Mn掺杂对La0.5Ca0.5MnxTi1-xO3介电行为的影响

利用传统的固相烧结方法,成功制备了La和ca,Mn和Ti相互替代的正交钙钛矿相La0.5Ca0.5MnxTi1-xO3(0≤x≤0.6)陶瓷。通过X射线衍射,阻抗分析仪对体系物相结构和介电性能进行了测试分析。结果表明：由于La,Ca和Mn,Ti的共存以及保持电中性的要求,该体系极易受从Mn^4 转变为Mn^3 的作用,在Mn含量不同时引入不同的空位缺陷,当Mn^3 含量与La^3 含量相当时体系中产生的缺陷相对最少,其介电常数最大,反之随两者含量偏差的增大而下降;La0.5Ca0.5MnxTi1-xO3分别在400～450℃和150～300℃之间出现2个介电峰。体系中La^3 和氧空位等产生的p型载流子和Mn离子变价引入的n型载流子在外电场下发生局域重排,产生了载流子极化,并在150～300℃范围被活化。同时由于这两种载流子对温度影响的响应不同,产生了与Mn离子的掺入相关的介电峰。在400～450℃范围,体系出现了相应为正交与立方结构转变的介电峰,也即Curie点。     

高压烧结纳米钛酸钡陶瓷的结构和铁电性

在压力为6GPa和温度为1000℃的条件下烧结得到了钛酸钡(BaTiO3)陶瓷,其晶体的平均尺寸约为30nm,相对密度大于96%.在-190～200℃,用Raman光谱确定晶体的结构,用介电转变峰表征晶体的铁电性.结果表明:随温度升高,在30nm BaTiO3陶瓷中,发生从三方相→正交相→四方相→三方相的连续相变;在室温,晶体的正交相和四方相共存.当频率为1kHz时,在120℃附近有1个宽的介电转变峰,介电常数为1920.铁电性分析表明:高压烧结得到的BaTiO3陶瓷的铁电性消失的临界尺寸小于30nm.     

退火处理对钛酸钡微弧氧化铁电薄膜物相的影响

以工业纯钛板作为阳极,在Ba(OH)2溶液中微弧氧化制得BaTiO3薄膜。研究了BaTiO3薄膜的表面形貌和物相组成,着重研究了退火处理对BaTiO3薄膜物相的影响。微弧氧化所得薄膜表面凹凸不平,且存在大量分布不均的孔洞,主要由六方相BaTiO3组成,经不同温度退火后,其物相组成发生很大变化。在1 100°C下退火1 h后,薄膜中开始出现四方相BaTiO3;随着热处理温度的升高和保温时间的延长,更多的BaTiO3由六方相向四方相转变。但高温退火过程中基体Ti与微弧氧化膜反应形成的氧化物层会影响薄膜的铁电性能。     

双钙钛矿Sr_2MnMoO_6陶瓷的制备及其结构与相变行为

采用固相法在5%H_2/95%Ar气氛中合成了Sr_2MnMoO_6双钙钛矿陶瓷,使用原位变温X射线衍射及结构精修方法研究了其常温晶体结构、高温晶体结构和相变行为。结果表明:Sr_2MnMoO_6在常温条件下的晶体结构为单斜相P2_1/n,随着温度的升高,在443 K左右相变为四方相I4/m,在753 K转变为立方相Fm3m。在立方相区域,随着温度的升高,由于B位反位缺陷导致Sr_2MnMoO_6晶胞体积逐渐变小,降低了双钙钛矿材料的B位有序度。     

核–壳结构BaTiO_3@Ag复合陶瓷的介电性能及阻抗谱

采用化学沉淀法还原制备了不同Ag含量[0%、1%、3%、5%(质量分数)]包覆的BaTiO_3纳米颗粒,通过烧结制备出BaTiO_3@Ag复合陶瓷。研究了复合陶瓷的相组成、微观形貌、介电性能以及阻抗谱。结果表明:Ag包覆后BaTiO_3颗粒呈"核–壳"结构,主相为单一钙钛矿相,烧结陶瓷晶粒细化均匀。随着Ag包覆量的增加,BaTiO_3@Ag复合陶瓷的峰值介电常数和损耗均降低,损耗最小为0.004 87。Curie峰弥散展宽,弥散因子γ从1.08提高到1.42。温度稳定性提高,介电常数温度稳定性系数TCP由0.194降低到0.004 8。另外,BaTiO_3@Ag复合陶瓷在200℃左右出现热激活介电弛豫现象,阻抗谱计算拟合所得电导激活能和弛豫激活能表明,此类弛豫现象由氧空位的双电离产生的导电电子与周围离子形成的缺陷偶极子短程跳跃所引起。     

