离子型稀土矿山集液沟区域耐盐异养硝化细菌的筛选及其脱氮特征

为筛选处理高盐含氨氮矿冶废水的耐盐微生物,从赣南离子型稀土矿山集液沟区域采集样品,利用选择性培养基富集培养分离耐盐异养硝化细菌,并考察碳源、pH、盐度等因素对其脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,分离得到一株耐盐异养硝化细菌X1,经16S rDNA鉴定为肠杆菌属Enterobacter sp. X1,确定该菌适宜的脱氮条件为:以蔗糖作为碳源,pH值为5,盐度≤15 %.菌株X1的NH₄+-N去除率可达到60 %以上.研究结果可为高盐含氨氮矿冶废水的微生物处理提供菌株和数据参考.      

喷射脱氨法处理钨钼冶金过程中的高浓度氨氮废水

在自制喷射脱氨装置内,采用喷射脱氨法处理钨钼冶金过程中产生的高浓度氨氮工业废水.通过实验,考察了废水pH值、脱氨瓶内真空度、废水温度以及喷射脱氨时间对脱氨率的影响.确定了最佳的脱氨条件:在料液pH为12,脱氨瓶内真空度0.0018 MPa,料液温度60℃,废液循环脱氨80 min,氨氮脱除率可达98.7%.     

稀土氨氮废水治理及资源化集成技术的研究

以吸附法与化学沉淀法的集成技术组成氨氮废水处理的闭路循环系统,用自制的MgHPO4(MHP)为吸附剂,对NH4+浓度为5175mg/L稀土硫酸铵废水进行了氨氮吸附性能实验,研究发现pH、MHP的投加量和氨氮初始浓度是影响氨氮去除效果的关键因素。在室温下,调节反应体系pH=9.5,MHP用量按摩尔比n(MHP)∶n(NH4+)=2∶1投料,搅拌吸附30min,氨氮去除率可达85.7%,且氨氮初始浓度越高,吸附效果越好。MHP再生与循环使用实验表明,MAP焙烧可使MHP再生,同时可回收高浓度的氨水,MHP循环使用三次,氨氮的去除率均在70%以上。如果采用MHP二级吸附法后,再用MAP沉淀法处理废水,可使出水氨氮浓度降低为87mg/L,累计氨氮去除率可达到98%以上。     

光催化技术在中低浓度氨氮废水处理中的应用

对比分析有色冶金生产过程产出的中低浓度氨氮废水处理技术,利用实验室小试考察了吹脱法、折点氯化法、药剂沉淀法和光催化技术脱除废水中氨氮的效果。结果表明,采用光催化技术处理废水,氨氮脱除率为90%～99%。在此基础上开发了一套能力为40m~3/d错流式光催化有色金属氨氮废水处理装置,将此工艺及装备用于处理氨氮浓度为266.74～1 509.79 mg/L的实际工业废水,处理后废水中氨氮含量小于20mg/L,脱除率平均为72%,最高达到93.3%。     

稀土分离过程废水综合利用研究

稀土分离过程产生的氨性废水用于稀土原地浸矿,其他废水在稀土分离工序间转换、再利用;利用废水中的有价成分,减少生产中化工材料消耗,减少废水的处理量,综合利用后废水减排50.07%,减排氨氮1.6 t/a,减排COD 12.2 t/a,废水处理费用从综合利用前8~10元/m3降至6~8元/m3。     

MAP法和折点氯化法联合工艺处理印制线路板铜氨废水试验研究

在废印刷电路板回收利用时通常会产生大量含重金属离子的废水,一般含有[Cu（NH₃）₄]2+、NH₄+和NH₃·H₂O,这些铜氨络离子稳定性高,处理难度极高。文中以废印刷电路板在回收利用有价金属时产生的铜氨废水为研究对象,通过MAP法和折点氯化法联合工艺对该废水进行处理,有效回收了氨氮和铜。该联合工艺不仅可以有效地节约经济成本,并且回收的铜和氨氮产物也能产生一定的经济效益。结果表明:MAP反应的较优条件为pH=9.5,废水中氨氮与投入磷盐和镁盐的摩尔比为4:1:1.1,对氨氮的去除率为23%,铜的去除率为2%,形成了磷酸氨镁沉淀。折点氯化法的较优pH为9.5,N/Cl的摩尔比为1:1.6,氨氮处理效果为98.8%,铜去除率99.8%。      

