产壳聚糖酶菌株的筛选及其发酵产酶条件的研究

从采集的土样中分离得到一株产壳聚糖酶的菌株,对该菌株发酵产酶条件进行了初步研究.确定其最适的产酶培养基为(%):壳聚糖1.0,葡萄糖0.1,酵母提取物0.5,(NH4)2SO4 1.0,K2HPO4 0.07,KH2PO4 0.03,NaCl 0.5,MgSO4·7H2O 0.05,起始pH值6.0;最适产酶培养条件为:装液量为70 mL/250 mL,接种量3%,30℃、150 r·min-1培养72 h.在最适产酶条件下,该菌株发酵液中壳聚糖酶活力最高达到1.96 U·mL-1.     

土壤中产壳聚糖酶霉菌的筛选及产酶条件优化

为筛选壳聚糖酶的高产菌株,利用壳聚糖水解圈作为筛选模型,从沈阳化工学院附近农田土壤中筛选得到了产壳聚糖酶能力较高的霉菌M19。对其产酶条件进行优化,最终得到培养基中最佳碳源为1．0％壳聚糖胶体,最佳氮源为1．0％（NH4）2SO4加1．0％蛋白胨,最适初始pH为6．0,最适溶氧量为50mL摇瓶装20mL培养基,最适接种量为7．5％,且发酵72h时该菌产酶能力最强。该方法简便、直观,很适合大量、快速筛选。     

蜡样芽胞杆菌壳聚糖酶活力优化研究

为了提高蜡样芽胞杆菌壳聚糖酶活性,对菌株的培养条件进行优化。实验证明在最适温度48℃,最适p H 5. 8,底物浓度1%的条件下,该菌株产酶活力可达6. 034 U/m L。同时证实Mn~(2+)对壳聚糖酶活力具有明显的促进作用,Al~(3+)和Cu~(2+)两种离子对酶活具有抑制作用,利用SDS-PAGE电泳测得该酶相对分子量约44 k Da。结果表明壳聚糖酶具有良好的生物活性,具有进一步工业化的潜力。     

壳聚糖酶的分离提纯及其酶学性质研究

从土壤中筛选获得的高产壳聚糖酶菌株Penicillium sp.ZD-Z1,经发酵、分离提取出两种壳聚糖酶A和酶B,并对它们分别进行酶学性质测试.分别测定酶A和酶B的等电点、相对分子质量、最适反应温度和pH、不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖对酶活的影响.并考察了两种壳聚糖酶的酶解方式,结果表明,酶A为内切酶,酶B为外切酶.     

产壳聚糖酶菌株ncps116发酵条件优化及其酶学性质

通过形态学观察、生理生化实验及16S r DNA序列分析鉴定产壳聚糖酶菌株ncps116为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。通过单因素和正交实验对该菌株发酵产酶条件进行了优化。结果表明其最适产酶条件为:粉末壳聚糖15g/L,硫酸铵30g/L,初始p H 6.0,温度32℃,发酵时间72h,500m L三角瓶装液量120m L,接种量4%,在此条件下该菌株产壳聚糖酶活力达43.89U/m L。经硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析对菌株发酵液中的壳聚糖酶进行了纯化,并对其酶学性质进行了初步研究。结果表明,壳聚糖酶经SDS-PAGE分析,其分子量为4.37万。该酶酶促反应最适p H和最适反应温度分别为5.6和50℃,在低于40℃、p H 3.6~5.6范围内较为稳定,5mmol/L的Mn~(2+)对该酶酶活力有明显的增强作用,Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Ag~+对该酶酶活力有不同程度的抑制作用。壳聚糖酶酶促反应的米氏常数(K_m)为11.10mg/m L,最大反应速率(V_(max))为1.38μmol/(min·m L),对底物表现出较强的专一性。此外,该酶能够抑制黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)菌丝的生长。     

