Simulation and analysis of vibration signals generated by rolling element bearing with defects

Dynamic loading of a rolling element bearing structure is modeled by a computer program developed in Visual Basic programming language. The vibration response of the structure to the dynamic loading is obtained using a standard finite element package I-DEAS. A force model is proposed to model the localized rolling element bearing defects. Time and frequency domain analyses are performed for diagnostics of rolling element bearing structures. Statistical properties of the vibration signals for healthy and defected structures are compared. The envelope (HFRT) method is employed in the frequency domain analysis. The effect of the rotational speed on the diagnostics of rolling element bearing defects is investigated. An optimum sensor location on the structure is sought. Effect of the structure geometry on the monitoring techniques is studied. An optimum monitoring method can be employed by analyzing the rolling element bearing structure following the procedure proposed in this study. The present commercial computer aided engineering packages can be used in special engineering applications such as condition monitoring of rolling element bearings.     

滚动轴承故障特征信息的自动提取方法研究

提出基于小波包分析和包络检测的滚动轴承故障特征信息的自动提取力法。根据滚动轴承的故障冲击能激起轴承座或其他机械零部件产生共振的特性，对轴承振动信号进行快速傅里叶变换FFT分析，在频谱图中自动识别高频共振频带。然后利用小波包分析可以在全频带内把信号分解到相邻的不同频带上的特性，对滚动轴承的振动信号进行小波包分解，自动提取共振频带上的信号并进行重构。最后，对重构后的信号进行包络检波，实现滚动轴承故障特征信息的自动提取。通过对实际滚动轴承振动信号的分析，发现这种方法能非常有效地检测和诊断滚动轴承的故障．     

Predicting polygonal-shaped defects during hot ring rolling using a rigid-viscoplastic finite element method

We applied a rigid-viscoplastic finite element method to investigate polygonal-shaped defects that occur during ring rolling and developed an improved analysis model with relatively fine finite elements near the roll gap to reduce the computational time, along with a scheme to minimize the volume change. We also simulated the formation of a polygonal-shaped defect during hot ring rolling of a ball bearing outer race. The results were in good qualitative agreement with actual experimental phenomena.     

具有局部表面损伤的滚动球轴承动力学建模

提出了一种滚动球轴承局部表面损伤故障的动力学分析方法。模型中每个轴承元件具有6个运动自由度,并完整地考虑了陀螺效应、离心力及润滑牵引等动力学因素。通过几何特征的变化对局部表面损伤进行了建模。采用四阶变步长Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg积分法对动力学方程进行了数值求解,并在时域和频域中对动力学响应进行了分析。研究结果表明,由于考虑了润滑剂的牵引效果,计算得到的故障特征频率较纯滚动假设下的计算结果有一定的差异。文中综合考虑了轴承元件的三维运动、相对滑动、润滑效应以及局部表面损伤等因素,因此所提出的模型更为全面、有效和实用。     

Fault diagnosis of rolling element bearing using a new optimal scale morphology analysis method

Periodic transient impulses are key indicators of rolling element bearing defects. Efficient acquisition of impact impulses concerned with the defects is of much concern to the precise detection of bearing defects. However, transient features of rolling element bearing are generally immersed in stochastic noise and harmonic interference. Therefore, in this paper, a new optimal scale morphology analysis method, named adaptive multiscale combination morphological filter-hat transform (AMCMFH), is proposed for rolling element bearing fault diagnosis, which can both reduce stochastic noise and reserve signal details. In this method, firstly, an adaptive selection strategy based on the feature energy factor (FEF) is introduced to determine the optimal structuring element (SE) scale of multiscale combination morphological filter-hat transform (MCMFH). Subsequently, MCMFH containing the optimal SE scale is applied to obtain the impulse components from the bearing vibration signal. Finally, fault types of bearing are confirmed by extracting the defective frequency from envelope spectrum of the impulse components. The validity of the proposed method is verified through the simulated analysis and bearing vibration data derived from the laboratory bench. Results indicate that the proposed method has a good capability to recognize localized faults appeared on rolling element bearing from vibration signal. The study supplies a novel technique for the detection of faulty bearing.     