电渗析处理钕铁硼废料回收稀土过程中高盐难降解废水

利用电渗析技术对钕铁硼废料回收稀土冶炼过程中产生的高盐难降解废水进行脱盐处理,研究了浓室与淡室体积比、操作电压、极水浓度、原料液与极水流量等对脱盐性能影响及废水COD变化情况。研究发现：利用电渗析技术,废水脱盐率可达93%以上,淡室中废水的COD得到降解,浓室中废水的COD基本不会富集,电耗为15.9 kWh/m3,为钕铁硼废料冶炼废水处理提供了技术支撑。     

加压催化氧化氨浸法处理坪定金矿的研究和新工艺开发

坪定金矿是富金高砷高碳难处理金矿,所含砷化合物为雌黄和（或）雄黄,普通处理工艺金的氰化率较低。针对坪定金矿特点,提出“加压催化氧化氨浸法”,成功地实现了坪定矿中金的有效回收。通过向氨性溶液中加入硫磺使雄黄转化为易溶于氨水中的雌黄,再通过氨水将矿物中的雄黄去除。最后,利用Cu2+的催化作用促使砷脱除过程中在金矿表面所形成的不溶性硫膜氧化,便于后续氰化提金的进行。经过该方法处理后的坪定金矿矿石金的氰化率可达到92%以上。由于采用氨性环境,该工艺中所用设备材料都为普通钢材,设备投资小,运行成本低,经济效益高,2年内可实现盈利。     

Decomposition of bastnasite and monazite mixed rare earth minerals calcined by alkali liquid

The process of decomposion of the bastnasite and monazite rare earth concentrates by alkali solutions was investigated. The mixed slurries of the rare earth concentrates and the alkali solutions were calcined at different temperatures in a rotary tubular electric furnace. The effects of calcination temperature on the decomposing ratio of rare earth, the oxidation ratio of cerium, the stripping of fluorine and phospho-rous after calcinations, and the adaptability of the process to the mixed rare earth concentrates of different grade were studied. The results showed that the decomposition ratio of rare earth and the oxidation ratio of cerium could reach 95.8% and 93.7%, respectively, while the cal-cinating temperature was above 300℃.     

离子型稀土不同浸出剂柱浸对比试验

针对离子型稀土原地浸出工艺现有氨氮污染问题,考察镁盐、铝盐等非铵浸出剂对稀土浸出过程的影响。以赣州稀土矿样为研究对象,选择硫酸镁与硫酸铵通过柱浸的方式进行对比试验,同时考察铝盐与铵盐、镁盐联合浸出效果的影响,测定浸出液成分,分析不同浸出剂浸出效果的差异。结果表明：相同质量分数的硫酸铵和硫酸镁浸出效率相当,硫酸铵可达91.37%,硫酸镁可达89.22%;添加铝盐后的稀土浸出率仅76%左右,铝盐的添加不能促进稀土浸出效率的提升;铵盐柱浸顶水洗涤后铵根离子可降低至76 mg/L,镁盐柱浸顶水洗涤后镁离子可降低至27 mg/L,镁离子比铵根离子更容易洗涤去除。硫酸镁作为浸出剂能够从根本上解决离子型稀土矿山氨氮污染问题。     

Progress in green and efficient enrichment of rare earth from leaching liquor of ion adsorption type rare earth ores

Ion adsorption type rare earth ores (IATREOs) are a valuable strategic mineral resource in China, which feature a complete composition of fifteen rare earth elements and are rich in medium and heavy rare earth (RE) elements. In the leaching process for recovering rare earth elements from IATREOs, many impurities will be leached together with rare earth elements and enter the leaching liquor. An impurity removal-precipitation enrichment technique is currently applied to selectively recovery rare earth elements from the leaching liquor with the high content of impurities and low concentration of rare earth elements by using ammonium bicarbonate in the industry. However, a high loss of rare earth elements and severe ammonia nitrogen pollution are caused by this process. Therefore, more beneficial impurities removal technologies, mainly for aluminum, and green enrichment technologies with lower pollution are now urgently needed. For this purpose, this paper analyzed two aspects of research progress in recent decades: the green separation of rare earth elements and aluminum from leaching liquor and the green and efficient enrichment of rare earth elements. Finally, an approach for the high-efficiency and green enrichment of rare earth elements from leaching liquor of the IATREOs is proposed in several aspects, including impurity inhibition leaching, neutralization and impurity removal, alkaline calcium and magnesium salt precipitation enrichment, and centrifugal extraction enrichment.     

