SO4和贝达砧木对鄞红葡萄生长与果实品质的影响

以SO4和贝达砧木嫁接鄞红葡萄,研究这两种砧木对鄞红葡萄生长和果实品质的影响.结果表明,与自根苗相比,嫁接SO4和贝达砧木的鄞红葡萄萌芽和结实状况良好,果实着色均匀,叶片叶绿素、可溶性固形物、总糖和产量均较自根苗增加,是平原水网地区鄞红葡萄的优良砧木.     

Variation in Shiraz berry size originates before fruitset but harvest is a point of resynchronisation for berry development after flowering

Background and Aims:  Asynchronous berry development results in variation in berry size and berry composition. Variation in berry size affects vineyard yield, wine quantity and berry composition, while variation in berry composition affects fruit flavour and wine quality. The objective of this study is to identify when variation in berry size begins.
Methods and Results:  Shiraz bunches were sampled at seven stages throughout the growing season and the development of individual berries was characterised by measurements of weight, volume, surface area, deformability, seed number and seed weight. Coefficients of variation with respect to berry weight, volume and surface area were elevated throughout the post-flowering period but declined as the berries approached harvest ripeness.
Conclusions:  Variation in berry size originates prior to berry set, most probably during differentiation in the floral primordium at budburst. Harvest represents a point of resynchronisation in berry development when a number of physiological changes become synchronised between berries and within the bunch.
Significance of the Study:  Variation in berry size is presumed by the wine industry to have a negative impact on crop level, fruit composition and wine quality. Much of this presumption is scientifically unsubstantiated. The findings of this paper should encourage grapegrowers and winemakers to modify the timing of the harvest to coincide with a reduction in variation in berry size.     

From bud to berry, with special reference to inflorescence and bunch morphology in Vitis vinifera L.

A brief review of the reproductive system of the grapevine is presented. Phases discussed include floral induction and initiation during early spring, inflorescence primordium growth during summer to dormancy, flower formation at budburst in the subsequent growing season, and finally flowering and berry development. Difficulties in clearly defining and describing some of these developmental stages will be outlined, especially the complex bud system, the morphology of buds at budburst, and the course of flowering. The course of floral development during dormancy and at the time of budburst requires further attention, especially the reported effect that low temperature at budburst leads to increased numbers of flowers. Also, the recent finding that 'intercarpellar' floral organs can be induced by applying auxin is of particular interest and will be described. Case studies from Burgundy vineyards with Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Gamay ovaries and berries will be included.
A detailed analysis of what constitutes a grape bunch will be presented from observations of Chardonnay inflorescences and bunches collected at random after set and at harvest in two seasons from spur-pruned, cane-pruned and hedged vines growing on two sites varying in climate and productivity (Adelaide Hills and Southern Vales of South Australia). This analysis covered variability in numbers of branches and flowers and in per cent berry set, as well as relationships between branch numbers and flower numbers. Relationships between flower numbers and per cent set, per cent set and berry size along the inflorescence, and berry size and seed complement are outlined. Likely implications of inter-bunch and intra-bunch variability for bunch compactness, berry composition and yield components are discussed.     

Use of stomatal conductance and pre-dawn water potential to classify terroir for the grape variety Kékfrankos

Background and Aims: A 3‐year study was carried out in order to evaluate the ecophysiology, yield and quality characteristics of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Kékfrankos (syn. Limberger) at Eger‐Nagyeged hill (steep slope) and at Eger‐K?lyuktet? (flat) vineyard sites located in the Eger wine region, Hungary. The aim of this paper was to analyse the effect of ‘vintage’ and ‘terroir’ on the seasonal changes of Kékfrankos ecophysiology and its possible relationship with yield and wine composition. Methods and Results: Grapevine physiological responses (midday‐ and pre‐dawn water potential, pressure–volume analysis and gas‐exchange), growing stages, yield and wine composition of each vineyard were studied. Lower grapevine water supply was detected at Eger‐Nagyeged hill in each season due to its steep slope and soil characteristics. Pressure‐volume curves indicated that there was no osmotic adjustment in the leaves of this variety. Higher osmotic concentration was measured at turgor loss and full turgor in the leaves of the unstressed vineyard (Eger‐K?lyuktet?) presumably due to higher photosynthetic activity. Differences in soil water content of the vineyards resulted in a slightly altered cell wall elasticity. Stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and photosynthetic production per unit leaf area were affected by water availability. Lower yield in Eger‐Nagyeged hill was partly associated with decreased photosynthetic production of the canopy. Improved wine quality of Eger‐Nagyeged hill was due to moderate water stress which induced higher concentration of anthocyanins and phenolics in the berries. The duration of the phenological stages was dependent on vintage temperature characteristics rather than on vineyard site. Conclusion: There was a close relationship between environmental conditions, Kékfrankos gas‐exchange, water relations, yield and wine composition. Water deficit plays an important role in creating a terroir effect, resulting in decreased yield, better sun exposure of leaves and clusters and thus higher concentration of phenolics and anthocyanins. Although quality is mainly influenced by vintage differences, vineyard characteristics are able to buffer unfavourable vintage effects even within a small wine region. Significance of the Study: Stomatal conductance, pre‐dawn water potential and climatic data may be reliable parameters for terroir classification, although variety–terroir interactions must always be considered.     

Grapevine growth of shoots and fruit linearly correlate with water stress indices based on root-weighted soil matric potential

Over two consecutive seasons, six deficit irrigation regimes were imposed on Colombard vines on Ramsey rootstock. The soil water availability was quantified by logarithmic transformation of the absolute value of a root-weighted measure of soil matric potential. Stem water potential declined linearly with decreasing soil water availability. Water stress indices were calculated by integrating the daily values of soil water availability over specific periods. Declines in both fruit and vegetative growth were linearly correlated with increases in the values of water stress indices during the respective growth periods. In the berries, concentrations of total soluble solids, tartrate and potassium were not correlated with the water stress index during the period of fruit growth; malate concentration declined linearly with increasing values of this index. Responses of pH and titratable acidity to variation in the water stress index were not consistent in the two seasons.