基于多探测节点的放射源监测及定位方法研究

本工作针对区域性放射源定位和活度监测,提出了基于多探测器单元的方向信息和计数信息的放射源定位和活度计算方法。该方法使用多个由CsI(Tl)晶体阵列耦合H8500光电倍增管制成的单探测器单元,利用每个探测器单元上各晶体计数比实现放射源方向测量,利用多个探测器的方向信息和计数信息实现放射源的准确定位和活度测量。最后通过⁶⁸Ge放射源实验验证了上述定位和活度计算方法。实验结果表明,仅采用2个探测器单元的方向信息和计数信息,通过合理布局,即可实现放射源精确监测和定位,相对定位误差优于5%,相对活度误差优于5%。     

Gamma-ray shielding properties of concrete with different percentages of lead

In this work,concrete with different percentage leads was used to study gamma-ray shielding properties. The gamma-rays from ¹³⁷Cs and ⁶⁰Co sources were detected by Nal（Tl） detector and analyzed by multi-analyzer. Linear attenuation coefficients and compressive strength（kg/cm2） of concrete specimens were conducted.Results show that the concrete at the 90% weight ratio of lead to cement can be suitable for shielding gamma-ray.     

基于数字多道NaI(Tl)探测器的死时间研究

在放射性测量中,有时候需要对计数率进行精确的测量,因此需要对探测器死时间效应进行修正处理。本文基于DMCA-iCore数字化多道模块,从理论出发分析了数字多道NaI(Tl)探测器产生死时间效应的原因,得出数字多道死时间也服从扩展型分布的结论;同时根据牛顿迭代法推导了死时间修正函数,在计数率较高、探测器死时间较大时该修正函数依然有较好的修正效果。基于双源法测试了系统的死时间,死时间t=20.6 μs,最后在¹³⁷Cs标准剂量场中对NaI(Tl)探测器进行了测试,进一步证明了修正方法的有效性。     

G(E)法与Gravel法处理能谱-剂量转换效果研究

为准确地得到γ射线的辐射剂量,对G(E)函数法和Gravel算法处理能谱-剂量的转换效果进行了研究。根据实际应用需求,采取蒙特卡罗方法模拟获取了?50 mm×50 mm NaI(Tl)探测器的Gravel法响应矩阵,并使用Matlab得到探测器的G(E)函数。使用NaI(Tl)探测器和多道谱仪系统测量标准源的能谱,分别使用G(E)法和Gravel法计算剂量值并与理论值进行比较,同时在计算过程中总结对比了两种方法的特点。     

A Large Area High Resolution Cosmic Ray Charge Composition Detector

A detector designed to study the charge composition of the primary cosmic radiation in the range Z = 3 to 30 has been flown on balloons during 1969. The flight is part of a program to study the charge composition in the energy range 10 to 105 GeV. The telescope consists of a four fold charge measurement using two plastic scintillators, a Cerenkov detector and a mosaic CsI(Tl) detector. The intrinsic limitations on charge resolution due to statistical fluctuations in energy loss are approached by correcting the pulse heights for geometrical effects. This is accomplished by calibrating the detector response in flight using a spark chamber to determine the particle trajectories.     

CDEX实验中CsI(Tl)晶体反符合探测器实验测试

CDEX(China Dark matter EXperiment)合作组将在中国锦屏极深地下实验室(CJPL China Jin-Ping deep underground Laboratory)利用极低能阈高纯锗(ULE-HPGe)探测器进行暗物质的直接探测。在地下实验之前,对CsI(Tl)晶体反符合探测器进行了地面的实验研究。主要包括光导的选择,光反射层的选择,CsI(Tl)晶体的高度一致性测试,不同侧面非均匀性的测试,以及所有晶体的测试结果。通过地面实验的前期工作,我们对反符合探测器有了一定认识,为地下实验做了准备。     

基于三晶体耦合γ射线方向探测器的放射源定位

为了快速定位并寻回丢失的放射源,设计了一种由NaI、CsI、锗酸铋(Bi4Ge3O12,BGO)三种晶体与铅耦合组成的γ射线方向探测器,并采用基于蒙特卡罗方法的通用软件包MCNP(Monte Carlo N Particle Transport Code)研究了铅晶比例、射线能量、剂量率等因素对探测器角度分辨率的影响。结果表明,对于137Cs源,在空气吸收剂量率≥0.331μGy·h~(-1)处,定位角度偏差≤0.99°;对于60Co源,在空气吸收剂量率0.586μGy·h~(-1)处,测量的平均角度偏差为0.46°;对于水平距离7 m、高度4 m的3.7×107Bq 137Cs源,相对定位偏差约为5%。     