化学沉淀—折点氯化法处理稀土氨氮废水

采用化学沉淀—折点氯化法去除稀土氨氮废水中的氨氮。化学沉淀试验表明,调节废水pH=7,沉淀时间15min,废水中氨氮的去除率可达90.64%;折点氯化试验表明,调节废水pH=7,次氯酸钠溶液加入量为理论量的1.4倍,反应时间15min,废水中氨氮浓度可降至8.35mg/L,处理后的废水满足稀土工业废水氨氮排放标准,并且本工艺是经济可行的。     

Efficient extraction and stripping of Nd(III), Eu(III) and Er(III) by membrane dispersion micro-extractors

The extraction of low concentration rare earth elements at high phase ratio was investigated. The traditional extraction set-up, such as mixer-settler, have drawbacks of easy emulsification, difficult separation and low efficiency if operated at the above condition. Membrane dispersion micro-extractor, owing to its well-dispersed, high surface-to-volume ratio and fast mass transfer rate, was employed in our work. Nd(III), Eu(III), Er(III) were chosen to represent light, medium, heavy rare earth elements (REEs). The extraction process of REEs with 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid-2-ethylhexyl ester (P507) was investigated by membrane dispersion micro-extractors. Firstly, the extraction equilibrium of these three elements was explored in the stirred conical flasks, and it is indicated that the extraction efficiencies can be 0.95, 0.97 and 0.98, respectively within 40 min at phase ratio of 100:1. Then the effects of operational conditions such as the residence time, organic and aqueous flow rates on extraction efficiency were also explored in micro-extractors. The results indicate that the efficiency decreases and then increases if increasing aqueous phase flow rate, residence time and droplets' diameter are the key factors of this process. Increasing the phase ratio reduces the extraction efficiency significantly. When the REEs solution has an initial pH of 4.00, the flow rates of continuous and dispersed phase are 40 and 1.6 mL/min, respectively, and 90 mg/L Nd (III), Eu(III) and Er(III) is extracted by 1 mol/L P507 at the out-let length of 8 m. The extraction efficiencies are 0.978, 0.983 and 0.991, respectively. Finally the stripping process was also studied with the micro-extractor. The stripping efficiencies of Nd(III), Eu(III) and Er(III) can reach 0.99, 0.96 and 0.91, respectively when the out-let length is 8 m and the concentration of hydrochloric acid is 1 mol/L. The developed approach offers a novel and simple strategy on the fast extraction and enrichment of low concentration rare earth elements from waste water.     

基于膜技术处理离子型稀土矿开采废水的研究

探究了更加实用的膜技术应用于处理稀土矿开采的废水,提出采用两级反渗透膜浓缩加硫酸调pH值工艺,使得二级反渗透出水的氨氮浓度低至5.05 mg/L,清液可直接达标排放或回用。浓缩液再经过纳滤膜,可进一步分离稀土离子,稀土离子总回收率达到93.01%。纳滤膜的清液中只有硫酸铵,可作为浸出试剂再利用。此实验过程中稀土离子和氨氮资源都可被回收利用,具有较好的经济价值。      

接触膜脱氨法处理离子型稀土矿山氨氮废水的工程实践

采用接触膜脱氨法处理某离子型稀土矿原地浸矿开采方式所产生的氨氮废水,详细介绍了该方法的原理、工艺、特点及主要设备参数。采用接触膜脱氨法处理某离子型稀土矿山实际生产废水,出水氨氮浓度在15mg/L以下,氨氮脱除率稳定在98%以上,实现了氨氮废水达标排放。该方法具有脱除效率高,操作简单方便,占地面积小,运行稳定,可流动作业的优点。     

