不同种类淀粉在微波辐射下性质的差异性研究

采用马铃薯淀粉、玉米淀粉、绿豆淀粉3种不同类型的淀粉,研究其在微波物理辐射下产生的差异性性质,并分析结果产生的原因。试验结果表明,3种淀粉所含直链淀粉量不同,含量由高到低顺序是绿豆淀粉玉米淀粉马铃薯淀粉。3种淀粉糊化后的凝胶水分含量和凝胶强度不同,水分含量由高到低顺序是马铃薯淀粉玉米淀粉绿豆淀粉,凝胶强度由高到低顺序是绿豆淀粉玉米淀粉马铃薯淀粉,且绿豆淀粉的回生度最高。与普通加热相比,微波加热糊化的淀粉凝胶水分含量稍高,并且在相同的储存时间下回生度较小。通过试验结果可知,微波加热下3种淀粉糊化性质及回生性质的差异性与其直链淀粉的含量不同和凝胶水分含量不同有关系。     

栓皮栎橡子淀粉的加工特性研究

本文以市售马铃薯、红薯、绿豆、玉米淀粉为对照,采用电子显微镜、粘度分析仪、质构仪研究了秦巴山区栓皮栎橡子淀粉的颗粒形貌、直支链淀粉含量、糊化特性、冻融稳定性、凝胶特性。结果表明:栓皮栎橡子淀粉颗粒呈肾形、三角形、卵圆形、球形等,平均粒径9.4μm,均小于对照淀粉颗粒;栓皮栎橡子淀粉糊化温度71.23℃,糊化粘度值大于玉米而小于马铃薯、绿豆和红薯淀粉,热糊稳定性优于红薯、绿豆、马铃薯而劣于玉米淀粉,回生速度快于马铃薯、玉米、红薯而慢于绿豆淀粉,冻融稳定性优于马铃薯淀粉而劣于绿豆、玉米、红薯淀粉;在同浓度下,栓皮栎橡子淀粉凝胶的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性小于绿豆淀粉而大于玉米、马铃薯、红薯淀粉,其凝胶弹性大于马铃薯淀粉凝胶,而与玉米和绿豆淀粉凝胶相当,小于红薯淀粉凝胶,粘聚性和恢复性均大于对照淀粉凝胶,宜作为面条、粉条、粉皮、凉粉和等凝胶类食品的辅助品质改良材料以及作为稳定剂应用于糖果和烘焙工业当中,不宜用于冷冻食品。     

芡实淀粉理化性质的研究

淀粉是芡实中含量最高的组分,其结构和性质对芡实的加工和应用至关重要。研究了芡实淀粉的表面结构,冻融稳定性,溶解度,膨胀度,透明度,直链淀粉和支链淀粉的含量,以及淀粉糊特征曲线等理化性质并与马铃薯和玉米淀粉进行比较。结果表明,与马铃薯和玉米淀粉相比,芡实淀粉的溶解度,膨胀度,透明度以及峰值粘度的值较低,糊化温度的值和直链淀粉的含量较高,冻融稳定性与玉米淀粉相近。     

不同品种绿豆淀粉的功能特性比较研究

以9个品种绿豆淀粉为研究对象,研究了绿豆淀粉的化学组成及糊化特性、溶解度、膨胀度和冻融稳定性等功能特性,并分析了直链淀粉含量与功能特性的相关性。结果表明,不同品种绿豆淀粉直链淀粉含量不同,其分布范围为33.10%~44.08%;不同品种淀粉糊化特性参数间有明显差异;潍绿4号和中绿1号绿豆淀粉峰值粘度显著高于其他品种(p0.05),安绿8号具有最低破损值(p0.05),毛绿豆和安绿092具有较低的回生值。绿豆淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度与温度有关,均随温度的增加而增大。不同品种绿豆淀粉糊经一次冻融后析水率均较高,随冻融循环次数的增加,析水率均逐渐增大。相关性分析表明,直链淀粉含量与淀粉糊的最终粘度和回生值之间存在显著正相关(r=0.674,r=0.725;p0.05),与膨胀度之间具有极显著负相关关系(r=-0.805,p0.01)。     

