^220Rn对固体径迹探测器测量^222Rn影响的研究

本文介绍了２２０Ｒｎ对固体径迹探测器测量２２２Ｒｎ影响的实验研究结果。为了估计氡及子体的年均暴露量，α径迹探测器已广泛用于室内２２２Ｒｎ浓度测量。由于某些探测器采用的滤膜具有很大的空气交换率，在测量过程中２２０Ｒｎ也可以与２２２Ｒｎ一道扩散到测量杯中，对测量结果造成干扰，以致过高估计了被测场所空气中的２２２Ｒｎ浓度，而忽略了２２０Ｒｎ的贡献，这是一个值得注意的问题。     

Sensitivity of LR 115 SSNTD in a diffusion chamber

Solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs), such as LR 115, have been commonly used in diffusion chambers for long-term measurements of radon gas concentrations. For the LR 115 SSNTD, it has been found that the active layer removed during chemical etching is significantly affected by the presence and amount of stirring, and thus cannot be controlled easily. However, the sensitivity of the LR 115 detector inside a diffusion chamber to the radon and/or thoron gas concentration is dependent on the actual removed active layer thickness. This relationship is dependant on the geometry of the diffusion chamber and the deposition fraction of ²¹⁸Po in the diffusion chamber, as well as the V function for the LR 115 detector (V is the ratio between the track etch velocity V_t to the bulk etch velocity V_b). This paper presents the experimentally determined relationships between the sensitivity of the LR 115 detector inside a Karlsruhe diffusion chamber and the removed active layer thickness, for both radon and thoron. A V function was adjusted to simulate the relationships. In particular, for the case of ²²²Rn, we have found f ∼ 0.5, where f is the fraction of ²¹⁸Po which decays inside the diffusion chamber before deposition onto available inner surfaces of the chamber. In conclusion, we have found that the sensitivities critically depend on the actual removed active layer thickness, so this should be monitored and used in determining the sensitivities.     

Radon and thoron progeny integrated measurement based on high-voltage sampling

For the purpose of directly measuring radon and thoron progeny concentrations simultaneously, an unattended battery-operated progeny measurement (UBPM) device, which samples aerosol particles in an electric field, was improved by adopting two different thickness aluminum foils for alpha particles discriminating. The equations for the calculation of the results were derived, and a series of calibration experiments and comparison tests were carried out in the potential alpha energy concentration calibration chamber in BfS Berlin and the HMGU experimental thoron house, respectively. Results show that the calibration coefficients are stable in different levels of radon and thoron progeny. The lower level detection limits of the device for radon and thoron progeny concentration are 1.22 and 0.14 Bq m^?3, respectively, for three months exposure. The instrument proved to be independent from environmental conditions in ordinary living room conditions (humidity <65% RH, aerosol particle concentration >1500 cm^?1). Comparison results show that the measurement results of the UBPM device are comparable with the reference instrument and suitable for long-term radon and thoron survey in dwellings.     

氡子体α能谱真空测量RaB的反冲损失率

氡子体α能谱法测量时的真空度使RaB发生反冲损失,这会对氡子体测量精度产生影响并造成测量腔室的污染。本实验选用0.8 μm孔径的Millipore AA型滤膜,在流率为6.3、12.3和15.6 L/min下,使用ELPI粒径分析仪、α测量仪和α谱仪分别对氡室气溶胶粒径分布、滤膜自吸收系数及反冲损失率进行测量。结果显示：氡室内气溶胶浓度呈单峰分布;相应流率下的自吸收系数为0.978、0.980、0.989,反冲损失率为0.362 8、0.368 4和0.362 9;所得反冲损失率并未表现出较大的差异,但滤膜样品上由RaA衰变产生的RaB原子却有较大的反冲损失。     

湖南衡阳两煤矿井下222Rn、220Rn水平的调查

本文介绍了在2002年12月～2004年8月期间,对湖南省衡阳市两家煤矿(柏坊矿和松柏矿)井下222Rn、220Rn浓度水平进行调查的结果.调查用222Rn、220Rn被动式累积剂量计按季节分四个阶段进行.调查测量结果表明,四个阶段调查测量两矿井下222Rn、220Rn浓度平均值的范围,222Rn为86～138 Bq/m3,220Rn为51～140 Bq/m3;各工种矿工吸入222Rn、220Rn及其子体所致的年均有效剂量范围为0.23～1.25 mSv,其中220Rn及其子体的剂量贡献约占15%～20%,应引起足够的重视.由于两煤矿都采用了有效的机械通风,井下222Rn、220Rn浓度随季节变化不明显.     

The Levels of Indoor Thoron and Its Progeny in Four Areas in China

Small surveys on thoron, radon and their progeny were carried out in four areas in China. Both high thoron concentrations near to walls and high thoron progeny concentrations were found in some dwellings through the surveys. It is suggested from the limited data that attention shall be paid to the exposure from the inhalation of thoron and its progeny in some kinds of dwellings or areas, and much works on thoron study in detail is necessary.     

