氏距离图与灰度图特征自适应融合的人脸识别算法.分别构造出色度马氏距离图与灰度图的基于小波包结点能量的归一化特征向量,采用多种融合策略进行特征融合,并根据融合效果自适应地选取特征融合参数,构造出最佳的鉴别特征向量,实现色度与亮度特征的互补.使用基于方差相似度的分类器获得人脸识别结果.实验表明:该算法识别率高、鲁棒性好.     

基于K-L交叉熵的岭回归人脸识别

岭回归人脸识别利用正则单形的顶点对每类人脸进行多元标记,通过投影实现高维人脸特征的降维。该算法首先提取人脸图像的局部二进制（LBP）直方图特征向量,通过主成分分析（PCA）和岭回归对该特征向量进行两次降维。识别阶段利用K-L交叉熵计算标记向量和投影后特征向量的相似性,根据熵值最小原则完成对测试样本的类别判断。实验选取ORL和YALE两个标准人脸库对算法进行测试,结果表明,K-L交叉熵测度比传统的欧氏距离测度获得更高的识别率。     

一种新的二维特征抽取算法及应用

二维主成分分析方法是直接利用二维图像来构建方差矩阵的。为了充分利用样本类别信息,文章以类间散布矩阵特征向量作为投影方向进行特征抽取。首先用2DPCA先作一次横向压缩,对抽取出的特征矩阵再用2DPCA作一次纵向压缩。与传统二维主成分算法比较,极大压缩了特征的维数,加快了分类速度,提高了识别率。用ORL人脸数据库进行了实验验证,证明了本方法的可行性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.