紫茉莉籽淀粉的物化特性研究

以紫茉莉籽为原料提取淀粉,研究其物化特性,并与玉米、马铃薯、绿豆等淀粉进行比较,为紫茉莉籽的应用提供一定的依据。采用物理化学方法、以流变仪、质构仪等研究了紫茉莉籽淀粉的直链淀粉含量、糊透明度、溶解率、膨胀势、冻融稳定性、糊化特性、流变特性和质构特性。结果表明:紫茉莉籽淀粉的直链淀粉含量为23.6%,与玉米淀粉相当(23.7%),显著低于马铃薯淀粉(28.5%)和绿豆淀粉(37.1%);紫茉莉籽淀粉糊透明度、溶解率和膨胀势分别为0.6%、2.3%和9.1%,均小于其他三种淀粉,且其冻融稳定性最差。紫茉莉籽淀粉的糊化温度最大,为73.8℃;显著高于马铃薯淀粉和绿豆淀粉;紫茉莉籽淀粉两浓度下(6%和8%)的峰值黏度、保持黏度、最终黏度、降落值和回生值均小于其他三种淀粉,且降落值较小(0.01Pa·s),回生值/峰值黏度较大;紫茉莉籽淀粉流变指数为0.724和0.738,属于假塑性流体,且呈现剪切稀化现象。紫茉莉籽淀粉的凝胶强度略大于马铃薯淀粉;但其硬度、弹性、黏聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性和回复性均小于其他三种淀粉。结论:紫茉莉籽淀粉颗粒不易吸水膨胀,糊化后透明度小,冻融稳定性差,黏度低,且不易形成凝胶。     

10种淀粉的理化特性研究

通过对10种植物淀粉糊透明度、凝沉性、冻融性、流变性的理化特性研究,结果表明:薯类淀粉相对于其他类的淀粉糊具有更高的透明性、较低的凝沉比和黏度。加糖加盐对不同淀粉糊有不同的凝沉作用。相对于其他淀粉,玉米、糯米、高粱和小麦淀粉的析水率较低,有较好的冻融性。高粱淀粉、绿豆淀粉,马铃薯淀粉、藕粉淀粉、木薯淀粉黏度均随着剪切速率的增加而明显剪切稀化,呈典型的假塑性流体特性和具有触变性。高粱淀粉、绿豆淀粉有较高的黏性。高粱、小麦、糯米淀粉糊不耐酸性,而红薯、马铃薯、绿豆、藕粉、木薯淀粉糊相对来说比较耐酸性。所有类型的淀粉糊随着pH增加黏度有渐增趋势。     

菱角淀粉与绿豆淀粉的糊化及老化性质共性与区别

通过快速黏度测定仪、差示扫描量热仪等仪器,对菱角淀粉和绿豆淀粉的糊化以及老化性质进行一系列的研究比较并分析其对粉丝品质的影响;主要通过测定淀粉直链淀粉含量、溶解度和膨润力、淀粉糊黏度性质、存放过程中的淀粉糊浊度和凝沉性变化以及热力学特性,综合分析得知,菱角淀粉直链淀粉含量以及回生能力大于绿豆淀粉,菱角淀粉糊的冷热稳定性较差,糊的黏度远小于绿豆淀粉。     