响应面法优化壳聚糖酶产生菌Mitsuaria sp.K1的产酶发酵条件

壳聚糖（chitosan）及其降解产物因具有优良的物理特性和生物活性而被广泛关注。通过平板透明圈初筛、摇瓶复筛方法,从青岛海岸土壤中分离筛选到1株产壳聚糖酶活性较高的细菌Mitsuaria sp.K1,并对其产酶发酵条件进行了单因素试验和响应面优化分析试验。结果表明：在最适培养基组成（1%粉末壳聚糖、0.5%硝酸钾、0.22%KH2PO4、0.1%Na2HPO4、0.15%KCl、0.05%MgSO4?7H2O）和最佳培养条件（培养温度25.2 ℃,培养时间25.4 h,起始pH值6.5,接种量3%,装液量100 mL/500 mL摇瓶,160 r/min）下,Mitsuaria sp.K1的发酵粗酶液最高酶活平均达11.56 U/mL,比优化前的2.17 U/mL提高了4.32倍。与前人研究结果相比,该菌发酵产酶温度降低了5～10 ℃,产酶周期缩短了23～47 h,因此具有工业发酵应用价值。     

降解秸秆的纤维素酶产生菌的筛选及产酶条件研究

从土壤、霉变的农产品和实验室保存的真菌中筛选到15株产纤维素酶的菌株,其中绿色木霉T206产酶能力最强。利用液体发酵,研究了碳源、氮源、接种量、起始pH值、培养时间等对菌株产酶的影响,以及该菌株所产纤维素酶的种类。在最适条件下菌株培养96h后,羧甲基纤维素酶活(CMCA)最高达到7654.33U,是优化前酶活的1.7倍,滤纸酶活(FPA)达到1675.12U。     

南极低温降解卡拉胶菌株的筛选、鉴定、产酶条件及酶学性质的初步研究

采用卢戈氏碘液染色法从6种海藻中筛选出高产卡拉胶降解酶菌株S942,对其种属进行了鉴定,对菌株产酶条件进行了优化,并对酶学性质进行了初步研究。16S r DNA序列鉴定结果表明,S942菌株为假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas sp.);菌株S942产卡拉胶降解酶的最适条件为:培养时间24 h、初始pH值7.0、培养温度37℃、碳源为0.2%卡拉胶、氮源为硫酸铵、添加Ca2+、接种量5%、摇床转速150 r·min-1;酶催化反应的最适反应温度为37℃、最适反应pH值为7.0。     

酶法降解壳聚糖工艺研究

采用非专一性酶(溶菌酶、纤维素酶)和专一性酶(壳聚糖酶)降解壳聚糖,探讨了不同条件对壳聚糖降解的影响.结果表明,溶菌酶降解壳聚糖的最佳条件为反应时间3.0 h、反应温度50℃、pH值4.0、酶用量40 U·mL-1;纤维素酶降解壳聚糖的最佳条件为反应时间1.5 h、反应温度55℃、pH值5.5、酶用量40 U·mL-1;壳聚糖酶降解壳聚糖的最佳条件为反应时间2.0 h、反应温度45℃、pH值5.0、酶用量30 U·mL-1.对壳聚糖酶酶解产物进行HPLC分析,发现得到了分子量分布较窄的壳寡糖.     

产壳聚糖酶菌种的选育和产酶条件的优化

从自然界中采集土壤样品,经筛选获得了一株产高活性壳聚糖酶的菌种,经初步鉴定属于青霉属。对该菌种进行紫外光诱变提高了它的产酶能力。通过Ｐｌａｃｋｅｔｔ－Ｂｕｒｍａｎ设计初步优化了产酶条件,并研究了培养温度、摇床转速、培养基组成和装液量等培养条件对菌种产酶能力的影响,确定了该菌种的最佳产酶条件。在最佳培养条件下,壳聚精酶活最高可达２１６．６Ｕ／ｍｌ．     

Structural simulation and protein engineering to convert an endo-chitosanase to an exo-chitosanase