基于1 1／2维谱的滚动轴承故障诊断

提出了基于１１／２维谱的滚动轴承故障诊断新方法。１１／２维谱保留了信号的相位信息且能够有效抑制噪声。用１１／２维谱分析滚动轴承振动信号,可以提取由于二次相位耦合产生的非线性特征,识别故障模式。试验结果表明,这种方法能有效地诊断滚动轴承故障,且对初期故障很敏感。     

Bearing fault diagnosis using FFT of intrinsic mode functions in Hilbert–Huang transform

A number of techniques for detection of faults in rolling element bearing using frequency domain approach exist today. For analysing non-stationary signals arising out of defective rolling element bearings, use of conventional discrete Fourier transform (DFT) has been known to be less efficient. One of the most suited time–frequency approach, wavelet transform (WT) has inherent problems of large computational time and fixed-scale frequency resolution. In view of such constraints, the Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) technique provides multi-resolution in various frequency scales and takes the signal's frequency content and their variation into consideration. HHT analyses the vibration signal using intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), which are extracted using the process of empirical mode decomposition (EMD). However, use of Hilbert transform (HT)-based time domain approach in HHT for analysis of bearing vibration signature leads to scope for subjective error in calculation of characteristic defect frequencies (CDF) of the rolling element bearings. The time resolution significantly affects the calculation of corresponding frequency content of the signal. In the present work, FFT of IMFs from HHT process has been incorporated to utilise efficiency of HT in frequency domain. The comparative analysis presented in this paper indicates the effectiveness of using frequency domain approach in HHT and its efficiency as one of the best-suited techniques for bearing fault diagnosis (BFD).     

滚动轴承非线性时变参数动力学模型与故障机理研究

基于滚动轴承故障动力学模型研究其振动特性及故障机理是实现轴承故障准确诊断的基础。为描述滚动轴承缺陷对其振动响应特性的影响,考虑滚动体与缺陷的相对几何关系,提出了时变接触变形与时变刚度耦合的滚动轴承故障非线性动力学模型。以NSK6205深沟球轴承为对象,通过建立6+N_b自由度非线性时变参数动力学模型,分析了滚动体通过外圈缺陷区域时接触变形、接触刚度以及振动响应的变化过程,得到了不同缺陷尺寸下滚动轴承故障冲击振动响应特征变化规律。理论分析和实验研究结果表明,随着缺陷尺寸的增加,滚动轴承故障振动响应产生由双冲击到多冲击的变化特征,不同缺陷尺寸下,滚动体进入和离开缺陷过程中产生的冲击响应明显不同。研究成果为基于振动信号实现滚动轴承故障尺寸判断提供了理论依据。     

起重机用滚动轴承有限元分析及故障检测

针对起重机用滚动轴承故障率高且难以检测的问题,首先采用Ansys软件对起重机用滚动轴承进行基于实际接触状态的有限元分析,然后采用基于小波包能量法和Hilbert变换方法对滚动轴承进行信号处理、分析以及故障检测。结果表明:滚动轴承的滚动体与内外圈接触部位存在较大应力集中,最易在此处首先发生破坏;根据轴承故障特征频率与内圈、外圈、滚动体三种故障类型所对应的频谱特征和能量谱相比较,可有效判断轴承故障类型。研究所采用的检测方法可为起重机用滚动轴承的故障预防和检测提供一定理论依据和指导作用。     

一种考虑轴承缺陷影响的机构动力学分析方法

为有效地揭示轴承滚道缺陷特征对高速机构动态响应特性的影响规律,在多体动力学理论框架下提出一种考虑轴承缺陷影响的机构动力学分析方法。该理论采用力约束方法构建机构中滚动轴承转动副模型,通过分析轴承中各滚动体与滚道缺陷几何特征之间的接触关系,计算滚动体接触载荷并获取轴承转动副等效约束反力,探讨轴承缺陷激励对高速机构动态性能的影响规律。在此基础上,以含深沟球轴承的曲柄滑块机构为例,分析轴承滚道表面局部式缺陷和分布式波纹度缺陷对机构动力学特性的影响。研究表明,轴承滚道缺陷将引发轴承各滚动体接触动载荷突变。这种突变载荷经传播后,直接影响着机构中各构件的运动状态,对高速机构运动平稳性将产生严重影响。此外,该理论方法具有一般性,具有不同滚道几何缺陷特征的滚动轴承均可嵌入到本方法中,分析轴承转动副缺陷对各类机构动力学特性的影响。     