小体积氡室中氡子体状态参数调控的模拟研究

基于空气中氡子体和气溶胶粒子的行为规律,研究了一种小体积氡室中氡子体状态参数稳定调控方法,即通过调节小体积氡室总换气率和气溶胶粒子数浓度实现氡及氡子体浓度、平衡因子和未结合态份额等状态参数稳定调控方法。建立了调控物理模型,根据模拟条件甄选氡子体和气溶胶粒子行为参数,采用Matlab模拟计算了小体积氡室氡子体状态参数的调控范围,并将模拟计算值与实验值进行比对,部分验证本文建立的调控方法。模拟计算结果表明,本研究所建立的调控方法可在小体积氡室内实现氡子体浓度、平衡因子和未结合态份额的稳定调控。本研究建立的调控方法为实验研究提供了初步的理论基础。     

Effect of Soil Moisture Content on Radon and Thoron Exhalation

In this study, the authors considered the effect of soil moisture in the emanation process of radon and thoron gases. Weathered granite soil was selected as the test soil and it was packed in a polypropylene container (275 × 210mm² and 100mm in height), up to 50mm in depth from the bottom. The container was covered with the exhalation rate measuring instrument adopting the accumulation method and γ-particles were counted at 30 s intervals for 30 min to estimate the exhalation rates. A sporadic increase in the radon and thoron exhalation rates was caused by the increase in the moisture content up to 8%. However, the exhalation rates showed a decreasing tendency with the increase in moisture content over 8%. Although the measured radon exhalation rate was about 25% of the calculated one, both measured and calculated radon exhalation rates had similar trends with an increase in the moisture content in the soil. The measured thoron exhalation rate agreed well with the calculated one. When the moisture content was in the range of 3.5–18%, it was considered that applying the correlation between the moisture content and the measured thoron exhalation rate is useful for estimating the thoron effective diffusion coefficient.     

大面积超低本底α电离室的研制

研制了一台大面积超低本底α电离室用于超低α表面发射率测量。电离室充入高纯气体并采用流气工作模式,由于对宇宙射线中的μ子和环境中的γ射线不灵敏,去除氡气后电离室的本底主要来自于内表面发射的α粒子。利用脉冲形状分析技术,可分辨出α粒子是来自电离室内表面还是样品,甄别掉内表面发射的α本底,电离室即可达到超低本底,可进行超低α表面发射率样品测量。该电离室的有效探测面积为1 521cm~2,α本底可达3×10~(-4) cm~(-2)·h~(-1)。     

有必要注意■及其子体对居民产生的照射

从我国和有些国家发表的有关及其子体的数据看，其产生的剂量可能比现在估算的世界平均值高。在加强研究氡及其子体浓度水平的同时，注意研究及其子体对居民产生的照射是必要的。由于中国、日本，可能还有其它亚洲国家人口占世界人口的比例较大，对世界天然本底数值也会产生一定影响。从辐射防护角度看，注意这一问题也是必要的     

Design and construct optimum dosimeter to detect airborne radon and thoron gas: Experimental study

Aim of this work is to design and select optimum dimension of a radon and thoron dosimeter within the measure optimum value of the calibration factor, using CR-39 Nuclear Track Detectors (NTDs). The results show that the best dimension to detect and measure real values of airborne radon and thoron concentrations is 6 cm and 7 cm for diameter and height, respectively. Calibration factors (K) for radon and thoron at this dimension were 2.68 ± 0.03 cm and 0.83 ± 0.01 cm, respectively, and these factors relatively depend on the detector efficiency. Therefore, the efficiency of CR-39NTDs to register alpha particles and their effects on the calibration factor estimated. It is found that the calibration factor increased exponentially with detector efficiency. Moreover, detector efficiency was equal to 80.3 ± 1.23% at the optimum dosimeter.     

Retrospective radon progeny measurements through measurements of Po activities on glass objects using stacked LR 115 detectors

A stacked LR 115 detector consisting of two active layers was proposed for determining ²¹⁰Po activity in glass surfaces after deposition of short-lived radon progeny. The sensitivities of both active layers were calculated. Two glass samples were exposed in a chamber to determine the experimental calibration factors for the radon gas and progeny, which were then compared with the theoretical calibration factors from simulations. The experimental and the simulated calibration factors for radon progeny agreed well. The discrepancy between the calibration factors for radon gas was due to a much higher equilibrium factor used in the experimental calibration than the nominal value assumed in the simulation. A mini-survey of contemporary and retrospective radon progeny concentrations was carried out at 10 residential sites. A relationship between contemporary and retrospective radon progeny concentrations was not readily observable.     