西米淀粉结构及消化特性

以马铃薯淀粉和红薯淀粉作为参照,用Englyst法测定西米淀粉的消化特性,并研究其成糊特性、直链淀粉含量、分子链长分布以及脂肪含量与消化特性的关系。结果表明：与马铃薯淀粉和红薯淀粉相比,西米淀粉具有较高含量的快消化淀粉（90.32%）和较低的抗消化淀粉含量（3.27%）。西米淀粉样品较低的脂肪含量（0.11%）、较高的短链含量（聚合度10～30,83.57%）、较低的长链含量（聚合度＞55,0.80%）,较高的直链淀粉含量（29.3%）和较低的终值黏度（1 096.67 mPa·s）。对消化特性起主要影响作用的因素有链长分布、直链淀粉含量和脂肪含量。     

甘肃主要杂豆淀粉理化特性分析

以甘肃产三角豌豆、白豌豆、小白芸豆、麻豌豆为材料,采用湿磨法提取淀粉,以玉米、马铃薯及绿豆淀粉为对照,对杂豆淀粉的理化特性进行分析。结果表明：参试杂豆淀粉颗粒多呈卵圆形,偏光十字较明显,多呈“X”形和斜十字形,部分淀粉颗粒呈现明显多脐点现象,平均粒径为21～29μm,其中三角豌豆淀粉的粒径最大而麻豌豆淀粉颗粒最小;淀粉颗粒的结晶类型与绿豆淀粉相同,为C型。其直链淀粉含量远高于玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉,且麻豌豆＞小白芸豆＞白豌豆＞三角豌豆淀粉。杂豆淀粉属限制型膨胀淀粉,起糊温度为72.6～78.8℃,且具有较好的热糊和冷糊稳定性,淀粉糊的透明度较高,但凝沉速度均极快,冻融稳定性也都较差。4种杂豆淀粉的理化特性与绿豆淀粉相近,可耐受高温处理,但不宜用于冷冻类食品的生产。     

淀粉对油炸挂糊猪肉片品质的影响

研究了小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、红薯淀粉和绿豆淀粉等5种淀粉对面糊的黏度和挂糊率的影响,同时探讨了它们对油炸挂糊猪肉片的表观色度、水分含量、吸油量、肉的嫩度及感官品质的影响.结果表明,含马铃薯淀粉的糊黏度最大(8.7Pa·s),挂糊率最高(57％);含小麦淀粉的糊黏度最小(仅为7.5Pa·s),挂糊率最低(42％).经油炸后,含马铃薯淀粉的制品外壳水分含量最高(31.02％),吸油率最低(16.03％),肉的嫩度最好(剪切力为13.84N),产品感官评分最高(88.89分);含玉米淀粉的制品的外壳水分含量最小(仅为24.82％);含红薯淀粉的制品外壳吸油率最大(20.32％),其感官评分最低(58.88分);含绿豆淀粉的产品色度b*值最高,为10.99.综合考虑,马铃薯淀粉最适于油炸猪肉片的加工.     

Physicochemical Properties of Starches Obtained from Three Varieties of Chinese Sweet Potatoes

ABSTRACT: Starches isolated from 3 typical types of Chinese sweet potato varieties (XuShu18, SuShu2, and SuShu8) were characterized and compared with starches isolated from potato and mung bean. The 3 sweet potato starches differed in granule size; particle size distribution; protein, lipid, and phosphorus contents; pasting behaviors; swelling patterns; and syneresis. The retrogradation tendencies, measured both by setback ratio and by syneresis, differed for the 3 starches, although the amylose contents were quite similar (19.3 to 20.0%). Physicochemical properties of all 3 types of starches are evidently different from each other and from those of potato and mung bean starches. Keywords: sweet potato, starch, gelatinization, retrogradation, swelling, syneresis     

Thermal and Rheological Properties of Mung Bean Starch Blends with Potato,Sweet Potato,Rice, and Sorghum Starches

Blending diverse starches is green and easy to diversify starch functionalities and to lower the cost of food production. Mung bean starch is commonly used to make starch noodles with good quality. Other starches may replace the mung bean starch to reduce the production cost. Four common starches (potato, sweet potato, rice, and sorghum) were added to mung bean starch with the mixing ratio up to 100 %. The gelling, thermal, pasting, steady shear, and dynamic rheological properties of these starch systems were studied and compared. One thermal endotherm was found in all starch blends, but individual components still tended to gelatinize separately based on calculations of melting enthalpy data. However, nonlinear changes in rheological and gelling properties were mostly found, and the data can be fitted by polynomial equations (order 2), indicating the existence of interactions among components during these tests. Granule size and amylose content of starch played important roles in the nonadditive behaviors.     