Defect detection in deep groove ball bearing in presence of external vibration using envelope analysis and Duffing oscillator

This paper deals with detection of local defects existing on races of deep groove ball bearing in the presence of external vibrations using envelope analysis and Duffing oscillator. Experiments have been carried out using a test rig for capturing the vibration signals of test bearing. The external vibration has been imparted to the housing of the test bearing through electromechanical shaker. In envelope analysis the centre frequency has been selected using the spectral kurtosis for the filters length of 32 and 64 for different bandwidths. Through this study, it has been revisited and confirmed that the defect detection in envelope analysis mainly depends on the selection of centre frequency and bandwidth. The spectra of selected centre frequency with several bandwidths have been studied and compared for identification of defective frequency. The system defined by the Duffing equation entered into the periodical state from the chaotic state at the critical value of disturbing periodic force in the presence of defective bearing signal. The state change has been identified using the phase plane trajectories and Lyapunov exponents of Duffing equation. It is worth to mention here that envelope spectrum reveals the information about the defect frequencies and their harmonics. However, the Duffing oscillator only confirms the presence of defect frequencies by indicating closed phase plane trajectories and negative Lyapunov exponents. Authors believe that for speedy assessment about the presence of defects on races of rolling element bearings, the use of Duffing oscillator may be preferred.     

大型环件的径轴向轧制工艺模拟和研究

研究了大型环件的径轴向轧制工艺。利用有限元模拟试验对具体的大型环件产品进行模拟轧制,通过对不同的毛坯和不同的工艺参数的选取进行试验和分析,找出了毛坯设计及工艺参数选取与控制的基本方法和规律,揭示了大型环件径轴向轧制过程的变形规律和机理,分析了轧制过程中产生的问题和缺陷的实质,为实际的工业生产提供了依据。     

Rolling element bearing defect detection using the generalized synchrosqueezing transform guided by time–frequency ridge enhancement

Healthy rolling element bearings are vital guarantees for safe operation of the rotating machinery. Time–frequency (TF) signal analysis is an effective tool to detect bearing defects under time-varying shaft speed condition. However, it is a challenging work dealing with defective characteristic frequency and rotation frequency simultaneously without a tachometer. For this reason, a technique using the generalized synchrosqueezing transform (GST) guided by enhanced TF ridge extraction is suggested to detect the existence of the bearing defects. The low frequency band and the resonance band are first chopped from the Fourier spectrum of the bearing vibration measurements. The TF information of the lower band component and the resonance band envelope are represented using short-time Fourier transform, where the TF ridge are extracted by harmonic summation search and ridge candidate fusion operations. The inverse of the extracted TF ridge is subsequently used to guide the GST mapping the chirped TF representation to the constant one. The rectified TF pictures are then synchrosqueezed as sharper spectra where the rotation frequency and the defective characteristic frequency can be identified, respectively. Both simulated and experimental signals were used to evaluate the present technique. The results validate the effectiveness of the suggested technique for the bearing defect detection.     

外球面轴承外圈冷辗扩有限元分析

基于环件轧制理论,分析外球面轴承外圈的冷辗扩工艺,应用Abaqus软件建立轧制的三维模型,并利用 Abaqus/Explicit显式算法对外球面轴承外圈的冷辗扩成形进行模拟分析,研究了不同的模具结构、尺寸和进给规范对成形过程的影响,揭示了外球面轴承外圈冷辗扩成形的机理.     

Identification of bearing faults using time domain zero-crossings

In this paper, zero-crossing characteristic features are employed for early detection and identification of single point bearing defects in rotating machinery. As a result of bearing defects, characteristic defect frequencies appear in the machine vibration signal, normally requiring spectral analysis or envelope analysis to identify the defect type. Zero-crossing features are extracted directly from the time domain vibration signal using only the duration between successive zero-crossing intervals and do not require estimation of the rotational frequency. The features are a time domain representation of the composite vibration signature in the spectral domain. Features are normalized by the length of the observation window and classification is performed using a multilayer feedforward neural network. The model was evaluated on vibration data recorded using an accelerometer mounted on an induction motor housing subjected to a number of single point defects with different severity levels.     

