The unique relationship between swell percent and swell pressure of compacted clays

Expansive soils exhibit high volumetric deformations, posing a serious threat to the stability of structures and foundations. However, measurement of swelling properties is time consuming and requires special and expensive equipment. This study made an attempt to investigate the relationship between these parameters and easily obtained soil properties using various clay mineral mixtures to obtain soils in a wide range of plasticity indices. Free swell percent was correlated to clay percent, water content, dry unit weight, plasticity index, liquidity index and cation exchange capacity using multiple regression analyses. A very high (R = 0.94) fit was also found for a proposed relationship between the percent swell and swell pressure values for samples having a swell pressure ≤300 kPa. It is concluded that the proposed equations offer a rapid and inexpensive substitute for laboratory testing of swell percent/swell pressure in the preliminary stages of site investigations.     

非饱和重塑土的干燥收缩试验研究

基质吸力和净平均应力的增大均可引起土体的压缩变形。针对砂土、粉土、黏土和软土4种不同类型土体,结合试样收缩曲线和土水特征曲线分析了土体干燥过程中基质吸力和孔隙比的关系。试验结果表明:土体干燥收缩过程中随着基质吸力的增大试样不断发生收缩,当基质吸力增大到某特定值时,基质吸力的增大对试样收缩变形无明显影响,称此基质吸力为缩限吸力。屈服吸力s0和缩限吸力ss将试样收缩过程分为弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段和缩限阶段3个阶段。并且不同类型土体的缩限吸力不相同,缩限吸力值与土体的塑性指数密切相关。在干燥收缩过程中,当试样的饱和度减小到90%时试样完成了绝大部分收缩,当试验饱和度达到70%时土样的孔隙比基本保持不变。     

苏丹膨胀土的工程性质与处理方法

以苏丹Munga地区某输电线路岩土工程勘察项目为背景,分析了该区膨胀土的工程性质,并针对该区膨胀土的胀缩性能提出了膨胀土危害的防灾思路,建立了该区膨胀土塑性指数与液限的相关方程,对膨胀力与初始含水量的相关性进行了分析,研究成果对该地区工程建设地基基础设计及我国膨胀土的研究具有一定参考价值。     

南阳中膨胀土水泥改性的室内试验研究

取南水北调中线工程南阳段自由膨胀率77%的中膨胀土,开展了一系列不同水泥掺灰率和不同龄期下,压实度为98%试样的物理力学特性试验。通过对素膨胀土与改性膨胀土的胀缩性、界限含水率、级配及无侧限抗压强度的对比,揭示了掺灰率及养护龄期对膨胀土改性效果的影响。试验结果表明:(1)随掺灰率的增加,改性膨胀土的胀缩性指标及反映黏土亲水性的液限和塑性指数均降低、胶粒含量减小、级配曲线随趋于平缓、无侧限抗压强度和弹性模量增加;合理的掺灰率应取6%;(2)随养护龄期的增加,胀缩性指标、液限、塑性指数、胶粒含量减小,无侧限抗压强度和弹性模量则增大。     

黏性土几种比表面积测试方法的比较

比表面积是黏性土重要的物理化学指标,选择合适的测试方法是正确获得这一参数的前提。采用亚甲基蓝(Methylene Blue)吸附法、乙二醇乙醚(Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether)吸附法、甘油(Glycerin)吸附法以及风干含水率经验公式对5种黏土的比表面积进行试验测定及估算,试验结果表明:对于不含蒙脱石的土样,各种方法测试结果较为一致,偏差较小;但对于含蒙脱石的土样,EGME法的试验结果比其他方法偏小较多。通过X衍射对各种吸附液饱和后的蒙脱石土样进行试验后发现,风干状态下蒙脱石的晶层间距d_(001)=15.6?,而经EGME法、甘油法、MB法饱和后d_(001)分别变为15.9?,17.5?,19.0?,蒙脱石的晶层在甘油及MB饱和后扩展明显,便于吸附分子进入晶层内表面,因此分子覆盖效果更好。统计分析表明,土的比表面积反映了土中各亲水性黏土矿物组分及相对比例的综合影响,因此比表面积与液限、塑性指数及活性等物性指标具有相关性,可用幂函数形式来拟合,而黏粒含量不能反映黏土矿物类型对比表面积的影响,因此当统计试样的黏粒中同时含有膨胀性和非膨胀性矿物时,比表面积与黏粒含量相关性较差。     

Cohesion of unsaturated residual soils as a function of volumetric water content

Soil cohesion changes with the moisture state of a soil. This paper presents an empirical equation to predict the cohesive component in the shear strength of unsaturated residual soils as an exponential function of volumetric water content. The formulation originated from a multiple linear-regression analysis for data sets obtained from shear tests using undisturbed soils with varying moisture contents. The empirical equations can realistically predict the reduction in soil cohesion due to wetting (R ²=0.88, 0.93). The methodology described in this paper provides a convenient alternative to the quantitative estimation of unsaturated shear strength, especially in an engineering practice such as a slope stability analysis as no matrix suction data are required.      