Starch Noodle Quality as Related to Potato Genotypes

Starch noodles were prepared using potato starch from 8 genotypes, mung bean starch, mung bean-potato starch blends, and sweet potato starch. The cooking quality of noodles from selected potato starches compared well with commercial starch noodles. Of the unblended potato starches, Mainechip exhibited cooking quality similar to commercial starch noodles with respect to cooking loss, cooked weight, and ?rmness. Appearance and texture of starch noodles from three genotypes (E55-35, Mainechip, and Shasta) were evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Noodles made from unblended potato starches had higher glossiness and transparency than those from other starches. Noodles from both un-blended and blended Mainechip starch had the highest press and elasticity.     

葛根与几种植物的淀粉特性检测

在原有检测基础上对葛根、马铃薯、玉米、甘薯、糯米、籼米、白莲、高梁米、红腰豆、绿豆、燕麦及小米12 种植物淀粉进行更深入的特性实验,旨在快速检定葛根淀粉及其他淀粉。结果显示：葛根淀粉黏度、透光率、冻融稳定性、膨润力与溶解度等特性和其他植物淀粉有较大的差别,籍此可较快地鉴定葛根淀粉。     

Effects of sodium dodecyl sulphate and sonication treatment on physicochemical properties of starch

Effects of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sonication treatment on physicochemical properties of starch were studied on four types of starch, namely, corn, potato, mung bean, and sago. The SDS and sonication treatments caused a significant reduction of protein content for all the starches. The SDS treatment did not cause apparent damage on granular structure but sonication appeared to induce changes such as rough surface and fine fissures on starch granules. The combination of SDS and sonication increased amylose content for all starches. This could be attributed to the removal of surface protein by SDS and structural weakening by sonication which facilitated amylose leaching from swollen starch granule. The X-ray pattern for all starches remained unchanged after SDS treatment, suggesting no complexation of amylose–SDS had occurred. Combined SDS-sonication treatment increased swelling and solubility of corn, mung bean, and potato starch. The treated starches showed significant increase in peak viscosity with reduction in pasting temperature, except for potato starch. Results of the present study indicate the possibilities of exploring SDS and sonication treatments for starch modifications.     

Physicochemical, pasting and thermal properties of tuber starches as modified by guar gum and locust bean gum

This study was carried out in order to compare the functional characteristics of isolated starch from five tuber crops, yam, taro, sweet potato, yam bean and potato, as well as effect of guar gum (GG) and locust bean gum (LBG) on pasting and thermal properties of tuber starches. The results showed that total amylose content of five tested starches ranged from 17.85% to 30.36%. The results of pasting behaviour showed that potato starches exhibited the highest peak viscosity and yam starch presented a stable curve with little breakdown viscosity. Addition of GG and LBG resulted in a significant increase in peak, final viscosity, breakdown and setback viscosity for all tuber starches ( P  < 0.05), but a slight decrease in pasting temperature. The gelatinisation enthalpy (Δ H ) for starches with GG and LBG was slightly lower than those of the starches alone in yam and sweet potato, but not in taro and yam bean.     