Ring crack propagation in silicon nitride under rolling contact

Silicon nitride has been found to have the optimum combination of properties which are suitable for rolling element bearing applications to withstand high loads, severe environments, and high speeds. Surface ring cracks are difficult to detect but are found on the surface of silicon nitride balls. These ring crack defects decrease the rolling contact fatigue life considerably. This paper presents an experimental study and numerical analysis of ring crack propagation in rolling contact. The contribution of this study is to provide understanding of ring crack propagation behaviour and life prediction in rolling contact. Rolling contact tests are performed on the silicon nitride/steel elements. Silicon nitride ball surfaces are examined before testing using a dye-penetrant technique and optical microscopy. The surfaces are examined using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy during testing and after failure. The numerical calculations are based on a 3D model of ring crack growth. The rolling contact loading is simulated by a repeated Hertzian surface load with normal pressure and tangential traction. Fracture mechanics analysis is utilised to determine the stress intensity along the crack front and the stress intensity factors are analysed using a 3D boundary element model. Life predictions from the present calculations are in line with the experimental observations.     

Effect of the raceway defects on the nonlinear dynamic behavior of rolling bearing

The defects on raceways would aggravate the vibration of bearing and greatly influence the bearing performance, in order to monitor the running state of the bearing and detect the early defect, the characteristics induced by the defect must be explored. This paper establishes a bearing dynamic model to explore the effect of raceway defects on the nonlinear dynamic behavior of rolling element bearing. The interaction between ball and races is modeled based on Hertz theory, while the presence of defects changes the ball-race interaction. The effects of defect size, position and number on bearing dynamic behaviors are investigated with the aid of phase trajectories, shaft center orbits, FFT spectra, etc. The results indicate that the defects can make the motion of the system more complicated and induce vibration at some characteristic frequencies, which can be used to recognize the bearing failure at early stage. The proposed research provides useful information for the design and status monitoring of mechanical systems.

     

滚动轴承动力学仿真与分析

为研究滚动轴承的动态特性和振动特性,在ANSYS/LS-DYNA中建立了滚动轴承有限元模型,对外圈固定,内圈施加压力和转速,实现了滚动轴承的显式动力学仿真,得到了滚动轴承的应力分布和动态响应。仿真结果表明,滚动轴承最大应力出现在滚动体与内圈和外圈接触处,滚动体的最大线速度和最小线速度分别出现在滚动体与内圈和外圈接触点上,滚动体受到的应力最大,保持架的应力变化最为剧烈。     

A comparative experimental study on the use of acoustic emission and vibration analysis for bearing defect identification and estimation of defect size

Vibration monitoring of rolling element bearings is probably the most established diagnostic technique for rotating machinery. The application of acoustic emission (AE) for bearing diagnosis is gaining ground as a complementary diagnostic tool, however, limitations in the successful application of the AE technique have been partly due to the difficulty in processing, interpreting and classifying the acquired data. Furthermore, the extent of bearing damage has eluded the diagnostician. The experimental investigation reported in this paper was centred on the application of the AE technique for identifying the presence and size of a defect on a radially loaded bearing. An experimental test rig was designed such that defects of varying sizes could be seeded onto the outer race of a test bearing. Comparisons between AE and vibration analysis over a range of speed and load conditions are presented. In addition, the primary source of AE activity from seeded defects is investigated. It is concluded that AE offers earlier fault detection and improved identification capabilities than vibration analysis. Furthermore, the AE technique also provided an indication of the defect size, allowing the user to monitor the rate of degradation on the bearing; unachievable with vibration analysis.     

接触角对风电轴承疲劳寿命的影响

风力发电机偏航轴承结构参数复杂,工作条件特殊,笔者通过仿真确定偏航轴承优化的结构参数,使此种轴承的疲劳寿命长,减少轴承在风场中的维修次数;采用有限元分析方法,建立了风电偏航轴承的三维有限元仿真模型,应用典型的联合载荷和边界条件,对各种不同接触角的轴承模型进行疲劳寿命分析,得出了轴承承载过程中的疲劳安全因子、疲劳寿命的相...