制备过程参数对石蜡-聚脲相变微胶囊性能的影响

以质量比为3:7的固体石蜡和液体石蜡制备的复合石蜡为微胶囊的芯材,以甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯和乙二胺为单体,辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚为乳化剂,采用界面聚合法在复合石蜡表面包覆聚脲制备石蜡-聚脲相变微胶囊,探讨乳化转速、乳化剂用量和聚合反应温度对石蜡-聚脲相变微胶囊粒径、包覆效率及蓄热性能的影响。结果表明,在乳化转速为2000r/min,乳化剂与复合石蜡的质量比为0.06,反应温度为70℃的条件下制备的石蜡-聚脲相变微胶囊的平均粒径为3~4μm,熔点为28.1℃,相变潜热为58.4 k J/kg,包覆效率为87.5%。     

芯材表面修饰法制备聚脲石蜡相变微胶囊及其表征

采用芯材表面修饰法制备了聚脲石蜡相变微胶囊。首先在固体石蜡颗粒表面引入氨基(-NH2),制备表面氨基修饰的固体石蜡芯材,再加入2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和改性胺固化剂,形成聚脲壁包覆芯材。用差示扫描量热仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和激光粒径分布仪表征了芯壁用量比以及搅拌速度对相变微胶囊结构和性能的影响。FT-IR测试结果表明,该方法成功地在固体石蜡微球的表面引入了氨基。固定转速时,随着芯壁用量比中TDI用量的增加,微胶囊相变潜热明显增加;在十八胺与TDI摩尔比相同的条件下,随着芯材制备搅拌速率的增大,微胶囊的平均粒径减小而相变潜热明显增加。当搅拌速率为800 r/min,十八胺与TDI摩尔比为1∶2时,所制备的聚脲石蜡相变微胶囊包覆完整,热稳定性好,平均粒径为18.262μm,相变潜热可达142.8 J/g,包覆率达63%以上。     

核壳质量比对石蜡-聚脲相变微胶囊性能的影响

以质量比为3∶7的固体石蜡与液体石蜡均匀混合得到复合石蜡,甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)单体和乙二胺(EDA)在乳化剂辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚的乳化作用下,通过界面聚合包覆在芯材复合石蜡的表面形成石蜡-聚脲相变微胶囊,对比差热曲线和加热-冷却曲线表征芯材复合石蜡的蓄热性能,探讨EDA与TDI质量比对聚脲囊壁产量的影响,以及核壳质量比对石蜡-聚脲相变微胶囊粒径、包覆效率以及蓄热性能的影响。结果表明:加热-冷却曲线与差示扫描量热曲线显示复合石蜡的熔点接近;聚脲囊壁的产量随着水合EDA与TDI质量比的增大近似线性增大,质量比达到0.5∶1.0后,聚脲囊壁的产量不再增大;核壳质量比为2.0∶1.0时制得石蜡-聚脲相变微胶囊的熔点为28.1℃,相变焓为58.4 k J/kg,包覆效率为87.5%,粒径约为4.32μm,粒径分布均匀。     

基于响应面优化的石蜡相变微胶囊的性能评价

采用响应面设计优化石蜡相变微胶囊的制备工艺参数,建立预测模型,确定优化工艺条件。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、差示量热扫描仪(DSC)、导热系数测试仪以及热重分析仪(TG)对优化工艺条件下制备的石蜡相变微胶囊的形貌和化学结构、包覆性能、热性能及稳定性进行评价。结果表明,微胶囊呈完整的球形,表面光滑,有少量粘连情况,且包覆性能良好,芯材含量为75. 77%(质量分数);相变潜热为105. 93 J/g、导热系数为0. 152 6 W/(m·K);微胶囊热分解温度提高到300℃以上;将微胶囊升温至熔点以上,微胶囊体积无变化。上述研究表明微胶囊化处理可以明显增强石蜡的热稳定性和体积稳定性。     