To obtain an enzyme for the production of chito-disaccharides (GlcN(2)) by converting endo-chitosanase to exo-chitosanase, we chose an endo-chitosanase from Bacillus circulans MH-K1 (Csn) as the candidate for protein engineering. Using molecular modeling, two peptides with five amino acids (PCLGG) and six amino acids (SRTCKP) were designed and inserted after the positions of D(115) and T(222) of Csn, respectively. The inserted fragments are expected to form loops that might protrude from opposite walls of the substrate-binding cleft, thus forming a 'roof' over the catalytic site that might alter the product specificity. The chimeric chitosanase (Chim-Csn) and wild-type chitosanase (WT-Csn) were both over-expressed in Escherichia coli and purified nearly to homogeneity. The products formed from chitosan were analyzed by ESI-MS (electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry). A mixture of GlcN(2), GlcN(3) and GlcN(4) was obtained with WT-Csn, whereas Chim-Csn formed, with a smaller catalytic rate (3% of WT-Csn activity), GlcN(2) as the dominant product. Measurements of viscosity showed that, with similar amounts of enzyme activity, Chim-Csn catalyzed the hydrolysis of chitosan with a smaller rate of viscosity decrease than WT-Csn. The results indicate that, on inserting two surface loops, the endo-type chitosanase was converted into an exo-type chitosanase, which to our knowledge is the first chitosanase that releases GlcN(2) from chitosan as the dominant product.     

Purification and enzymatic properties of the extracellular and constitutive chitosanase produced by Bacillus subtilis RKY3

BACKGROUND: Purification and enzymatic properties of a chitosanase from Bacillus subtilis RKY3 have been investigated to produce a chitooligosaccharide. The enzyme reported was extracellular and constitutive, which was purified by two sequential steps including ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. RESULTS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified chitosanase revealed one single band corresponding to a molecular weight of around 24 kDa. The highest chitosanase activity was found to be at pH 6.0 and at 60 °C. Although the mercaptide forming agents such as Hg²⁺ (10 mmol L^?1) and p‐hydroxymercuribenzoic acid (1 mmol L^?1, 10 mmol L^?1) significantly or totally inhibited the enzyme activity, its activity was enhanced by the presence of 10 mmol L^?1 Mn²⁺. The enzyme showed activity for hydrolysis of soluble chitosan and glycol chitosan, but colloidal chitin, carboxymethyl cellulose, crystalline cellulose, and soluble starch were not hydrolyzed. The analysis of chitosan hydrolysis by thin‐layer chromatography and viscosity variation revealed that the purified enzyme should be endosplitting‐type chitosanase. CONCLUSION: The chitosanase produced by Bacillus subtilis RKY3 was a novel chitosanlytic enzyme with relatively low molecular weight, which is a versatile enzyme for chitosan hydrolysis because it could hydrolyze soluble chitosan into a biofunctional oligosaccharide at a high level. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

醋酸纤维酯可降解微生物的筛选

用醋酸纤维酯作为唯一碳源,经两次筛选得到了对醋酸纤维酯具有降解作用的两个菌株TS06和TS18。通过使用不同培养基和不同的pH来调整反应条件发现,不同条件下菌株对醋酸纤维酯的降解能力存在差别。在最优条件下,所筛选出两个菌株对底物的降解率都达到了9.4%。     

Optimization of chitosanase production from Bacillus sp. RKY3 using statistical experimental designs

BACKGROUND: The culture medium and fermentation conditions for the production of constitutive chitosanase from a newly isolated Bacillus sp. RKY3 were optimized statistically. RESULTS: The variables significantly influencing both chitosanase production and cell growth were screened through the Plackett–Burman design, by which maltose, beef extract, MgSO₄, and incubation time were identified as the most significant variables. The optimum values of the selected variables and their mutual interactions were determined through the steepest ascent method and Box–Behnken experimental design. The results demonstrated that 62.30 U mL^?1 chitosanase activity was predicted with optimum conditions of maltose (30.18 g L^?1), beef extract (15.25 g L^?1), MgSO₄ (0.26 g L^?1), and incubation time (50.02 h). The predicted response was verified by the validation experiments, and the optimum conditions resulted in a maximum chitosanase activity of 63.53 ± 1.22 U mL^?1. CONCLUSION: The optimization of fermentation variables resulted in an approximately 11.3‐fold increase in chitosanase activity compared with that observed under unoptimized conditions (from 5.63 U mL^?1 to 63.53 U mL^?1). Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

