1064nm导模共振滤光片的设计与分析

为了获得峰值波长为1 064 nm的反射型窄带滤光片,采用导模共振原理进行设计,并利用严格耦合波法对滤光片的光谱特性进行了理论分析。首先设计了峰值波长1 064 nm单层反射型导模共振滤光片,由于覆盖层和基底层的折射率不匹配,使得远离峰值波长处的反射率偏高,引入减反射层后,峰值波长两侧的反射率明显降低;其次分析了光栅层厚度、光栅周期对滤光片光谱性能的影响。结果表明设计的滤光片具有反射率高、带宽窄及旁带反射率低等优良的光学性能。     

窄带介质滤光片的填充密度效应

实验观察到,窄带介质滤光片的填充密度效应,不但表现于滤光片峰值波长向长波漂移,而且显著地表现于峰值透射率的增加。依据填充密度理论模型,提出了膜层吸水后减少散射光损失的观点,从而解释了峰值波长透射率的增加。并依据填充密度理论,计算了峰值波长漂移的数值,计算的结果与实验测得的结果基本相符。最后,作为窄带介质滤光片填充密度效应的应用之一,研究了窄带介质滤光片胶合中峰值波长移动的规律,给出了防止峰值波长移动的简便可行的方法。     

遗传算法在窄带滤光片膜系设计中的应用

研究了遗传算法在窄带滤光片膜系设计中的应用。介绍了遗传算法的运算原理、适应度函数和运行参数的涵义;建立了窄带滤光片的评价函数和适应度函数,并给出其遗传算法的程序设计方法;以带宽4nm、中心波长1.55μm的窄带滤光片为例进行了遗传算法的实际膜系设计。结果表明遗传算法适用窄带滤光片的膜系设计。     

应力对多层薄膜窄带滤光片透射特性的影响

利用薄膜应力公式和弹性力学的小挠度弯曲理论,分析了多层薄膜应变与薄膜厚度变化的关系,建立起基片曲率与薄膜厚度变化关系的理论模型,提出了多层薄膜各层厚度不均匀变化的关系式。膜厚均匀变化只影响中心波长的漂移,而这种膜厚不均匀变化不仅引起中心波长也引起光谱的退化。在基片由10mm厚减薄到1．0mm时,对100GHz的窄带滤光片的模拟结果为中心波长减小0．977nm;0．5dB带宽减小0．19nm。引入膜厚随机误差的模拟结果为中心波长减小1．066nm;纹波增加0．36dB;峰值插损增加0．32dB,光谱进一步退化了。说明了基片曲率变化引起的光学薄膜厚度变化的不均匀性是引起这种窄带干涉滤光片光谱退化的主要原因之一。     

新型体全息窄带滤光器的光学特性研究

用紫外/可见分光光度计测定由DCG记录的透射式体全息窄带带阻滤光器的光谱特性,分析其滤波特性。测量结果分析表明,滤光器有较窄的带宽,其半宽度小于13nm,1/10宽度小于19nm。在400-800nm可见光区域,对其主谱线的相对透过率小于2%,其它谱线的相对透过率大于85%。对半导体泵浦激光器主谱线532.0nm有优良的滤光特性。     

波长可调谐深紫外窄带光源模块的设计及验证

本文提出了一种中心波长连续可调的光源模块,实现了深紫外光源的窄带输出.设计的光源模块由氘灯、角度旋转台、滤光片旋转轮、不同中心波长的滤光片(220 nm,230 nm,240 nm,250 nm,260 nm,270 nm,280 nm)和光学透镜组成.基于多光束干涉理论,通过分析出射光的中心波长和入射角度之间的关系,...     

关于721型分光光度计波长误差的调整

我们在检定721型分光光度计时,常常遇到波长误差超差的情况,下面就此做一些探讨。1一般性波长误差的调整所谓一般性波长误差即在360nm~800nm范围内,高、中、低波长同时是正误差或负误差。经过光源及光斑调整的仪器,应进一步使用干涉滤光片进行校正。即将处于360~500nm、500~600nm、600~700nm、700~800nm波长区间的干涉滤光片,分别垂直置于样品室内的适当位置,并使入射光通过滤光片的有效孔径范围内,自短波长向长波长逐点测出滤光片的波长———透射比示值,求出相应的峰值波长iλ,iλ应与仪器单色器波长度盘示值相符或误差不超过JJG178-96…     