时域反射法测量膨胀土含水量试验研究

 通过对探管式TDR仪现场测量膨胀土含水量误差来源的分析,认为膨胀土的黏性以及土体收缩时产生的土与管壁之间的间隙是主要影响因素。在此基础上设计了3种类型的室内试验进行定量分析。试验结果表明：由于膨胀土的黏性大,土中结合水含量高、介电常数小,因此TDR仪测得的体积含水量q 比烘干法得到的qw低,但两者之间具有良好的对应关系,可通过线性拟合获得满意的标定效果;由土体收缩产生的间隙分为环管壁间隙和径向间隙两种,环管壁间隙对含水量测量影响较大,只要存在1 mm的间隙,可导致低估40%的体积含水量,且误差随含水量的增加而增大,而径向间隙对测量结果影响较小,在试验尺寸范围内,最大误差不超过5%,产生这种结果的原因是TDR探头测量敏感度随测量距离增大而迅速衰减。最后通过现场实测数据对试验结果进行验证并提出改进措施。     

两种高液限黏土的热导率

通过对膨胀土、红黏土两种高液限黏性土进行热导率试验,结合砂土、粉质黏土等普通土进行对比分析后,选择经验公式法、边界法及理论模型法模拟其体积含水率-热导率的变化规律。研究发现:高液限黏土同普通土有很大的差异,反应含水率-热导率关系的θ_w-k曲线增长速率比普通土慢,模型拟合表明高液限黏土实测的θ_w-k曲线位于Wiener边界以内,由于土水作用较强,Kersten公式和Johansen模型的预测效果均不理想;EMT模型在低于某个临界含水率时的预测值与试验值偏差小,但超过临界含水率时,预测值就偏高;DEM 模型的预测结果整体有较大的偏低。在此基础上,通过对Johansen模型中饱和度相关函数的分析,发现饱和度相关函数采用线性函数时比原模型的对数函数具有更高的精度。     

膨胀土胀缩等级分类中的距离判别分析法

膨胀土胀缩等级的分类是治理膨胀土工作中的首要问题。本文将距离判别分析方法应用于膨胀土胀缩等级的分类问题中,建立了膨胀土胀缩等级分类的距离判别分析模型,选用黏粒含量、粉粒含量、液限、塑限和塑性指数5项指标作为距离判别分析模型的判别因子,以膨胀土实测数据作为学习样本进行训练,建立相应线性判别函数对待判样本进行分类。研究结果表明:距离判别分析模型分类性能良好,预测精度高,交叉确认估计的误判率很低,是膨胀土胀缩等级分类的一种有效方法,可以在实际工程中进行推广。     

改良膨胀土的干湿循环特性试验研究

干湿循环作用对改良膨胀土的工程性质存在重要的影响,而目前这方面的研究成果很少。以掺石灰和粉煤灰改良的典型合肥膨胀土为研究对象,通过系统的室内试验,研究在干湿循环作用下,改良膨胀土的膨胀性、界限含水量、颗粒分布以及无侧限抗压强度等方面的变化规律,深入探讨干湿循环作用对改良膨胀土工程性质的影响。结果表明,改良膨胀土的膨胀量、液限、塑性指数、黏粒含量随干湿循环次数的增加而增大,而塑限、粉粒含量以及无侧限抗压强度则随干湿循环次数的增加而减小。     

黏土矿物及粉粒对昔格达组粉质黏土可塑性的影响

结合西昌钒钛钢铁新基地所揭露的昔格达组粉质黏土的矿物组成及颗粒级配,通过验证性试验及前人研究成果,对黏土矿物及土体的颗粒级配对昔格达组粉质黏土塑性指数的影响进行分析。结果表明:黏土矿物及高粉粒含量是影响昔格达组粉质黏土可塑性的主要因素,高粉粒含量对昔格达组粉质黏土可塑性的影响比粉质黏土中黏土矿物种类及含量对其可塑性的影响大。但粉粒含量对黏性土体的塑性指数的贡献值具有一定范围,一般介于6～10。     