稀土冶炼氨氮废水的处理技术现状

分析了稀土冶炼废水产生原因和组成成分,阐述了国内外稀土冶炼氨氮废水主要处理技术及研究现状,分别介绍了生化法、物化法及蒸馏法等处理技术原理,讨论了这些稀土冶炼氨氮废水处理技术实际运用中存在的问题.并着重针对目前风化壳淋积型稀土矿提取和分离过程中面临的氨氮达不到废水排放新标准等问题,提出了今后加强对风化壳淋积型稀土矿提取分离新技术工艺及新型药剂等的研究,探索氨氮废水循环利用新途径,从源头消除氨氮废水并从根本上治理氨氮污染.      

复杂稀有金属矿综合利用新工艺

研究一种从复杂稀有金属矿中综合回收稀土、铌、钛的新工艺。按6∶5的酸矿质量比添加浓硫酸混匀后在400℃酸化,酸化渣浸出后,浸出液按1∶1的体积比加水在100℃水解60min得到水解沉淀,浸出渣采用强磁选分离得到磁性物及非磁性物。将水解沉淀与磁性物混匀在1 800℃还原熔炼,获得Nb2O5含量22.38%、铁品位52.32%的铌铁合金和TiO2含量35.12%的钛渣,铌、钛回收率分别为66.89%和50.38%。水解液在通入空气的条件下用氨水调节至pH=3进行固液分离,按理论量1.2倍添加草酸沉淀稀土,最后将该稀土沉淀在950℃煅烧60min,可得到REO含量92.4%的稀土氧化物,稀土总回收率71.32%。     

氟化稀土熔盐电解渣硫酸浸出脱氟研究

氟化稀土熔盐电解渣不仅是稀土回收的重要二次资源,而且氟的回收利用也非常重要。本研究采用硫酸浸出法处理氟化稀土熔盐电解渣,使氟与稀土分离,并通过多级吸收将生成的氟化氢回收。研究了浸出温度、液固比、浸出时间、硫酸浓度对脱氟率的影响。结果表明:在浸出温度为360 ℃、液固比（体积与质量之比,单位为mL/g,下同）为2:1、粒度58~75 μm、搅拌转速恒定为300 r/min,反应3 h的条件下,氟的脱除率可达到95.28%,达到氟回收的目的。最后,通过对实验数据进行因次分析,得出氟脱除率的准数方程。      

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal for swine wastewater by ammonium crystallization and intermittent aeration process

A process on crystallized precipitation of ammonium by adding magnesium salt and phosphate was carried out to improve C/N ratio in swine wastewater. After completion of crystallized precipitation of ammonium, an intermittent aeration process with aeration and nonaeration periods alternated at interval of 1:1 hr day-1 is used for the improved swine wastewater (T-N/BOD = 0.14: BOD = 8200 mg/liter and T-N = 1166 mg/liter). The results obtained from the experiment show that the removal ratios of T-N and NH4-N are 91% and 99%, respectively. T-P is not removed, while the removal ratio of PO4-P is 60% as 3% of CaCl2 liquid is added. The results also indicate that dilution with water is effective to improve the removal of phosphorus even if raw swine wastewater contains high concentrations of T-N, T-P, BOD, and TOC.     

Electrochemical Oxidation and Ozonation for Textile Wastewater Reuse

Ozone and electrochemical oxidation treatment technologies were evaluated for wastewater recycling in the textile industry. Textile wastewater was collected from eight textile mills that use different dying processes. Both ozone and electrochemical oxidation removed the color from wastewater containing acid, reactive, and natural dyes, while mixed results were achieved with pigment and disperse dyes. The variability in color removal for the pigment and disperse dyes may be related to the concentration and type of auxiliary chemicals used. Color criteria for reusing wastewater for reactive dye was determined to be ΔE ? 2. This level of treatment provided an acceptable level of residual color for reuse in dark color dyeing operations and for rinse water. Some reformulation of the dye concentration and auxiliary chemicals is necessary for wastewater reuse in light color dyeing operations. Also, multiple reuse of the treated wastewater, as would occur in a completely closed system, would require changes in salt and other auxiliary chemicals to achieve the same fabric color as clean process water.