拉曼检测仪器用干涉滤光片综述

介绍了拉曼检测仪器用干涉滤光片（简称拉曼滤光片）的应用场景和功能，研究分析了其光谱指标对拉曼检测仪器性能和精度的影响，包括光谱透射率、光谱反射率、背景截止度、截止陡度等。为满足拉曼滤光片光学指标的精准光谱测试需求，推荐了分光光度计测试及相关测试参数的设置方法。此外，还介绍了采用溅射镀膜工艺制造高性能拉曼滤光片的方法及优势。最后，对拉曼滤光片的发展进行了总结和展望，为拉曼滤光片在科学研究和产业化应用中提供参考。     

几种用于生物样品的拉曼光谱承载基底的光谱分析及基底选择标准

为了比较和选取最适合的生物样品承载基底及承载基底选择标准,选取了载玻片、石英玻璃、氟化钙、氟化钡、聚丙烯培养皿和蓝宝石(三氧化二铝)等六种基底材料,研究了这些基底材料的拉曼光谱与散射光谱,以及处于上述几种基底材料上的癌细胞的拉曼光谱。研究结果表明拉曼生物样品承载基底的选择标准是同时满足1)拉曼信号微弱,2)发光信号微弱这两项要求。在上述六种材料中,氟化钡具有最低的背景干扰,最适合用作拉曼光谱生物样品的承载基底。     

基于钽酸锂晶体薄片的红外探测器设计及应用

通过减薄、键合、抛光等技术加工成厚度达到10μm左右的超薄晶片,然后通过蒸金、黑化等处理技术将其制备成红外敏感元件.根据红外光谱吸收原理,为提高分辨率和选择性吸收性能,在敏感元件前段集成了窄带滤光片.制备的敏感元件与选用的窄带滤光片,以及CMOS放大器与电阻和电容各一个都被封装和集成在一个TO-18型管壳内,最终被设计加工成为单一通道的红外探测器,其滤光片可根据要求的波带范围进行更换.利用两个吸收波长分别为(3 310±90)nm和(3 910±60)nm的单元探测器,设计并制作了一个微型气体传感器.该气体传感器能实现检测一些烃类气体,文中对乙烯气体进行了实验测试,并进行了实验数据分析.分析结果表明:这种气体传感器具备较好的检测气体浓度的能力,能检测的最大量程为30 000×10-6,达到分辨100×10-6的检测能力,且具有较好的重复性.     

Broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy characterization of polymer thin films

Broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) is demonstrated as an effective probe of polymer thin film materials. A simple modification to a 1 kHz broad bandwidth sum frequency generation (SFG) spectrometer permits acquisition of CARS spectra for polymer thin films less than 100 nm thick, a dimension relevant to organic electronic device applications. CARS spectra are compared to the conventional Raman spectra of polystyrene and the resonance-enhanced Raman spectra of poly(3-hexylthiophene). The CARS spectra obtained under these conditions consistently demonstrate enhanced signal-to-noise ratio compared to the spontaneous Raman scattering. The sensitivity of the CARS measurement is limited by the damage threshold of the samples. The dielectic properties of the substrate have a dramatic effect on the detected signal intensity. For ultrathin films, the strongest signals are obtained from fused silica surfaces. Similar to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), Au also gives a large signal, but contrary to SERS, no surface roughening is necessary.     

Raman-active modes of single-walled carbon nanotubes derived from the gas-phase decomposition of CO (HiPco process)

Here we report Raman scattering studies of ropes of Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) grown by a high CO pressure process. Five samples from five different batches were studied as a function of excitation wavelength. Three of these samples exhibited Raman spectra similar to that found for SWNTs made by pulsed laser vaporization of arc-discharge methods. The other two samples were found by Raman scattering to contain a significant fraction of tubes with diameter < 1.0 nm. These samples exhibited unusual spectra that, however, can be well understood within the existing models for the electronic and phononic states in SWNTs. Spectra recorded with 1064 nm for the sample having a significant fraction of smaller diameter tubes shows strong modes present between 500 and 1200 cm-1. We suggest these modes arise due to the enhancement of Raman cross-section for small diameter tubes.     

Silver-island films as substrates for enhanced Raman scattering: effect of deposition rate on intensity.

The relationship between surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) intensity and the rate of deposition during silver-island film preparation was examined, using zinc tetraphenylporphine (ZnTPP) as the adsorbate. The effect of the deposition rate on the optical properties of the films at specific wavelengths was also analyzed. The data show that the film extinction (the term extinction is used rather than absorption because the spectra have not been corrected for reflection or scattering losses) increases exponentially at 514 and 458 nm as the deposition rate is decreased. SERRS intensities also increase exponentially at these two excitation wavelengths with a decrease in the deposition rate. The optical density is linearly related to the SERRS intensity, and maximal enhancement is observed for films with the greatest extinction at these excitation wavelengths. In contrast, neither the extinction at 406 nm nor the SERRS scattering intensities resulting from excitation at this wavelength differ substantially. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) intensity and the electronic spectra of 4,4'-bipyridine (BP) adsorbed onto silver films as a function deposition rate were also examined. The behavior of the nonresonantly enhanced BP is comparable to that of the resonantly enhanced ZnTPP samples. The effects of the surface morphology, as determined from transmission electron micrographs of the films at various deposition rates, on the corresponding electronic spectra and SERS/SERRS spectra are described.     

Spectral structure of laser light scattering revisited: bandwidths of nonresonant scattering lidars

It is well known that scattering lidars, i.e., Mie, aerosol-wind, Rayleigh, high-spectral-resolution, molecular-wind, rotational Raman, and vibrational Raman lidars, are workhorses for probing atmospheric properties, including the backscatter ratio, aerosol extinction coefficient, temperature, pressure, density, and winds. The spectral structure of molecular scattering (strength and bandwidth) and its constituent spectra associated with Rayleigh and vibrational Raman scattering are reviewed. Revisiting the correct name by distinguishing Cabannes scattering from Rayleigh scattering, and sharpening the definition of each scattering component in the Rayleigh scattering spectrum, the review allows a systematic, logical, and useful comparison in strength and bandwidth between each scattering component and in receiver bandwidths (for both nighttime and daytime operation) between the various scattering lidars for atmospheric sensing.     

Normal and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of nitroazobenzene submonolayers and multilayers on carbon and silver surfaces

Raman and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra were obtained for nitroazobenzene (NAB) chemisorbed on smooth and rough silver, and they were compared to published spectra for NAB on sp(2) hybridized pyrolyzed photoresist film (PPF) surfaces. High signal-to-noise ratio Raman spectra were obtained for 4.5 nm thick NAB films on PPF and smooth Ag due to significant enhancement of the NAB scattering relative to that observed in solution. The UV-Vis spectra of chemisorbed NAB exhibited a significant shift toward longer wavelength, thus bringing the NAB absorption closer to the 514.5 nm laser wavelength. The red shift was larger for PPF than for smooth Ag, consistent with the approximately 5x stronger Raman signal obtained on PPF. Deposition of Ag onto quartz without a chromium adhesion layer produced a rough Ag surface that enhanced the Raman spectrum of chemisorbed NAB by a factor of approximately 1000, as expected for roughened Ag due to electromagnetic field enhancement. The strong Raman signal permitted observation of NAB at low coverage and revealed changes in the NAB spectrum as the film progressed from submonolayer to multilayer thicknesses. Finally, deposition of Ag onto PPF/NAB samples through a metal grid produced Ag squares on top of the NAB, which enhanced the Raman scattering of the NAB layer by a factor of approximately 100. Deposition of a final conducting film on the Ag squares should permit in situ observation of a wide range of molecules in operating molecular electronic junctions.     

Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of thin films

Conventional Raman measurements of dyes in the visible region exhibit resonant effects which enhance the Raman scattering cross-section of the chromophores by several orders of magnitude but make scattering from other parts of the molecules, such as the hydrocarbon chains, unobservable. Taking advantage of the benefits inherent to Fourier transform (FT) spectroscopy, Raman spectra can now be measured routinely with an FT IR spectrometer and a continuous wave Nd:YAG laser. By coupling the laser excitation into a thin film waveguide, we have recently observed FT Raman spectra of a thin film of polystyrene. The advantages of using integrated optics with FT Raman spectroscopy for Langmuir-Blodgett films of dye molecules are also discussed.     