核电站现场空气样品γ谱快速筛选测量

NaI（Tl）γ谱仪能量分辨率较差,不适合做精确的核素分析,特别是在样品中存在多种γ放射性核素时,各种核素的γ全能峰相互干扰,使确定样品中的核素种类以及定量分析核素的含量非常困难。但NaI（Tl）探测器的探测效率比较高,适合对大量样品进行快速筛选性测量。本文结合对某核现场气载放射性核素浓度进行普查的结果,介绍了使用NaI（Tl）γ谱仪对γ放射性样品进行快速筛选测量的方法。实际应用结果表明,快速筛选测量方法可以在测量时间较短的情况下,对含有一定量γ放射性核素的样品作出有效的筛选判断。     

人工引雷高能辐射观测及数据分析研究

本文基于NaI（Tl）探测器搭建了人工引雷高能辐射观测系统。观测到了人工引雷产生的X射线爆发现象,4次成功的人工引雷实验中观测到3次X射线爆发信号。分析发现,人工引雷先导梯级过程的脉冲信号与高能辐射的脉冲信号具有一一对应的特征,表明先导梯级过程可能是闪电高能辐射的产生根源。     

Validation of a NaI(Tl) detector's model developed with MCNP-X code

The Monte Carlo method was used to calculate the photon detection efficiency and energy resolution curves for a 1.5″ × 1″ NaI(Tl) scintillator detector (crystal + housing + photomultiplier tube material equivalent) exposed to gamma rays in the energy range from 20 keV to 662 keV. This work aims to design a precise computational model, based in Monte Carlo simulation, which can be used in practical application. The energy resolution curve was used to improve the response of the mathematical simulation of the detector. The detector was modeled with the MCNP-X code and the results were compared to experimental photopeak efficiency measurements of radiation sources. The results showed good agreement with the experimental data.     

环境水样自动监测装置的效率标定及Monte Carlo模拟

为获得自动取样监测装置中的NaI(Tl)探测器对于低水平环境水样中人工放射性核素137Cs比活度,对NaI(Tl)探测器γ能谱响应进行了实验标定与Monte Carlo模拟,分别模拟了探测器对137Cs点源的能谱响应,探测器置于铅室内137Cs溶液中央的能谱响应。探测效率与峰总比的模拟计算结果与实际值基本一致。结果表明,利用经较高比活度实验结果验证的MC计算模型,可校正低活度水平环境水样的测量值,为在线监测方法的建立提供了技术支持。     

Recent Advances in X-Ray Detection Technology

A review is presented of recent developments in x-ray photon detectors and in the associated detector electronics. The first portion of the paper is devoted to a survey of the presently available physical inforrnation on the "intrinsic" resolution of silicon and germanium radiation detectors, proportional counters and NaI(Tl) scintillation crystals. Semiconductor detectors suitable for x-ray applications and low noise electronics are then analyzed in some detail. Discussions follow on scintillation detectors, proportional counters, and "external" photoelectric detectors. Recent spectral achievements and interesting applications are illustrated.     

Remote-controlled collimated <Emphasis Type="Italic">γ</Emphasis>-ray detector for measuring radioactive contamination

A remote-controlled spectrometric collimated detector has been developed for remote radiation examination of reactor rooms. The apparatus consists of a collimated γ-ray detector, a color video camera and a controller, all secured on a rotating apparatus and rods. An on-board computer, a SKS-08 Kolibri spectrum analyzer, a power supply for the apparatus, and a controller for rotating apparatus are arranged in the controller. Three interchangeable sensors for changing the sensitivity of the apparatus – two CsI(Tl) scintillators – 20 and 5 cm³ photodiodes of the scintillator and a 60 mm³ CdZnTe semiconductor sensor. The collimated detector is for remote measurement of the radiation of high-level radwastes extracted from the storage pool in the reactor room. At the stage of preparation for and planning of the work, it can be used to determine the main sources of contamination and evaluate the dose distribution fields.     

超导核辐射探测器及其应用

超导核辐射探测器已研究了40多年。现在已发展到这样的程度,对低温超导体核辐射探测器,1988年以来对~(55)Fe 5.9keV X射线FWHM已达到45eV,就77K温区的高Tc超导体核辐射探测器来说,经过短短三四年的努力,在实验上已观测到对核辐射的响应。随着高Tc超导体薄膜生长技术的不断改进,高Tc超导薄膜性能的不断提高, 并与半导体器件工艺的结合,在不久的将来会有重大的突破。 本文介绍超导体核辐射探测器的发展概况、工作原理,目前已达到的水平和它的应用前景。     

