陶瓷基与碳/碳复合材料拉伸性能试验研究进展

陶瓷基复合材料和碳/碳复合材料由于其在高温下优越的热-力学性能成为了航空发动机热端部件和航天器热防护结构的理想选材.本文首先对近三十年来国内外一些拉伸试验的研究内容和试验方法进行了归纳总结,分析了连续纤维层合板、二维纺织、三维纺织以及Z-Pin、针刺和2.5维等特殊形式的拉伸试验研究进展;然后对拉伸试验中试件的形状和尺寸以及试验仪器与设备进行了介绍;最后对陶瓷基复合材料与碳/碳复合材料拉伸试验研究发展趋势进行了展望.     

陶瓷基复合材料损伤失效机理和模型研究进展

随着科学技术的进步，复合材料在航空领域得到了广泛的发展。陶瓷基复合材料因其具有高比强度、高比模量、耐高温和耐腐蚀的特性被广泛应用于航空发动机的热端部件。然而，制备过程中产生的初始损伤和残余以及复杂的失效模式，给建立陶瓷基复合材料的损伤本构模型、研究陶瓷基复合材料的损伤失效机理带来了巨大的困难。本文对陶瓷基复合材料损伤失效机理的研究进展进行综述。首先，介绍了陶瓷基复合材料的发展历史细观建模研究现状；然后，综述了陶瓷基复合材料损伤失效机理的研究现状；最后，对陶瓷基复合材料损伤失效机理研究的发展趋势进行了展望。     

金属间化合物/陶瓷基复合材料的制备工艺与研究进展

金属间化合物材料具有许多优良的性能,可以将金属间化合物与陶瓷材料相复合形成金属间化合物/陶瓷基复合材料.金属间化合物/陶瓷基复合材料是近年来发展起来的一种新型复合材料,制备的金属间化合物/陶瓷基复合材料具有很多优异的性能.本文主要介绍金属间化合物/陶瓷基复合材料的制备工艺和力学性能以及研究进展,研究和开发的金属间化合物/陶瓷基复合材料主要包括Fe-Al金属间化合物/陶瓷复合材料,Ti-Al金属间化合物/陶瓷复合材料和Ni-Al金属间化合物/陶瓷复合材料.本文对金属间化合物/陶瓷基复合材料未来的发展趋势进行了分析和预测.     

编织复合材料数值模拟方法

编织复合材料中纤维束在空间分布的复杂性,导致其与层合复合材料力学性能分析的本质差别.本文概述了编织复合材料的力学特点及其一般研究步骤,详细介绍了目前几种常见的数值模拟模型,分析了其存在的优缺点,依此指导计算模型的合理选择,使之能对编织复合材料进行较为精确的力学性能预报,并为今后的研究提供指导.     

碳纤维复合材料湿热性能研究进展

对于碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料,湿热环境条件对其力学性能的影响非常明显,可导致其强度和刚度下降.在研究了国内外关于碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料湿热老化性能的基础上,从理论模型和试验方法两方面分析了复合材料吸湿模型和扩散机理,结合实际需求对国内外关于碳纤维复合材料湿热性能的试验方法和测试手段进行了评价,认为目前湿热加速老化性能的研究具有一定的局限性,并提出了研究思路.     

直升机复合材料胶接修补方法研究

本文主要介绍了直九机复合材料损伤结构常用的胶接贴补修理方法，对在贴补修理研究过程中所用的力学模型、有限元模型、失效模型和试验结果等进行了总结，并对其工程应用效果进行了评估。     

基于界面相模型的耐火材料损伤演化的表征方法

微损伤是造成耐火材料宏观非线性力学行为的主要原因,研究耐火材料损伤演化的表征方法对其服役过程的仿真具有重要意义.为此,利用细观力学方法,采用界面相模型,通过改变界面相的物理参数来等效模拟微观损伤对耐火材料宏观性能的影响.利用该方法,从MgO-C质耐火材料力学试验出发,采用数值拟合的方法得出应变与界面参数的关系;结合耐火材料的损伤机理,建立材料宏观损伤与界面参数之间的数学关系.在此基础上,对MgO-C质耐火材料的拉压非线性行为进行了模拟,研究结果表明该方法可以很好地模拟耐火材料的非线性行为.     

