聚四氟乙烯/纳米CaCO_3复合材料制备及性能研究

采用成型压力35MPa,压制时间15min,升温速率60℃/h,烧结温度330℃保温1h,375℃保温2h的制备工艺得到PTFE/纳米CaCO3复合材料,并研究了其力学性能。实验结果表明:加入纳米CaCO3显著提高了复合材料的弹性模量、断裂伸长率和冲击强度,最后对冷压烧结成型聚四氟乙烯制品的质量进行了分析。     

放电等离子超快速烧结氧化铝力学性能和显微结构研究

本文介绍用放电等离子超快速烧结方法制备的氧化铝陶瓷的力学性能和显微结构特征．超快速烧结的升温速率为600℃／min，在烧结温度不保温，迅即在3min内冷却至600℃以下．与保温时间为2h的无压烧结相比，可降低烧结温度和提高样品密度．力学性能研究结果表明，用放电等离子超快速烧结方法制备的纯氧化铝陶瓷的抗弯强度高达800MPa以上，比通常氧化铝陶瓷的抗弯强度高出一倍．用SEM研究了在不同温度下超快速烧结的纯氧化铝陶瓷的显微结构特征．     

钇稳定氧化锆纳米粉体烧结工艺的研究

实验研究了钇全稳定氧化锆(8YSZ)纳米粉体的烧结工艺,根据阿基米德原理测瓷体密度,通过测定烧结前后瓷片尺寸获得烧结线收缩率,使用扫描电子显微镜观测样品微观形貌,并探讨了纳米粉体烧结的致密化过程,分析了烧结工艺对致密度和晶粒大小的影响,得到了8YSZ纳米粉体合理的烧结工艺为:采用两步烧结,首先升温到1500℃,升温速率为3℃/min,然后降低温度到1450℃,烧结时间为4h.结果显示,采用该工艺,可以得到相对密度98%,晶粒尺寸小于3μm的性能优异的8YSZ瓷体.研究发现,粉体粒度对烧结性能影响较大,纳米粉体比普通粉体具有较低的开始烧结温度,双粒度混合粉体可以进一步提高其烧结性能.     

烧结温度对20%ZrO_2(3Y)/Al_2O_3复相陶瓷力学性能和微观结构的影响

20%纳米ZrO2(3Y)粉末加入到高纯亚微米Al2O3粉中,采用高压干压成型方法和恒速升温多阶段短保温烧结方法制备出不同烧结温度下的复相陶瓷。研究烧结温度对复相陶瓷力学性能的影响,通过XRD,EDS和SEM对复相陶瓷进行元素组成和微观结构分析。结果表明:烧结温度在很大程度上影响着复相陶瓷的力学性能和微观结构,常压烧结1600℃保温8h时,相对密度、维氏硬度和断裂韧性达到最大,分别为98.6%,18.54GPa和9.3MPa·m1/2,而基体晶粒尺寸为1.4~8.1μm,ZrO2相变量为34.6%。1600℃下复相陶瓷具有优质的微观结构,断裂方式为沿晶-穿晶混合断裂模式。ZrO2(3Y)粉体的加入,从相变增韧、内晶型颗粒增韧和裂纹偏转等多个方面提高了复相陶瓷的断裂韧性。     

铟锡氧化物陶瓷靶材热等静压致密化研究

用化学共常常法制备了铟锡氧化物（ＩＴＯ）复合粉末。粉末经冷等静压成型后进行热等静压致密化。热等静压时采用碳钢作包套,采用铜箔作隔层,实验研究了热等静压工艺参数－保温温度、保压压力和保温时间对ＩＴＯ陶瓷靶材致密化的影响。实验结果表明：靶材的相对密度在大约１０００℃处有一峰值;相对密度随压力增加而增加;当保温温度较低时,适当处长保温时间有利于提高密度;当保温温度较高时,延长保温时间反而使密度降低,分析     