基于土壤氡源的湿度可调控的氡室系统

氡是构成天然辐射本底的主要成分,是辐射环境监测的重要内容之一。利用已知标准氡活度浓度的氡室对氡测量仪器进行刻度校正和性能检验,是氡测量中质量保证的重要环节。氡室通常由标准镭源以及氡活度浓度和湿度可以稳定调控的箱体构成,其中放射性镭源的获取及安全管理,常常给氡室的制造和推广使用带来困难。本研究依据地表深层土壤中氡活度浓度高且长时间稳定的特性,研制出了一种基于土壤氡源的湿度可调控的简易氡室系统。该系统利用不同比例的土壤气体和空气混合,调节氡活度浓度;利用电除湿,在一定范围内调节湿度。实验结果表明,该套氡室系统氡活度浓度能够在826～5 852 Bq/m3范围内稳定调节,相对湿度能够在30. 8%RH～70. 6%RH范围内调节,氡活度浓度和湿度的稳定时间都能超过40小时。该氡室系统摆脱了镭源的限制,简单且易于实现,能够应用于测氡仪标定或检验实验,服务于教学和科研,有望推广应用于测氡仪的比对和质量控制。     

氡子体连续测量仪的研制

本工作研制氡子体连续测量仪。仪器由泵主动采样，滤膜收集氡子体，采用半导体探测器测量α辐射，二道能谱法测量α计数，使用扣除算法计算氡子体潜能浓度，通过测量²¹²Po的8.78MeVα计数消除²²⁰Rn对氡子体的测量干扰。仪器可在不更换滤膜情况下连续测量，测量周期可选择1、1.5、2和3h。采用MCS51单片机控制自动采样、测量和计算。测量范围为0.0015~100μJ·m^-3，测量值大于0.1μJ·m^-3时的测量不确定度小于10%。     

关于室内220Rn及其子体浓度的讨论

本文运用一维扩散模型分析了室内^220Rn及其子体浓度的分布规律,讨论了室内^220Rn与其子体的平衡因子F的性质和变化规律。为评价^220Rn子体的剂量贡献,介绍了通过选取适当的F值,由累计测量得到的^220Rn浓度估算出子体平衡当量浓度的方法。     

线粒体DNA减少在氡及其子体致人支气管上皮细胞凋亡中的作用

使用溴化乙锭(Ethidium bromide,EtBr)诱导方法构建线粒体数目减少支气管上皮细胞(Human bronchia epithelia with mitochondrial DNA knock-down,ρ?HBE)模型并进行长期氡照射,用克隆形成法测定氡照射后HBE细胞的增殖能力,用流式细胞仪进行细胞凋亡和线粒体膜电位的检测。结果发现,氡照射后,与线粒体DNA数量正常的HBE细胞(ρ+HBE)相比较,ρ?HBE细胞存活分数明显增高,虽然早期凋亡率明显低于正常细胞,但是总凋亡率增加,同时线粒体膜电位也显著降低。结果提示,氡照射后引起的线粒体减少HBE细胞增殖能力提高与总凋亡率的减少有关,并且与线粒体膜电位的变化相关。     

基于扣除算法的环境氡和氡子体连续测量仪

环境氡和氡子体连续测量是准确计算氡的辐射剂量、客观评价氡危害的前提。介绍了一种使用闪烁室法和滤膜收集法、基于扣除算法的能够同时连续测量氡和氡子体的智能化测量仪器，详细介绍了仪器的测量原理、结构，并给出了在标准氡室和办公室中的部分测量数据。     

222Rn/220Rn子体测量方法与仪器比较

在小型氡混合室对抓取测量、连续测量和累积测量三种方法及仪器测量结果进行了比较。与优化五段法相比,对于222Rn平衡当量浓度,BWLM连续测量仪和24 h累积探测器测量结果分别高出其31%和29%,Wlx仪偏低20%左右;对于220Rn平衡当量浓度,FJ414-142低本底闪烁探测器和KF-602D氡子体测量仪的测量结果分别偏高86%和18%,BWLM连续测量仪和24 h累积探测器测量结果分别偏高28%和36%,Wlx仪偏低5%左右。对于这几种方法和仪器测量数据之间的差异,须进一步研究。     

氡通过不同滤膜的扩散系数测量研究

基于气体透过滤膜的扩散原理,对应用于固体核径迹探测器累积测氡的三种滤膜在四种不同湿度下的氡扩散能力进行研究。实验结果表明:醋酸纤维滤膜和普通滤纸的扩散能力明显强于PE滤膜,更适用于固体核径迹测氡,且湿度对三种滤膜氡扩散能力的影响不明显。通过本次实验得到,醋酸纤维滤膜的扩散系数为1.46×10~(-9)m~2/s~2.59×10~(-9)m~2/s,普通滤纸的扩散系数为1.01×10~(-9)m~2/s~1.45×10~(-9)m~2/s。     

标准氡室自动监控系统

建立标准氡室的关键是对测量环境的温度、湿度和风速进行严格控制.本文介绍了某标准氡室自动监控系统的控制原理、软硬件结构和系统设计思想.该监控系统实现了氡室的温湿度自动控制、氡及氡子体浓度的自动检测和实验测量过程的数据全程记录.运行结果表明,该系统使用效果良好,达到了预期的设计目的.