某型号无人机复合材料主起落架的研制

基于工程经验公式和数值仿真相结合的方法设计了某型号无人机主起落架,确定了复合材料泡沫夹芯结构构型及横截面几何尺寸、复合材料铺层顺序;采用手糊工艺制备了试验件,力学试验结果表明试验件力学性能以及重量均满足设计要求。     

碳纤维复合材料引擎盖的轻量化设计

以汽车碳纤维复合材料引擎盖为研究对象，采用碳纤维复合材料为研究材料，以层合板理论为力学数值模拟CAE设计基础，利用ABAQUS软件对单层级试样准静态拉伸试验和典型U形梁结构准静态三点弯试验进行仿真，然后进行了台架模态和抗凹刚度测试。采用概念设计、材料性能试验和工艺设计多阶段联合优化设计的方法，最终在满足各种力学性能和制造工艺要求的前提下，实现碳纤维复合材料引擎盖的轻量化设计。     

三维编织压电陶瓷基复合材料有效电弹性性能有限元分析

基于三维编织预制件的细观结构,建立了三维编织压电陶瓷基复合材料位移-电耦合场有限元模型,利用电弹性场体积平均思想和有限元方法研究了周期分布三维编织压电陶瓷基复合材料的有效电弹性性能。通过对代表性体积单元施加位移载荷和电载荷边界条件,预测了不同纤维体积分数下三维编织压电陶瓷基复合材料的有效弹性常数、压电常数和介电常数。计算结果表明,三维编织压电陶瓷基复合材料可显著改善压电陶瓷的整体力学性能,且保持了较好的电学性能。     

模压压力对SiC/SiC复合材料力学性能及力学行为的影响

采用热模压辅助聚合物先驱体浸渍裂解工艺制备了国产近化学计量比SiC纤维增强SiC陶瓷基复合材料,通过阿基米德排水法和SEM技术对SiC/SiC复合材料致密化过程进行表征,采用弯曲强度、拉伸强度和断裂韧性对SiC/SiC复合材料力学性能和力学行为进行评价。研究表明,热模压压力是影响材料结构和性能的重要因素,热模压在提升材料致密度的同时,亦造成纤维的损伤。随着热模压压力的增加,SiC/SiC复合材料力学性能先增加后降低。热模压压力适中时,致密度增加因素占优,材料力学性能较为优异;热模压压力较大时候,热模压操作对纤维性能的损伤因素逐渐凸显,基体致密化和纤维损伤两种作用机制相当。     

Effects of Matrix Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of a Porous-Matrix, All-Oxide Ceramic Composite

The effects of matrix porosity on the mechanical properties of an all-oxide ceramic composite are investigated. The porosity is varied through impregnation and pyrolysis of a ceramic precursor solution. Mechanical tests are performed to assess the role of the matrix in both matrix-dominated and fiber-dominated loading configurations. The results demonstrate a loss in damage tolerance and tensile strength along the fiber direction as the porosity is reduced. Concomitantly, some improvements in interlaminar strength are obtained. The latter improvements are found to be difficult to quantify over the entire porosity range using the standard short beam shear method, a consequence of the increased propensity for tensile fracture as the porosity is reduced. Measurements of interlaminar shear strength based on the double-notched shear specimen are broadly consistent with the limited values obtained by the short beam shear method, although the former exhibit large variability. In addition, effects of precursor segregation during drying on through-thickness gradients in matrix properties and their role in composite performance are identified and discussed. An analysis based on the mechanics of crack deflection and penetration at an interphase boundary is presented and used to draw insights regarding the role of matrix properties in enabling damage tolerance in porous-matrix composites. Deficiencies in the understanding of the mechanisms that enable damage tolerance in this class of composites are discussed.     

Effect of Processing Temperature on the Morphology of Silicon Carbide Whiskers

Two kinds of SiC whiskers were annealed at temperatures similar to those for the processing of ceramic matrix composites. The morphology and structure of the as-received and postannealed whiskers were investigated by SEM, TEM, and XRD, and the influence of processing temperature on the mechanical properties of ceramic matrix composites was discussed.     

偶联剂处理陶瓷颗粒增强聚丙烯复合材料的性能

用熔融共混法制备了陶瓷颗粒增强聚丙烯复合材料,测试了复合材料的力学性能,探讨了研究了表面处理对PP复合材料性能的影响。结果表明:偶联剂处理陶瓷颗粒表面后,复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度均比未处理的有所提高。拉伸断面的扫描电镜照片分析表明,未活化处理陶瓷颗粒与PP的界面粘结较差,界面发现许多空隙;而偶联剂KH-550活化处理后,陶瓷颗粒能与PP界面粘结良好,在拉伸过程中多数陶瓷颗粒被基体牢固粘附而难以脱出。     