纳米晶钛酸钡粉体的相结构

采用溶剂热法一步合成了3~5nm单分散纳米晶钛酸钡(BaTiO3)粉体,利用原位变温Raman光谱研究了纳米晶BaTiO3粉体的微区结构特性。结果表明:纳米晶BaTiO3相变区间弥散,呈现多相共存的结构特性;即使晶粒尺寸小到5nm,仍然具有与大晶粒BaTiO3陶瓷类似的行为,即随温度升高经历从三方相→正交相→四方相→立方相的连续相变。     

xPb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_3–(1–x)Pb(Zr_(0.48)Ti_(0.52))O_3压电陶瓷的准同型相界与介电性能

采用铌铁矿预产物合成法制备组成在准同型相界(morphotropic phase boundary,MPB)附近的xPb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-(1-x)Pb(Zr0.48Ti0.52)O3(PMN-PZT,x=0.125,0.15,0.175,0.2,0.225,0.25,摩尔分数)压电陶瓷。X射线衍射和Raman光谱分析表明:所有陶瓷样品的相组成均为纯钙钛矿相,未探测到其他杂相;随PMN含量的增加,PMN-PZT压电陶瓷的相结构从四方相逐渐向菱方相转变,该体系的MPB组成在x=0.2附近,而且其相结构为四方相与菱方相共存。陶瓷断口的扫描电镜观察表明:陶瓷的晶粒尺寸约1～3μm。陶瓷的介电温谱表明:x=0.2,陶瓷的Curie温度为308.8℃,峰值介电常数约为16380,室温压电常数为351pC/N;陶瓷的Curie温度随PMN含量增加线性下降。     

过渡金属掺杂BaTiO3的晶格结构和相变特性

采用溶胶一凝胶法制备纯净BaTiO3,将1．0mol％的Cr、Fe、Mn、Co掺杂BaTiO2和浓度分别为1．25mol％、1．5mol％、1．75mol％、2．0mol％的Fe掺杂BaTiO2前驱粉体,经热压烧结,并在1350℃下烧结成多晶陶瓷样品。对样品进行XRD和DSC表征的研究。分析了掺杂离子种类和浓度对样品的晶格四方性、相变温度（居里点）和相变潜热的影响。分析结果表明,掺杂BaTiO2的四方性、居里点和相变潜热低于纯净BaTiO。且随Cr、Fe、Mn、Co的掺杂顺序以及Fe掺杂浓度的增加而减少。过渡元素掺杂BaTiO2的居里点和相变潜热髓晶格四方性的降低逐渐减小。     

过渡金属掺杂BaTiO3的晶格结构和相变特性

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纯净BaTiO3,将1.0mol%的Cr、Fe、Mn、Co掺杂BaTiO3和浓度分别为1.25mol%、1.5mol%、1.75mol%、2.0mol%的Fe掺杂BaTiO3前驱粉体,经热压烧结,并在1350℃下烧结成多晶陶瓷样品。对样品进行XRD和DSC表征的研究。分析了掺杂离子种类和浓度对样品的晶格四方性、相变温度(居里点)和相变潜热的影响。分析结果表明,掺杂BaTiO3的四方性、居里点和相变潜热低于纯净BaTiO3且随Cr、Fe、Mn、Co的掺杂顺序以及Fe掺杂浓度的增加而减少。过渡元素掺杂BaTiO3的居里点和相变潜热随晶格四方性的降低逐渐减小。     

（1-x）NBT—xBaTiO3系陶瓷材料的制备和表征

对（1-x）NBT—xBaTiO3在x≤0．30范围内选取不同的X值,采用固相合成法制备样品。通过XRD和SEM等分析测试手段,分析了不同掺量的BaTiO3对材料微观结构和晶粒状况的影响,确定了材料的三方、四方准同型相界组成范围。结果表明,随着Ba^2＋取代量的增加,样品晶体结构逐渐由三方相向四方相转变,在x=0．06～0．10组成范围内存在三方、四方相共存的准同型相界;Ba^2＋的掺入抑制了晶粒的长大,使晶粒的尺寸变小。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。