Morphological,thermal and rheological properties of starches separated from rice cultivars grown in India

Morphological, thermal and rheological properties of starches separated from five rice cultivars (PR-106, PR-114, IR-8, PR-103 and PR-113), varying in amylose content, were studied. Amylose contents of starches separated from PR-103, IR-8, PR-106, PR-114 and PR-113 were 7.83, 15.62, 16.05, 16.13 and 18.86%, respectively. The granular size, measured using a Scanning Electron Microscope, varied from 2.4 to 5.4 μm in all rice starches. PR-103 starch, with lowest average granular size, amylose content and solubility, had the highest swelling power, while PR-113 starch, with the highest average granular size and amylose content had the lowest swelling power. PR-103 starch showed highest transition temperatures, enthalpies of gelatinization, peak height index, range and enthalpies of retrogradation. The retrogradation (%) was observed to be highest in PR-113 starch and lowest in PR-103 starch. The changes in rheological parameters of rice starches during heating were measured using a Dynamic rheometer. PR-113 rice starch showed the highest G′, G″ and breakdown in G′ values, whereas PR-103 starch showed the lowest values for these parameters. Turbidity value of gelatinized pastes from all rice starches progressively increased up to the 3rd day during refrigerated storage, PR-103 starch paste showed the lowest turbidity value and PR-113 starch showed the highest value. The syneresis (%) of starch pastes, from different rice cultivars during storage at 4 °C, was also measured. The syneresis of starch pastes from all rice cultivars, except PR-103, increased with storage. PR-103 starch paste showed negligible syneresis during storage.     

淀粉凝胶储藏过程中消化特性和质构特性的变化

采用酶解法和全质构分析分别测定了红薯、绿豆和马铃薯淀粉凝胶在储藏过程中的消化特性和质构特性,并对消化特性与质构特性指标之间进行简单相关和逐步回归分析。结果表明:在25℃储藏10 d内,绿豆淀粉凝胶的老化性能强于红薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉。淀粉凝胶的消化率降低,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量增加,快消化淀粉含量降低;淀粉凝胶的硬度随储藏时间的延长逐渐增加,回复值则逐渐减小。快消化淀粉含量、硬度和回复值可作为淀粉凝胶类食品的老化评价指标。     

凉粉草胶与不同淀粉混合体系糊化和质构性质的研究

凉粉草胶(MBG)与淀粉作用可以形成凝胶。为比较不同淀粉与MBG混合体系糊化和凝胶性质的差异,选取玉米等八种常见淀粉,利用Brabender糊化仪、质构仪、对MBG与不同淀粉混合体系的糊化和质构性质进行了研究。结果发现,MBG对谷类淀粉(大米、小麦、玉米)和豆类淀粉(绿豆、豌豆)的糊化性质的影响都比较显著,对薯类淀粉(木薯、马铃薯、甘薯)的不显著,但MBG与薯类淀粉混合体系的黏度远高于MBG与豆类和谷类淀粉的;MBG与大米淀粉形成的凝胶硬度最大,与马铃薯淀粉形成的凝胶硬度次之,与豌豆淀粉形成的凝胶硬度最小。淀粉与MBG之间相互作用的强弱可以从Brabender糊化曲线上的特征点值E-D来比较。     

TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF STARCH GELS FILLED WITH COLLAGEN AND CHITIN

Chitin and collagen powders were added as fillers to various starches (potato, sweet potato, kudzu, corn, wheat, and mung bean), heated at 100C for 10 min with stirring to make a hot paste and allowed to gel quiescently at 5C for 2 h in order to investigate the effects of the filler particle on the texture of the gels. The parameters of hardness, cohesiveness and adhesiveness were determined instrumentally and compared. The filler particles of collagen and chitin were effective in increasing hardness of corn starch gels but had no effects on hardness of the potato, sweet potato, kudzu, wheat and mung bean starch gels except at the lower starch concentrations. Cohesiveness was increased slightly in all starch gels by addition of collagen whereas chitin addition only increased the cohesiveness of sweet potato and mung bean starch gels. Collagen and chitin addition increased adhesiveness all of starch gels, but the intensity of the effect was most remarkable for collagen. The observed differences in effects was apparently due to differences in the interactions between starches and filler particles arising from differences in the surface properties of the filler particles.