国产T23钢焊接冷裂纹敏感性插销试验研究

采用插销试验方法测定了国产T23钢在不预热、预热150℃和预热250℃三种焊接工艺条件下的临界断裂应力,观察了断口形貌及断口附近的显微组织,综合分析了该钢的焊接冷裂纹敏感性.结果表明,不预热条件下T23钢插销的临界断裂应力高于其屈服强度,粗晶区为板条马氏体和下贝氏体混合组织,插销断口为解理和准解理特征,并出现二次裂纹;随着预热温度的升高,插销临界断裂应力增大,粗晶区下贝氏体比例增多,马氏体比例相应减少,插销断口二次裂纹减少,解理面缩小,材料的塑性增加,对裂纹的阻碍作用增强.说明国产T23钢的冷裂纹敏感性很小,预热能明显改善其抗冷裂纹能力.     

国产核级CHE608HR2焊条插销冷裂纹试验研究

采用插销冷裂纹试验方法对比了同属于E9018-G型号的国产核级CHE608HR2焊条与进口1Ni Mo.B焊条在预热100℃和150℃两种温度下的冷裂纹敏感性,并结合断口宏观特征和微观形貌进行分析。结果表明,预热100℃和150℃条件下,采用1Ni Mo.B和CHE608HR2焊条焊接时,插销试样的临界断裂应力基本相当,断口扩展区较大,呈解理、准解理断裂及沿晶断裂等脆性形貌。研发CHE608HR2焊条预热100℃可有效防止焊接冷裂纹的产生,满足工程使用要求,两种焊条抗冷裂纹能力基本相当。     

预热温度对10Cr9Mo1VNbN钢接头组织和性能的影响

通过对不同预热温度下E9015-B9焊条焊接10Cr9Mo1VNbN钢焊接接头的组织和硬度分布进行分析,并通过插销试验测试了10Cr9Mo1VNbN钢焊接接头的冷裂纹倾向。结果表明:室温下HAZ组织为马氏体+残余奥氏体,焊缝区组织为马氏体+铁素体;预热到100℃时,HAZ组织为回火马氏体+少量贝氏体,焊缝区组织为回火马氏体+铁素体+少量贝氏体;预热到150℃时,HAZ为回火马氏体+贝氏体,焊缝区组织为马氏体+铁素体+贝氏体;焊接接头的硬度呈马鞍形变化趋势,HAZ硬度最高,母材区硬度最低;随着预热温度的升高,焊接接头的硬度整体呈现下降趋势;焊接接头的临界断裂应力随预热温度的提高而增大,在室温和100℃下插销试验的临界断裂应力较小,10Cr9Mo1VNbN钢的冷裂纹倾向较大,预热150℃时,焊接接头临界断裂应力明显提高,高达667 MPa。     

预热对30CrMnSiNi2A超高强钢焊接冷裂纹敏感性的影响

冷裂纹是30CrMnSiNi2A超高强钢焊接面临的主要问题之一.采用插销冷裂纹试验研究了预热温度对30CrMnSiNi2A钢的冷裂纹敏感性的影响,并采用扫描电镜对插销试样进行了断口分析.结果表明,当预热温度在20～400℃范围内,焊接接头冷裂纹敏感性随预热温度的提高而显著降低;插试样的冷裂纹扩展区断口为沿晶与解理形貌2种,随着预热温度的升高,沿晶形貌所占比例逐渐减少,解理形貌比例增加.     

X100管线钢焊接冷裂纹敏感性研究

采用插销试验方法和焊接HAZ最高硬度试验方法,研究了X100管线钢焊接HAZ的冷裂纹敏感性。结果表明,X100管线钢在不预热条件下,临界断裂应力σcr为740 MPa,大于0.75Rt 0.5(Rt 0.5为763 MPa);最高硬度为HV10281.2,低于临界硬度HV10350,整个断口为韧窝-部分解理组成的混合断口,即抗冷裂纹性好,对冷裂纹不敏感;当其他条件不变,对X100管线钢进行50℃预热,其临界断裂应力σcr为800 MPa,与不预热相比较,抗冷裂纹性能得到提高,通过预热可以提高冷裂纹的敏感性。     

国产X80钢焊接冷裂敏感性的插销试验

用插销试验法研究了实心焊丝CO2气保焊根焊条件下X80管线钢的冷裂纹敏感性及断口特征.结果表明,预热100℃条件下X80钢的抗冷裂性好,临界断裂应力σcr为624 MPa,与其抗拉强度相当.当拘束拉伸应力高于抗拉强度时,将发生失效断裂,断裂性质为延性断裂断口.CO2气保焊进行根焊焊接时,X80钢的抗冷裂性好,与该方法能得到超低氢的焊接条件有关,此外还与该钢的裂纹敏感系数(0.17%)不高,HAZ淬硬不明显有关.焊接接头过热区的组织主要为块状铁素体,最高硬度297 HV.     

新型转子钢25Cr2Ni4MoV的焊接性及接头性能

根据新型转子25Cr2Ni4MoV成分和合金特点,分别进行HAZ硬度、斜Y坡口裂纹、冷裂纹插销试验等,由试验结果可知,该钢种的冷裂纹敏感性强,焊接时预热温度应大于300℃。对接头常温力学性能和高温短时拉伸测试,结果表明该钢焊后的接头强度接近母材,塑性较好,焊缝的冲击韧性较高,接头微观组织为回火贝氏体和少量铁素体组织,断口由脆性断裂区和纤维断裂区组成,脆性断裂区为沿晶和准解理,随着预热温度的提高,沿晶成分减少,准解理部分增多。     

HG70低合金高强钢的焊接冷裂敏感性及其焊接预热温度的拟定

综合运用碳当量法、焊接冷裂敏感指数法、插销试验和斜Y坡口试验,研究了HG70低合金高强钢的焊接冷裂敏感性.结果表明,10mm厚的HG70钢板具有一定的淬硬倾向,焊前应进行低温预热,以提高其临界断裂应力,降低其冷裂敏感性;预热温度应控制在80～120℃.     

20MnMo钢的插销试验研究

采用焊接冷裂纹插销试验方法，研究了20MnMo钢的焊接冷裂纹敏感性。研究结果表明：采用E6015-D1(J606)焊条，在热输入E=15kJ／cm的情况下，该钢的室温临界应力σcr=180MPa；当预热150℃时，σcr=300MPa。预热可以明显改善20MnMo的焊接性。该项研究对于评价20MnMo钢的焊接性能具有重要的理论意义及工程实际应用价值。     

预热温度对12Cr10Co3W2Mo耐热钢焊接冷裂纹敏感性的影响

采用插销试验进行了12Cr10Co3W2Mo耐热钢在室温以及预热100,200和300℃条件下焊接接头粗晶区临界断裂应力试验研究,测试了热影响区最高硬度,观察了粗晶区微观组织,并对插销试样断口进行了扫描电镜观察.结果表明,随着预热温度升高,临界断裂应力呈线性增加趋势;热影响区最高硬度出现在粗晶区,该区域组织为板条马氏体,随着预热温度升高,粗晶区硬度呈小幅下降趋势;在各预热温度下,插销试样起裂区断口均呈解理+准解理氢致开裂特征,随着预热温度提高,氢致开裂的断口特征逐步消失.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.