Laboratory evaluation of the behavior of a geotextile reinforced clay

To evaluate the behavior of cohesive soil reinforced with a geotextile, 144 unconfined and 72 unconsolidated–undrained (UU) triaxial compression tests were conducted. The moisture content of soil during remolding, relative compaction, soil type, confining pressure, type and number of geotextile layers were all varied so that the behavior of the sample could be examined. The results provide evidence that as the moisture content increases, the peak strength of both the reinforced and unreinforced samples decreases and the axial strain at failure increases. Moreover, with increasing relative compaction the peak strength of the sample and axial strain at failure increases, whereas the peak strength ratio decreases. The peak strength ratio is the ratio of the peak strength of the reinforced samples to that of the unreinforced samples. For soils with low plasticity indices the main cause of the increase in the strength is the increase in the cohesion of the reinforced sample. However, in soils of higher plasticity index, as the number of geotextile layers increases, the internal friction angle of the reinforced samples increases.     

宽级配砾质土防渗性能研究

宽级配砾质土是一种性能良好的防渗料,然而土体的细粒含量、细粒物理特性、击实功以及颗粒级配等多种因素均对其渗透系数有很大的影响。针对以上因素对宽级配土的渗透系数影响因素展开试验研究。采用不同细粒含量、不同种类细粒部分以及不同级配的宽级配砾质土进行室内变水头渗透试验,探究这些因素对渗透系数的影响规律。试验结果表明:宽级配砾质土的渗透系数随着细粒含量的升高先迅速降低后趋于平稳;随着细粒料液限和塑性指数的增加,宽级配砾质土的渗透系数逐渐降低;以粉质黏土和黏土为细粒料的宽级配砾质土的渗透系数均随击实功的增加呈指数函数形式下降;粗粒料级配连续性越好,宽级配砾质土渗透系数越低。根据大坝心墙渗透系数小于1×10~(-5) cm/s的防渗要求,提出了以界限含水率和细粒料百分比为控制指标的宽级配土防渗料的控制标准。     

酸碱污染重塑粉质黏土的塑性及其与力学特性的关系

酸碱溶液会显著改变黏性土的力学特性因而在污染土的研究中备受关注。通过室内试验,详细研究了硫酸、盐酸和氢氧化钠污染重塑粉质黏土的现象、孔隙水离子成分以及土的塑性、压缩性和强度的变化规律。从孔隙溶液的pH值、离子交换以及土的结构三方面解释了硫酸和氢氧化钠污染土塑性增大、盐酸污染土塑性减小的机理。给出了这3种污染土的力学特性与塑性指标之间的关系,并与一些用于非污染重塑土的经验公式进行了对比。发现这3种酸碱污染土均表现出一定的结构性,尽管结构性形成的机理并不相同,但均导致压缩性增大,适用于非污染重塑土的经验公式会低估这类污染土的压缩性。研究发现这种低浓度的污染土的结构性不足以改变不排水抗剪强度cu与液性指数IL之间的关系,因而其强度可以大致通过未污染土的cu–IL关系来预测。     

pH值对桂林红黏土界限含水率的影响及其机理分析

液塑限是影响黏土抗渗透、抗冲切、抗冲刷、抗侵蚀、抗剪切的重要因素之一。为研究红黏土的界限含水率的影响因素及其作用机理,对不同pH值溶液作用下红黏土的液塑限进行测试。试验结果表明,酸性溶液中,随着pH值的减小,红黏土塑限降低,液限与塑性指数则先降低后增大;碱性溶液中,随pH值的增大,塑限、液限均表现为先减小后增大,塑性指数表现为折线变化。经分析表明,传统的扩散层厚度影响因素及双电层理论均不适用于分析不同pH值条件下的桂林红黏土稠度界限。根据相同土的液塑限对应电势一定的原则,在双电层模型的基础上,提出双电层结构模型定性分析红黏土稠度界限的方法。基于传统双电层理论,考虑多种成分溶液作用下,推导了适合桂林红黏土在酸碱液作用下的扩散层厚度计算公式,弥补常规扩散层厚度计算公式仅适用于对称电解质溶液作用的恒定电荷黏土的不足。     

Hysteretic soil water characteristics and cyclic swell–shrink paths of compacted expansive soils

The investigation of the hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated expansive soil depends on the determination of hysteretic soil water characteristic curves (HSWCCs). This research investigates the HSWCCs of two natural expansive soils initially compacted at optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) and then saturated to their maximum expansion state to ensure identical capillary history. Filter paper, pressure plate and chilled mirror hygrometer suction measurement techniques were utilized, and corresponding measurements of three-dimensional volume change made. The cyclic swell–shrink paths were deduced in terms of volumetric strain versus either water content or suction. The cyclic three-dimensional volumetric measurements showed a much higher amount of swelling and shrinkage than those determined from one-dimensional measurements. Hydraulic hysteresis rapidly decreased with the swell–shrink cycles as a result of macro-structural stabilization. Under the no/low confining conditions, the swell–shrink cycles generally caused a decrease of global expansion and an increase of global shrinkage. Moreover, a special phenomenon showing a reduction of global shrinkage on significant drying was discovered in the less plastic soil sample.     