Raman spectroscopy of n-type and p-type GaSb with multiple excitation wavelengths

The interpretation of Raman spectra of GaSb can be complicated by the presence of a so-called surface space-charge region (SSCR), resulting in an inhomogeneous near-surface Raman scattering environment. To fully interpret Raman spectra, it is important to have an understanding of the SSCR profile relative to the Raman probe depth. However, a priori determination of even the actual SSCR width is not always possible for GaSb under a wide range of doping levels. The primary objective of this report is to provide a convenient reference to aid in the determination of relative contributions to an observed GaSb Raman spectrum of SSCR scattering and bulk scattering for a range of excitation wavelengths, doping levels, and SSCR widths and types. Raman spectra of both n-type and p-type doped GaSb epilayers were obtained using 488 nm, 514.5 nm, 647.1 nm, and 752.55 nm excitation radiation. Both n-type and p-type doped GaSb epilayers were selected for investigation because these layers exhibit the two different SSCR types that are typically encountered with as-grown GaSb and related materials. A range of doping levels were examined for each doping type so as to examine the effects of a varying SSCR width on the observed spectra. A secondary objective of this report is to demonstrate the performance of a spectroscopic system based on 752.55 nm excitation that is sensitive to bulk carrier properties in n-type and p-type doped GaSb epilayers over a wide doping range, unlike visible-wavelength-based optical systems.     

Surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy of adsorbates on microemulsion synthesized gold nanoparticles

Very small (<10 nm) monodisperse gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated with a monolayer of decanethiol were prepared and their surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectra were measured in the transmission mode. The AuNPs were prepared by the borohydride reduction of HAuCl(4) inside reverse micelles that were made by adding water to a hexane solution of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT). The gold nanoparticles were then stabilized by the addition of decanethiol. Subsequent addition of p-nitrothiophenol both facilitated the removal of excess AOT and showed that the gold surface was completely covered by the decanethiol. SEIRA spectra of decanethiol on gold particles prepared in AOT microemulsions were about twelve times more intense than corresponding layers on gold produced by electroless deposition and gave a significantly less noisy spectrum compared to the corresponding surface-enhanced Raman spectrum. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of the same samples showed that the most intense spectrum was obtained from gold nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 2.5 nm. This result is in contrast to previous statements that SERS spectra could only be obtained from particles larger than 10 nm.     

Quantitative Raman spectroscopy of highly fluorescent samples using pseudosecond derivatives and multivariate analysis

Intense luminescence backgrounds cause significant problems in quantitative Raman spectroscopy, particularly in multivariate analysis where background suppression is essential. Taking second derivatives reduces the background, but differentiation increases the apparent noise that arises on spectra recorded with CCD detectors due to random, but fixed, variations in the pixel-to-pixel response. We have recently reported a very general method for correcting CCD fixed-pattern response in which spectra are taken at two or more slightly shifted spectrometer positions and are then subtracted to give a derivative-like shifted, subtracted Raman (SSR) spectrum. Here we show that differentiating SSR data (which has inherently higher S/N than the undifferenced data) yields spectra that are similar to those that are obtained from the normal two-step differentiation process and can be characterized as pseudo-second-derivative, PSD, spectra. The backgrounds are suppressed in the PSD spectra, which means they can be used directly in multivariate data analysis, but they have significantly higher S/N ratios than do simple second derivatives. To demonstrate the improvement brought about by using PSD spectra, we have analyzed known samples, consisting of simple binary mixtures of methanol and ethanol doped with laser dye. When the background levels of all samples included in the models were < or =10x greater than the intensity of the strongest Raman bands, partial least-squares calibration of the PSD data gave a standard error of prediction of 3.2%. Calibration using second derivatives gave a prediction error which was approximately twice as large, at 6.5%; however, when data with background levels . approximately 100x larger than the strongest Raman bands were included, the noise on the second-derivative spectra was so large as to prevent a meaningful calibration. Conversely, the PSD treatment of these samples gave a very satisfactory calibration with a standard error of prediction (3.3%) almost identical to that obtained when the most fluorescent samples were excluded. This method clearly has great potential for general purpose Raman analytical chemistry, because it does not depend on specialized equipment, is computationally undemanding, and gives stable and robust calibrations, even for samples in which the luminescence background level fluctuates between the extremes of being practically zero and completely dominating the Raman signal.