芯材制备条件对聚脲石蜡相变微胶囊性能的影响

采用吐温-80(Tween-80)和司班-80(Span-80)复配乳化剂,通过芯材表面修饰法制备以聚脲为壁材,石蜡为芯材的石蜡相变微胶囊材料。采用差示扫描量热仪、激光粒径分布仪和扫面电子显微镜对石蜡相变微胶囊进行了形貌表征和性能分析。通过对石蜡相变微胶囊芯材制备的单因素试验,对聚脲石蜡相变微胶囊的性能进行了研究。实验结果表明,复配乳化剂的使用能使芯材乳液的稳定性增加,而复合乳化剂用量、搅拌速率和乳化时间的延长有利于芯材乳液的稳定性的增加;芯材制备过程中,搅拌分散转速、搅拌分散时间及搅拌降温速率对石蜡相变微胶囊的性能有重要影响。     

正十二醇相变储热微胶囊的制备与表征

以相变物质正十二醇为芯材,三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂为壁材,采用原位聚合法合成了具有高储热密度的相变储热微胶囊,使用DSC、SEM和激光散射粒度分析仪等手段对其进行了表征。结果表明,乳化剂种类、乳化搅拌速度、正十二醇投料质量分数对微胶囊相变潜热及相变材料包封效率有重要影响。当采用SMA和OP-10复配(质量比4∶1)为乳化剂,乳化搅拌速度为4500r/min,正十二醇投料质量分数为69%时,可制备出相变温度为24℃,相变潜热为167J/g,平均粒径为30μm左右的表面光滑的球状微胶囊,正十二醇包封效率高达97.5%。     

MUF/石蜡的微胶囊制备

以低熔点石蜡为芯材,三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂(MU F)为囊材,用原位聚合法合成了低熔点石蜡相变材料微胶囊,石蜡含量为w(石蜡)=46.15%。通过乳化稳定性实验确定了O/W乳化体系的乳化剂为OP乳化剂,水油比为4∶1。正交实验表明反应温度和壳芯比是影响微胶囊石蜡含量的主要因素。用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)考察了微胶囊相变材料的热性能,其相变温度和焓值分别为14.74℃、98.59 J/g。     

石蜡为芯材的微胶囊的直接原位聚合法制备和性能

采用直接原位聚合法制备了以石蜡为囊芯的脲醛树脂微胶囊,并利用激光粒径分布仪、X射线衍射仪、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和傅立叶转换红外光谱仪分别分析了微胶囊的粒径分布、热稳定性、热焓值和壳结构.结果表明,所得微胶囊粒径分布均匀,并具有良好的热稳定性和较高的相变潜热;影响石蜡微胶囊相变潜热和平均粒径的主要因素包括芯壁材料比、搅拌速度、温度、系统改性剂PVA(聚乙烯醇)用量等;最佳工艺条件为囊壁比 0.78:1 ,反应温度70 ℃,搅拌速率2500r/min,系统改性剂PVA用量0.26g,pH=2.0～3.0.     

微胶囊相变材料的制备与特性研究

采用原位聚合法制备以石蜡为芯材、脲醛树脂为壳材的微胶囊相变材料,并通过丝网印刷技术,结合热固性聚氨酯网印粘合剂将微胶囊涂布于棉布上.考察了乳化剂的种类及用量和人工汗液对微胶囊性能的影响,分析了对经MCPCM涂布的棉布布料的热性能.研究结果表明,使用复合乳化剂制备的微胶囊相变材料表面光滑,密封良好.微胶囊相变温度和相变潜热分别为34.10℃和143.8J/g,经过20次热循环后,相变温度和相变潜热都变化不大.微胶囊经人工汗液分别浸渍20min、40min和60min 后,其相变温度和相变潜热无明显变化.微胶囊与网印粘合剂结合的复合材料涂布于棉布上,其相变温度和相变潜热均有降低.     

红外隐身用石蜡微胶囊的制备与表征

以石蜡,丙烯酸单体为原料,采用原位聚合法制备了红外隐身用石蜡微胶囊材料。利用XRD、SEM、IR和激光粒度仪等表征了所制备石蜡微胶囊的物相、形貌、化学结构和粒径等。结果表明,在搅拌速度一定(320r/min)的情况下,当乳化剂与石蜡质量比为0.05∶1,芯壁质量比为1∶1时所制备的石蜡微胶囊成囊效果最好、粒径最小,成球状。石蜡和石蜡微胶囊热性能的DSC测试表明,两者的相变温度均在65℃左右,相变潜热均在132J/g左右,说明石蜡微胶囊保留了石蜡的储热性能,达到了红外隐身所要求的较高热焓值。所制备的球状石蜡微胶囊材料为红外隐身涂层提供了一种较好的控温填料。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.