CsI(Tl)晶体的APD前端读出特性研究

雪崩光电二极管(Avalanche photodiode,APD)体积小、探测效率高、内置增益、对磁场不敏感,但其内置增益、输出脉冲信号的信噪比受偏置电压与温度影响明显。将APD作为Cs I(Tl)闪烁晶体的光电读出器件,并配以低噪声的电荷灵敏前置放大器,组成闪烁探测器的探头。在不同的偏置电压与温度下,测试了该探头组成的闪烁探测器的能量分辨率。实测表明,偏置电压、温度将影响探测系统的能量分辨率,在室温且APD两端的偏置电压为370 V时,对能量为662 ke V的γ射线能量分辨率为4.98%;在-20-40oC内,能量分辨率随温度的降低而提高。     

数字快成形算法用于慢衰减闪烁体的高计数率能谱读出

慢衰减型闪烁体(NaI(Tl)、CsI(Tl)等)探测器经过前放输出的脉冲信号具有较长的上升时间,造成电荷在收集的过程中出现严重的弹道亏损。在后续脉冲成形中为了降低弹道亏损对能量分辨率的影响,一般采用较宽的成形平顶来增加电荷的收集时间。但在高辐射粒子注量率的场合下,由于慢衰减型闪烁体输出的脉冲堆积严重,采用传统的滤波成形方式获得的脉冲计数率和能量分辨率明显降低。为解决此问题,本文提出了一种以数字反褶积为核心的数字快成形算法。该算法可去掉慢衰减型闪烁体探测系统的衰减电流拖尾,获得一理想的冲激脉冲电流,然后再通过滤波成形为一窄脉冲,并彻底消除弹道亏损的影响。通过对~(137) Csγ源测量,使用传统成形算法的能谱测量系统在成形时间为1.5μs时,其光电峰能量分辨率为6.99%,计数率为68 000s~(-1);而使用数字快成形系统,在相同情况下获得6.37%的能量分辨率,计数率可达102 000s~(-1)。因此数字快成形算法可有效地修复在高辐射粒子注量率下,窄脉冲成形引起的信号变形和拖尾,从而提高了脉冲堆积甄别能力。     

Production of 16N and obtaining of its gamma spectrum in order to calibrate detectors or determination of fluorine in geological specimens

In this paper, we show a procedure for producing ¹⁶N and a method to obtain its gamma spectrum with a NaI(Tl) detector. We also demonstrate the interest of this radioactive element for the purpose of NaI(Tl) detector calibration and for the determination of fluorine in geological specimens using an Alpha Beryllium neutron source.This work consists of a theoretical study which analyzes the characteristics of ¹⁶N and nuclear reactions that originate from an Americium Beryllium source of 1Ci activity. We justify our choice of reaction ¹⁹F(n,α)¹⁶N and the use of fluorspar as a source of fluorine.The mathematical procedure followed to obtain the gamma rays spectrum produced by ¹⁶N in a NaI(Tl) detector is shown.     

CsI(Tl)探测器对带电粒子能量响应的入射位置依赖关系

在放射性核束物理的实验研究中,通常采用CsI(Tl)探测器对反应产物中的带电粒子进行总能量测量.使用GEANT4软件对CsI(Tl)闪烁体探测器能量响应通进行了蒙特卡罗模拟,在考虑了晶体外表面包覆材料反射率、耦合光敏二极管面积、射程等影响因素后,重点研究了CsI(Tl)闪烁体探测器对带电粒子能量响应的入射位置依赖关系....     

行李放射性检测装置的研制

行李放射性检测装置可与现有X射线安全检测装置联合用于放射性安全检测。该装置采用NaI(Tl)探测器，用移动平均法进行放射性检测。在本底为0.1μGy/h、行李移动速度小于0.2m/s条件下，该装置对 ¹³⁷Cs、⁶⁰Co、¹³³Ba核素的可探测活度下限分别为6.7×10³、3.7×10³、6.7×10³Bq，对富集度为90%的U样品，探测质量下限为2g。     

Signal charge sharing in multilinear drift detectors: design andexperimental characterization

Multilinear silicon drift detectors (MLSDDs) are radiation detectors which combine excellent energy and position resolution with high count-rate capabilities. This is achieved by controlling the diffusion of the signal charges and limiting their lateral spread during the drift. This paper will present a study of the signal electrons' transport in MLSDDs in comparison with the experimental measurements. Three-dimensional simulations were carried out, taking into account diffusion effects and mutual electrostatic interaction between the signal electrons. A representative sample of these simulations will be presented. Signal sharing in a multilinear drift detector and in a “classical” multi-anode drift detector are characterized and discussed. The results are useful to tailor the design of MLSDDs for the detection of different kinds of radiation (e.g., optical photon, X-ray, ionizing particle) and to optimize signal charge sharing and detector performance according to a particular application purpose