反应热压烧结制备（SiC,CNTs）/ZrB2陶瓷复合材料及其性能研究

以硅、活性碳和碳纳米管为添加剂,在1900℃、30 MPa条件下制备出了（Si C,CNTs）/Zr B2陶瓷基复合材料。研究了CNTs添加量对复合材料致密度和力学性能的影响。借助X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析了复合材料的物相组成和微观结构。研究结果表明：随着CNTs含量的增加,复合材料的致密度和力学性能呈先增加后减小的变化趋势。复合材料力学性能的提高主要归因于致密度的提高、晶粒的减小和CNTs的桥联、拔出机制。     

Review of the Mechanical Properties of a 3D Woven Composite and Its Applications

Owing to their complex structural characteristics, 3D woven composites display different mechanical properties and failure modes from traditional composite laminates. The relations between the weaving geometry and main mechanical properties of composites are obtained by studying the internal structures of 3D woven textile. This paper reviews the research on the mechanical behavior such as tension, compression, shear, flexural, and impact properties, and analytical models of 3D woven polymer matrix composites mainly in four major inner structures and discusses the development of mechanical properties and applications of 3D woven fabrics and suggests further studies on aero industry.     

A review of the research progress on the interface between oxide fiber and oxide ceramic matrix

Oxide ceramics have excellent high temperature performance, superior thermal and chemical stability, which can be used in high temperature oxidizing environments, while oxide ceramics generally have low toughness and are prone to catastrophic damage... Oxide ceramics can be reinforced by high performance ceramic fibers to improve the fracture strength and fracture toughness, thus expanding its application in high-temperature components such as aero-engine combustion chambers and tail nozzles. The interface between fiber and matrix is an important factor that determines the performance of the composites. By tailoring the interface, the energy dissipation mechanisms such as fiber debonding and fiber pull-out can be brought into play to avoid the catastrophic damage of the composites. This review paper summarizes the recent research progress of the oxide fiber/oxide ceramic matrix composites interface. The mechanical properties of the interface and the design principles of the interface engineering are discussed, and types of interfaces and coating preparation methods are reviewed.     

机织/针织混合铺层对复合材料力学性能的影响

为使纺织复合材料同时具有机织结构复合材料和针织结构复合材料的综合力学性能,通过混合铺层方式制备机织/针织混合结构复合材料。以芳纶机织平纹织物和针织罗纹织物为增强体,以环氧树脂为基体,调整复合材料中增强体的铺层顺序,利用真空辅助成型技术制备四层层压机织/针织混合结构复合材料。通过对复合材料拉伸性能、弯曲性能和冲击性能的测试,分析混合铺层和铺层顺序对芳纶环氧树脂复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,混合铺层和铺层顺序对芳纶环氧树脂复合材料的弯曲强度和冲击强度有较大影响,特别是对罗纹结构复合材料纬向弯曲强度和冲击强度的改善。当采用相同铺层方式,罗纹织物为受力面时,机织/针织混合结构复合材料具有较大弯曲强度和冲击强度。     

Electromechanical characteristics of unidirectional glass fiber epoxy composites

Because crack detection for laminated composites in‐service is an effective method for improving structural reliability, various nondestructive methods have been studied to detect cracks in laminated composites. A recent study on the damage monitoring of composite materials using the piezoelectric method, which uses the piezoelectric characteristics of polymeric materials for the matrix of composite materials, concluded that the piezoelectric method can be a useful, nondestructive method for the damage monitoring of glass fiber epoxy composites. The dielectric and piezoelectric properties of composites are the basic properties used for the analysis of electromechanical coupling systems, along with the mechanical properties. In this research, therefore, the electromechanical characteristics of unidirectional glass fiber epoxy composites as well as their electric and mechanical characteristics were investigated. The dielectric, piezoelectric, and mechanical properties of unidirectional glass fiber epoxy composites were measured experimentally with respect to the fiber orientation, and the relationship between the piezoelectric and mechanical characteristics of unidirectional glass fiber epoxy composites was analyzed. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures of plain-woven SiC/SiC composites

The effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of plain-woven SiC/SiC composites at 927 °C and 1200 °C in argon were evaluated through tensile tests at room temperature and at elevated temperature on the as-received and heat-treated plain-woven SiC/SiC composites, respectively. Heat treatment can improve the mechanical properties of composites at room temperature due to the release of thermal residual stress. Although heat treatment can damage the fiber, the effect of this damage on the mechanical properties of composites is generally less than the effect of thermal residual stress. Heat treatment will graphitize the pyrolytic carbon interface and reduce its shear strength. Testing temperature will affect the expansion or contraction of the components in the composites, thereby changing the stress state of the components. This study can provide guidance for the optimization of processing of ceramic matrix composites and the structural design in high-temperature environments.