汽车后视镜壳体多级注射成型技术研究

目的 研究多级注射成型技术对汽车后视镜壳体成型收缩率的影响。方法 利用SPSS软件进行八因素四水平的正交试验设计并进行生产试验,研究熔体温度、保压压力、保压时间、一级注射速率、二级注射速率、三级注射速率、四级注射速率、五级注射速率等8个因素对壳体成型收缩率的影响。结果 一级注射速率对收缩率的影响最大,其次是保压时间、二级注射率和熔体温度,四级注射速率和保压压力的极差数值较小,对收缩率的影响较小。结论 最优的工艺参数如下:熔体温度为220 ℃,保压压力为50 MPa,保压时间为5 s,一、二、三、四、五级注射速率分别为30%、40%、85%、50%、20%。     

放电等离子超快速烧结氧化铝力学性能和显微结构研究

本文介绍用和电等离子超快速烧结方法制备的氧化铝陶瓷的力学性能和显微结构特征，超快速烧结的升温速率为６００℃／ｍｉｎ，在烧结温度不保温，迅即在３ｍｉｎ内冷却至６００℃以下，与保温时间为２ｈ的无压烧结相比，可降低烧结温度和提高样品密度。力学性能研究结果表明，用放电等离子超快速烧结方法制备的纯氧化铝陶瓷的抗弯强度高达８００ＭＰａ以上，比通常氧化铝陶瓷的抗弯强度高出一倍，用ＳＥＭ研究了在不同温度下超快速烧     

碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮复合材料的制备与性能

通过高温模压方法,制备了碳纤维/聚醚醚酮(CF/PEEK)复合材料。采用差示扫描量热、热失重、弯曲测试、拉伸测试、扫描电子显微镜等分析方法对制品热学性能和力学性能进行了分析。分析结果表明,制备CF/PEEK复合材料的最佳工艺参数为:成型温度380℃~390℃,停留时间30 min,保温保压30 min、2 MPa~3 MPa,后期保压压力4 MPa~5MPa,保压时间3 h。复合材料制品弯曲强度达到1783 MPa,分解温度达578℃,表明其具有优良的力学性能和热稳定性。     

钛酸钡陶瓷烧结动力学曲线的研究

以超重力反应沉淀法(HGRP)制备的纳米钛酸钡粉体为原料,以热膨胀仪为测试手段,对钛酸钡陶瓷的烧结动力学曲线特征进行了研究.结果表明,烧结温度和成型坯片密度都会对钛酸钡陶瓷的烧结过程产生影响,所表现出的烧结动力学曲线特征也不相同,而升温速率几乎不对坯片的烧结动力学曲线特征产生影响.随着烧结温度的升高,坯片收缩率增大,当烧结温度由1150℃升到1300℃时,收缩率由6.7%增大到23.2%;坯片的密度增大,收缩率减小,当成型坯片相对密度由61.08%增大到64.42%时,收缩率由17.5%减少到14.4%;升温速率增大,坯片开始收缩的温度及收缩率几乎不变.     

响应曲面法优化各向同性石墨的冷等静压成型工艺

以成型压力、保压时间、升压速率和降压速率为考察因素,通过单因素条件实验确定各向同性石墨的成型工艺参数为:成型压力300 MPa、保压时间10 min以及升/降压速率都为1 MPa/s.然后采用Box-Behnken的中心组合实验设计及响应曲面分析法对冷等静压成型工艺进行研究,得到体积密度的预测模型.结果表明:体积密度=1.30+0.011A-5.333×10-4B-1.558×103C-7.750×10-4D-1.650×10-3AB-1.350×10-3AC+4.000×10-4AD-9.500×10-4BC+5.000×10-5BD+1.725×103CD-3.601×10-3A2-1.001×10-3B2-9.883×10-4C2-7.383×10-4D2,优化得到最佳成型工艺条件为:成型压力349MPa、保压时间13 min、升压速率0.5 MPa/s、降压速率0.6 MPa/s.因素分析表明,成型压力和保压时间对压坯体积密度的影响显著;在最佳成型工艺参数下进行实验,压坯体积密度的实验值与理论值吻合较好,二者相差0.3％,且能有效消除拱桥效应.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...