重金属锌污染淤泥质粉质粘土物理特性试验研究

重金属污染在我国已受到普遍关注,而对重金属污染土的物理特性的研究还处于起步阶段。采用南京地区特有的粉质粘土、长江漫滩相淤泥质粉质粘土,进行相关的重金属锌污染后的物理特性研究。通过室内添加硝酸锌溶液配制3种不同浓度的重金属锌污染土,并进行土壤污染前后粒度成分、液塑限、活动度、土粒比重以及pH值等试验的测试分析,研究比较了粉质粘土污染前后随着重金属锌的浓度不同其相关物理性质的变化规律。试验表明,随着Zn浓度的增加,土粒比重,液塑限,粉粒含量和pH值减小,而粘粒含量和塑性指数呈增大趋势。其土体的活动度也随着Zn浓度的增加在不断的降低,并且降低趋势逐渐减缓。     

Plasticity role in strength behavior of cement-phosphogypsum stabilized soils

Dredged soil and phosphogypsum are frequently regarded as wasted materials, which require further treatment to control their environmental impact. Hence, phosphogypsum is proposed as a binder to stabilize dredged soil, aiming at efficiently reducing and reusing these waste materials. In this study, the engineering properties of cement-phosphogypsum stabilized dredged soils were investigated through a series of unconfined compression tests, and the effects of plasticity index of original soils on the strength improvement were identified. Then, the microstructure test and mineralogical test were performed to understand the mechanism of physical role of original soils in strength improvement. The results revealed that the unconfined compressive strength significantly decreased with the increase in plasticity index at the same binder content. The essential factor for strength improvement was found to be the formation of cementitious materials identified as calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH), and ettringite (Aft). The normalized integrated intensity of cementitious materials (CSH + CAH + Aft) by pore volume decreased with the increase in plasticity index. Consequently, the density of cementitious materials filling the soil pores controlled the effectiveness of strength improvement. More cementitious materials per pore volume were observed for the original soils with lower values of plasticity index. That is, the higher strength of stabilized soils with lower values of plasticity index was attributed to a packed structure forming by integrated fabric through denser cementitious components. It can be anticipated from the above findings that the effectiveness of stabilization treatment will significantly reduce with the increase in plasticity of origin soil.     

冻结状态青藏粉质黏土的渗透系数测量研究

粉质黏土在青藏高原多年冻土地区广泛分布,为了充分认识其在冻结状态下的渗透性质,开展了一系列渗透试验测量了在-0.6℃~0.1℃条件下含水率为50%的青藏粉质黏土的渗透系数。结果显示:在高负温区间内,冻结粉质黏土的渗透系数处于8.22×10~(-11)~7.19×10~(-9) cm/s之间;另外,渗透系数与土温之间呈现出幂函数关系,土温越接近于0℃,渗透系数增大越快;冻土的渗透系数表现出随着未冻水体积含量的增加而快速增大的趋势。渗透性的存在可测意味着高温冻土在外荷载下会存在固结作用。     

On the thermo-mechanical properties of unsaturated soils

The establishment of energy balance equation is necessary to study the thermo-mechanical properties of unsaturated soils.To solve this equation,the determination of two fundamental parameters as volumetric specific parameter and thermal conductivity coefficient is essential.In this paper,the effective thermal conductivity coefficient of dry soil grain is analyzed for soils with different compositions,and the thermo-mechanical properties of porous media with water and gas are studied by considering the soil water retention curve（SWRC）.Different methods,i.e.volumetric average method,self-consistent method,Hashin-Strikman method,are employed to calculate thermal conductivity coefficients,and a new method is proposed to determine the thermo-mechanical parameters.Comparison of the results obtained by different methods shows that the proposed method is in a good agreement with the experimental results and is suitable for describing the main properties of the thermo-mechanical behaviors of soils.The relationship between the SWRC and the seepage curve is further studied by the natural proportional rule.The characteristics of the SWRC,its differential coefficient and the seepage curve,are investigated by considering the physico-mechanical mechanism;the limit scopes of the indices of the SWRC and the seepage curve are also given.