石油降解优势菌的筛选和降解性能

从长期污染的油田土壤中筛选分离出4株石油优势降解菌和1组原始天然组合的混合菌,并对其石油降解性能进行了初步研究。结果表明有3株菌在中性或偏碱性的pH值条件下降解效果最佳,在5d时间内石油去除率高达61.85％;无机离子对菌株的石油降解有很大影响,其中常量无机离子Mg^2＋,Ca^2＋起主要作用,微量无机离子的影响较小;混合菌株对外界不利条件（如偏酸偏碱或缺少生长元素等情况下）的承受能力明显高于纯种菌株。     

An Amphiprotic Novel Chitosanase from Bacillus mycoides and Its Application in the Production of Chitooligomers with Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation

The objectives of this investigation were to produce a novel chitosanase for application in industries and waste treatment. The transformation of chitinous biowaste into valuable bioactive chitooligomers (COS) is one of the most exciting applications of chitosanase. An amphiprotic novel chitosanase from Bacillus mycoides TKU038 using squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium was retrieved from a Taiwan soil sample, which was purified by column chromatography, and characterized by biochemical protocol. Extracellular chitosanase (CS038) was purified to 130-fold with a 35% yield, and its molecular mass was roughly 48 kDa. CS038 was stable over a wide range of pH values (4–10) at 50 °C and exhibited an optimal temperature of 50 °C. Interestingly, the optimum pH values were estimated as 6 and 10, whereas CS038 exhibited chitosan-degrading activity (100% and 94%, respectively). CS038 had K_m and V_max values of 0.098 mg/mL and 1.336 U/min, separately, using different concentrations of water-soluble chitosan. A combination of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer data revealed that the chitosan oligosaccharides obtained from the hydrolysis of chitosan by CS038 comprise oligomers with multiple degrees of polymerization (DP), varying from 3–9, as well as CS038 in an endolytic fashion. The TKU038 culture supernatant and COS mixture exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities. The COS activities were dose dependent and correlated to their DP. The COS with high DP exhibited enhanced DPPH radical scavenging capability compared with COS with low DP. Furthermore, the COS exhibited inhibitory behavior on nitric oxide (NO) production in murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, which was induced by Escherichia coli O111 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The COS with low DP possesses a more potent anti-inflammatory capability to decrease NO production (IC₅₀, 76.27 ± 1.49 µg/mL) than that of COS with high DP (IC₅₀, 82.65 ± 1.18 µg/mL). Given its effectiveness in production and purification, acidophilic and alkalophilic properties, stability over ranges of pH values, ability to generate COS, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory, CS038 has potential applications in SPP waste treatment and industries for COS production as a medical prebiotic.     

微生物处理机油污染废水研究

从油污土壤中筛选分离出两株高效机油降解菌ZL1，ZL2。初步鉴定为黄杆菌属和微球菌属，通过生长条件正交试验测定了温度，油含量和pH值对其降解能力的影响。在废水较高油浓度下进行了降解能力试验，试验表明：经2d左右时间ZL1，ZL2菌对于初始油质量浓度为270mg/L培养液的去除率分别达到67．9％和76．2％，其中ZL2菌对油含量和pH值有较广的适应范围。     

Phenol degradation by isolated bacterial strains: kinetics study and application in coking wastewater treatment

BACKGROUND: In biological treatment of coking wastewater, phenol may decrease the treatment efficiency because of its high concentration and toxicity to microorganisms. Bioaugmentation has been regarded as a good improvement of the traditional biological treatment using isolated degrading strains. In this study, two phenol degrading strains, Pseudomonas sp. PCT01 and PTS02, were isolated and investigated for degradation ability and application to real coking wastewater treatment. RESULTS: Complete phenol degradation was achieved after 18 h inoculation in medium containing 229‐461 mg L^?1 of phenol for both strains. The presence of phenol, pyridine and other compounds in mixed substrate or in coking wastewater prolonged the degradation to 20‐32 h with an initial phenol concentration of 160‐280 mg L^?1. The study of degradation kinetics yielded a two‐stage model to describe the effect of the initial phenol concentration and inhibitory compounds on phenol degradation. The highest degradation rate constant of the second stage, 1.25 h^?1 for PCT01 and 0.75 h^?1 for PTS02, was obtained at low phenol concentration in a single substrate. CONCLUSION: It was found that both strains could degrade phenol effectively and maintain their phenol degradation ability in coking wastewater, and therefore could be used for bioaugmentation treatment of coking wastewater. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry