疏排桩-土钉墙组合支护结构离心模型试验研究——稳定性与破坏模式

疏排桩-土钉墙组合支护是疏排桩与土钉墙相结合的一种新型支护形式,它不但充分利用了排桩抗弯能力强的优点,同时有效地克服了疏排桩桩间距受桩间土体失稳的限制和土钉墙变形难以控制的缺点.这一新型组合支护结构目前在工程中已有广泛应用,但是对于疏排桩-土钉墙组合支护结构的加固机理和破坏模式还有待于深入研究.采用同济大学中型岩土离心机进行了7组疏排桩-土钉墙组合支护基坑的离心机模型试验.离心机模型试验结果表明,疏排桩-土钉墙组合支护基坑的整体稳定性较疏排桩支护和土钉墙支护都有显著提高.疏排桩-土钉墙组合支护结构中土钉的长度和布置间距,以及排桩间距对支护基坑的稳定性影响非常显著.     

疏排桩–土钉墙基坑支护中土钉墙加固效果试验研究

采用同济大学中型岩土离心机进行了5组疏排桩–土钉墙组合支护基坑的离心机模型试验。离心机模型试验结果表明:组合支护结构中土钉能够显著提高桩间土体稳定性。土钉长度对疏排桩–土钉墙组合支护基坑稳定性、破坏模式以及桩间土拱效应影响显著。在本文研究的土性和基坑条件下,当土钉长度和基坑高度之比(L/H)为0.33时,桩间土拱效应明显,桩间土体滑裂面形态与疏排桩支护结构形似,当L/H为0.67时,桩间土拱效应不明显,滑裂面形态与土钉墙支护结构相似。随着土钉长度的增加,疏排桩–土钉墙组合支护基坑中的排桩内力逐渐减小。     

深基坑土钉支护技术的作用机理

结合土钉支护技术在我国已成为基坑支护主要技术之一,介绍了土钉支护的运用条件及特点,论述了该技术的作用机理,指出土钉支护技术降低了土体发生整体性塌滑破坏的危险性,提高了整体稳定性,可进一步推广应用。     

不同支护模式下黄土高边坡开挖变形离心模型试验研究

 为研究不同支护模式下黄土高边坡的开挖变形特征和支护结构性状,以观音堂隧道进口明洞段黄土高边坡为实例,采用土工离心机,开展黄土高边坡在无支护、全断面土钉支护、上部土钉下部预加固桩复合支护模式下的离心模型试验,试验结果表明：(1) 桩–钉复合支护体系能够显著提高黄土高边坡的稳定性,坡体上部土钉的布设有效地调动了边坡更大范围内土体变形的调整,使得边坡土体的潜在滑移面向坡体内侧转移,将潜在滑移面的剪出口位置限制在预加固桩桩顶以下,而下部预加固桩的布设则有效地承担上部滑体的推力作用,保证坡体在开挖过程中的稳定性。(2) 全断面土钉支护在一定程度上起到了加固边坡土体的作用,但由于土钉支护范围有限,当潜在滑移面深度超出土钉加固范围后,边坡土体发生更大范围内的失稳现象,加剧坡体的破坏。(3) 对于黄土高边坡的加固,桩钉复合支护要优于全断面土钉支护。     

复合土钉墙支护技术在基坑工程中的应用

文章以实际工程为例,介绍了复合土钉墙在基坑施工中的施工工艺。土钉墙支护技术就是在土体内放置一定长度和分布密度的土钉体与土共同作用,弥补土体自身强度的不足,从而有效地提高了土体的整体刚度,弥补了土体抗拉、抗剪强度低的弱点,并辅以喷射混凝土在基坑工程中起到对土体加固作用,改变了边坡变形和破坏的性状,显著提高了整体稳定性。     

地下管线渗漏诱发土钉支护基坑破坏过程研究

为探讨地下管线渗漏条件下土钉支护基坑的破坏过程与土钉失效特征,基于COMSOL有限单元法建立了地下水-土体-土钉耦合物理模型。考虑地下管线渗漏条件下土钉支护基坑的不同计算时步,分析了基坑破坏过程与土钉失效特征。结合某土钉支护基坑工程,现场采用封堵地下管线渗漏水源与土体加固综合治理方法,保证了基坑的安全。     

土钉墙+水泥土桩墙联合支护结构的力学特性分析

为充分发挥水泥土桩墙的高强度特性,提出了一种土钉墙+水泥土桩墙的基坑联合支护结构,并介绍了其设计理念。基于有限元数值模型,结合南昌地区典型地质条件,系统地研究了联合支护结构对渗流场、土体水平位移、土钉轴力、水泥土桩墙桩身应力、基坑破坏模式的影响,以及坑底加固、水泥土桩墙距离对基坑支护性能的影响,并与传统土钉墙和复合土钉墙支护结构进行了对比分析。结果表明:在保证墙体安全的条件下,联合支护结构的受力机制更合理,开挖面处土体水平位移、桩身轴向及切向应力均小于传统的土钉墙和复合土钉墙;基坑破坏模式表现为重力式挡土墙破坏模式,对坑底进行加固处理可进一步显著改善其支护性能。     

深基坑土钉加固的变形和力学响应

简化的力学模型无法反映基坑和土钉相互作用的实际情况,因此,运用FLAC模拟基坑的开挖与支护,并分析了基底、侧壁土体的变形响应,以及土钉在开挖和使用阶段的力学响应。结果表明:(1)开挖引起基坑变形,并导致拉伸和剪切破坏;对于拉伸破坏,应该让土钉长度超过滑移面;对于剪切破坏,可增大土钉在剪出口位置的密度;(2)随着开挖的进行,土钉所受的拉应力逐渐增大,但拉应力增量并不相同。FLAC~(3D)能够对基坑分步开挖和支护进行模拟,建立的数值模型能够反映土钉支护基坑的真实情况,为基坑土钉支护技术的设计和施工提供指导。     

土钉墙在疏排桩支护基坑中的加固效果试验研究

采用同济大学中型岩土离心机进行9组疏排桩-土钉墙组合支护基坑的离心机模型试验。基于离心机模型试验结果,探讨土钉墙在疏排桩支护基坑中的加固效果,并推导土钉墙支护刚度的简化计算公式,研究土钉墙支护刚度对疏排桩-土钉墙组合支护结构支护特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:在疏排桩间设置土钉能有效减小支护结构地表沉降,土钉越长、间距越小时支护结构地表沉降值也越小,加密土钉间距比增加土钉长度对减小支护结构地表沉降更为有效;设置土钉能显著减小支护桩的桩身内力和变形,随着土钉长度的增加和土钉间距的减小,排桩的桩身内力分布规律逐渐由悬臂排桩支护特性向带支撑的支护桩特性转变;通过设置土钉不仅能提高支护结构的稳定性,还能改变支护结构的破坏模式,随着土钉墙支护刚度的增大,会使土钉墙的支护特性得到增强,形成以土钉墙支护特性为主导的疏排桩-土钉墙组合支护结构,相反,则以疏排桩支护特性为主导。     

真空预压复合土钉支护在软土基坑中的运用研究

土钉墙以其众多优点广泛用于基坑工程,但在软土地区的运用有很大的局限性。在经过真空预压加固后的软土地基上进行深基坑土钉支护的可行性值得探讨。本文研究基于真空预压土体强度增长规律,用十字板剪切强度推求软粘土抗剪强度指标方法,按规范要求并考虑到软土地区深基坑土钉支护的特殊性进行土钉支护设计,分析真空预压联合土钉支护技术解决软土深基坑土钉支护外部稳定问题的原理。研究结果表明:经真空预压加固后,土体强度得到较大增长,土钉墙外部稳定性成倍提高,钉土界面粘聚强度显著增加,说明真空预压联合土钉支护技术运用于深基坑是可行性的。     

Failure behavior and mechanism of slopes reinforced using soil nail wall under various loading conditions

Soil–nailing technology is widely applied in practice for reinforcing slopes. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted on slopes reinforced with a soil nail wall under three types of loading conditions. The behavior and mechanism of failure process of the reinforced slopes were studied using image-based observation and displacement measurements for the slope, nails, and cement layer. The nailing significantly increased the stability level and restricted the tension cracks of the slopes. Increasing the nail length improved the stability of the reinforced slopes with deeper slip surfaces. The reinforced slope exhibited a significant failure process, in which slope slippage failure and cement layer fracture occurred in conjunction with a coupling effect. The deformation localization was induced by the loading within the slope and ultimately developed into a slip surface. The nailing reinforced the slope by significantly delaying the occurrence of the deformation localization within the slope. The failure of nails was recognized as a combination of pull-out failure and bend deformation. The loading conditions were shown to have a significant effect on slope deformation and nail deflection, and they consequently influenced the failure behavior and its formation sequence.     

Shaking table modeling of MSE/soil nail hybrid retaining walls

A series of 1-g shaking table tests using variable-amplitude harmonic excitations was performed on 0.8-m-high MSE/soil nail hybrid retaining (MSE/SN) wall models to investigate the seismic behavior of this innovative retaining earth structure. The tests were conducted on physical wall models with strips having a constant length and different nail lengths under loading conditions with different peak accelerations and durations. It was found that the deformation mode and the horizontal displacements of the MSE/SN walls were highly dependent on the length of the nails, such that L/H = 0.7 can be defined as the critical ratio in seismic conditions for MSE/SN walls which have been reinforced with strips having a constant length. Irrespective of the different nail lengths, the pattern of the observed failure mechanism included a moving block which was delineated by a two-part failure plane consisting of a concave curve and an inclined line with a certain point of intersection. Also, a consistent range of the normalized horizontal displacements (Δx/H), about 0.55–1.10%, corresponding to the formation of local shear bands, and a range of Δx/H = 5.0–5.6%, corresponding to the development of active wedge failure, were determined.     

Nail Reinforcement Mechanism of Cohesive Soil Slopes Under Earthquake Conditions

Soil nails have been widely used to retain excavations and stabilize steep cutslopes. A series of dynamic centrifuge model tests were conducted on nail-reinforced and unreinforced slopes during an earthquake, with several influence factors, including the nail length, nail spacing, and the inclination of slope, taken into consideration. The unreinforced slope exhibited a progressive failure in the middle and lower parts though the global slip surface did not appear due to the earthquake, which was arrested by using the nail reinforcement. The nails changed the dynamic acceleration response of the slope during the earthquake. The deformation of the slope was significantly decreased by the nails within a nail-influence zone. This zone involved the slip surface of the unreinforced slope, and was almost completely independent on the layout of the nail-reinforcement when the nails had sufficient length. A point couple analysis, a strain analysis, and a uniformity analysis were carried out in an attempt to determine why nails can increase the stability of a slope. It was discovered that the nails forced the deformation of the slope to be more uniform and thus arrested possible strain localization under earthquake conditions. As such, it is suggested that increasing nail length or decreasing nail spacing can both improve the nail-reinforcement effect, and increase the stability level of a slope.     

疏排桩-土钉墙组合支护结构排桩荷载分担比试验研究

对10个疏排桩-土钉墙组合支护结构进行离心机模型试验。基于试验结果,提出排桩荷载分担比的计算模型,探讨排桩荷载分担比的变化规律以及影响因素,并提出简化计算式。研究结果表明：当基坑挖深较小时,支护结构的荷载主要由土钉墙承担,排桩承担的荷载较小,随着开挖深度的增加,土拱效应将支护结构范围内的土压力不断传递给桩身,排桩承担的荷载越来越多,最多可达到总荷载的90%以上;增加土钉长度、减小土钉间距既可有效减少排桩分担的荷载,同时还能明显提高整个支护结构的整体稳定性;当桩间距在一定范围内时,增加桩间距能减小排桩荷载分担比,但是桩间距过大会明显降低整个支护结构的稳定性;土钉竖向间距对排桩荷载分担比的影响比土钉水平间距更为明显。     

土钉支护中土钉力的计算方法

土钉支护机理为加固机制上的锚固机制;土钉支护中土钉力的发生、发展是与施工过程中被支护土体应力释放密切相关的。本文从边坡锚固稳定的思想出发,采用能够较好地反映施工过程的增量计算方法,并根据土体应力的释放效果确定了土钉拉力增量的比例系数,提出了土钉力的合理计算方法。最后,根据本文方法对实际工程进行了计算,并与实测结果进行了对比。     

土钉支护工作性能的现场测试研究

拟进一步揭示土钉支护的作用机理 ,为其在国内更广泛地应用提供较为科学的依据。通过对一个土钉支护基坑工程的水平位移和土钉拉力等力学参数的现场测试和分析 ,较全面地研究其在施工阶段和使用阶段的工作性能。本文对土钉支护的工作性能有了更全面的认识 ,对其设计和施工提出了有益的建议     

土钉加固黏性土坡动力离心模型试验研究

 很多滑坡是由地震引发的,为了防止或减轻地震造成的边坡灾害,目前在边坡的加固治理方面已经发展并形成一些较好的方法,而土钉是边坡抗震加固的一种简便有效的方法。采用动力离心模型试验方法,再现地震条件下土钉加固黏性土坡和素土坡的响应;测量了试验过程中边坡的位移场和加速度响应的变化过程。基于试验结果,通过对比素土坡和土钉加固土坡的动力响应,探讨土钉加固土坡的变形规律和加固机制。试验结果表明,地震过程中土坡产生不可恢复的累积变形,其大小与输入的地震加速度峰值有关。通过比较土钉加固土坡和素土坡的位移分布,研究土钉加固土坡的机制。引入土单元应变进行分析,结果表明,土钉加固措施能显著地改变边坡的位移场分布,限制土坡的剪切变形,避免滑裂面的产生,从而提高了边坡的稳定性。     

复合土钉墙阳角部区域土钉受力性状分析

复合土钉墙中,突入基坑的阳角较基坑其它区域稳定性较低,风险也更高,由于阳角部位受力较复杂,一般分析中往往进行简化,将基坑中部剖面的分析结果应用于阳角部位,偏于不安全.针对这一情况,对复合土钉墙的阳角进行三维有限元分析,研究了与阳角不同距离的土钉受力状况,结果表明受力最大的土钉出现在长边邻近阳角的区域,该处较阳角的转折点更不安全,为最危险处.