辨证论治艾滋病

艾滋病是一种获得性免疫缺陷综合征,中医学的观点则是正气严重不足。正气依靠精神的支撑,而精神来源于饮食气味及其精微物质 ,精微物质的转化主要靠脏腑功能的正常运化。脏腑功能活动是生命运动的根本。五脏各有所主,各司其职,并且相互和合与平衡,只有当五 脏功能旺盛,并且相互和合时,人体的生命力才会强大,机体“正气”充足,才会有免疫力。在五脏之中,肝、脾、肾三脏功能要保持平衡, 其他各脏功能才会自然趋向平衡与协调,人体才会健康长寿,这就是“三维守恒”法则。     

禽流感病的“缺硒内因”与纳米科技防疫的“治本战略”

禽流感病在全球泛发，不只是候鸟传染外因所能解释的。那么，禽流感发作的内因究竟是什么？经研究表明，是禽类在产蛋高峰期（秋、冬、春），因消耗了大量体内唯一的与病毒有直接关系的元素硒，引起机体失衡而轻易被流感病毒击垮。     

新时期大庆油田勘探工程的哲学思考

“十五”期间,大庆油田积极采用工程哲学思想指导勘探工作,取得了新突破,并获得了四点新启示：认识来源于实践,实践的局限又会造成认识的局限,发展地看待历史结论才能实现大突破;勘探的风险是客观存在的,同时机遇也是并存的,辩证地解决好这一矛盾才能获得大发现;找油能力是生产力,组织管理是生产关系,生产关系适应生产力才能促进勘探工作大发展;勘探思想的解放是内因和基础,勘探技术的发展是外因和条件,外因通过内因起作用才能发生质变。大庆油田“两项识别技术”的创新和“三项工程技术”的发展,为勘探发现提供了有力支撑。     

治理理论视野中的非营利组织

治理是多元的、平等的公共权力主体,相互合作与协商共同管理社会公共事务的一种机制.而非营利组织作为政府之外公共管理的新角色广泛参与到人类社会的各个领域,尤其在治理中发挥着越来越重要的作用.而只有克服了非营利组织发展道路上的内因与外因的双重障碍,才能促进非营利组织的健康发展和政治参与能力的提升.     

我对正反物质的一点思考

正反物质来自太极的分解。如同电子在操纵着一切化学反应一样，反物质在操纵着宇宙中包括星星在内的一切物质的运动。作者企图揭示反物质（精神）运动的特殊规律。     

企业内部管理要市场化

一、企业如何进入市场 在建立社会主义市场经济体制过程中,企业如何进入市场?有人认为主要靠外部的条件来推动。我认为要运用唯物辨证法来看这个问题。就是说“外因是事物变化的条件,内因才是事物变化的根据”。外因是通过内因而起作用的。因此,要理解和掌握事物发展的过程,必须把握事物的内因,又不可忽视其外因。这样一来,这个问题就好解决了,重要的还是靠企业内部的能力,当前应要求企业内部的管理模式尽快实现市场化。     

确立中医药战略地位的重要意义

中医学以“天人相应”、“阴阳平衡”为哲学基础，以“整体观念”、“辨证论治”为主要特点，以中药、针灸等为主要治疗手段来调整、激发人体的自我康复能力，纠正人体的偏常之性而达到防病治病目的。中医学所提倡的人与自然（包括细菌、病毒等）和谐共处，而不是对微生物大规模灭活的理念，维持了微生物与人类之间微妙的生理平衡，这正是医学未来的发展方向。千百年来，中医药为中华民族的繁衍昌盛做出了不可磨灭的贡献，使其在无数次瘟疫的侵袭下从未像欧洲一样一死上千万人；同时，中医药“简便廉验”，在预防和治疗慢性病、多因素复杂性疾病以及新型病毒性疾病等方面尤有所长，故只有建立中西医并重的卫生保健体系，才能保障中国13亿人口的健康，才能解决9亿农民和城市贫困人口的缺医少药问题。建议实施“中医药五大振兴工程”，即中医药政策法规保障工程、中医药人才工程、中医药科研工程、乡村中医工程以及中医药行政管理体制改革工程，以做到中医药的可持续发展。     

浅谈汶川地震对水工水电工程的影响

地震的原因主要有：地球各个大板块之间互相挤压．另外还有火山喷发引起．。地震的孕育产生，应当是因果关系的产物，既有内部因素的作用，也必须存在外部因素的条件，即内因是基础，外因才是产生地震的必然条件。强烈地震会对生态环境产生多方面的破坏和影响，不仅对动植物的生长、生存产生严重后果．而且对生态系统的功能也产生破坏性影响。被震损的水利水电工程除了本身的经济损失以及对用电行业带来的巨大影响以外，它们还成为次生灾害或后发灾害链的重大危险源     

浅谈提高篮球运动员身体素质的训练方法

由于篮球比赛越来越激烈，水平也越来越高，对运动员身体素质的要求也越来越高，所以良好的身体素质训练方法是提高运动员运动水平的基础，只有通过科学合理的身体素质训练方法才能长期保持运动员的运动水平，更是运动员运动生涯的保障。     

高原训练对人体自细胞免疫功能的影响

为了探讨高原训练对人体白细胞免疫功能的影响，本文通过文献资料法，综述了近些年来各学者有关于不同强度的高原训练与白细胞免疫的影响变化。使人们对不同的海拔高度和不同强度的高原训练对人体白细胞免疫功能的变化有一个全面的了解，本文就高原训练中与人体免疫相关的研究加以综述。     

siRNA nanotherapeutics: a promising strategy for anti‐HBV therapy

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is the most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis worldwide. In spite of the numerous advances in the treatment of CHB, drugs and vaccines have failed because of many factors like complexity, resistance, toxicity, and heavy cost. New RNA interference (RNAi)‐based technologies have developed innovative strategies to target Achilles'' heel of the several hazardous diseases involving cancer, some genetic disease, autoimmune illnesses, and viral disorders particularly hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Naked siRNA delivery has serious challenges including failure to cross the cell membrane, susceptibility to the enzymatic digestion, and excretion by renal filtration, which ideally can be addressed by nanoparticle‐mediated delivery systems. cccDNA formation is a significant problem in obtaining HBV infections complete cure because of strength, durability, and lack of proper immune response. Nano‐siRNA drugs have a great potential to address this problem by silencing specific genes which are involved in cccDNA formation. In this article, the authors describe siRNA nanocarrier‐mediated delivery systems as a promising new strategy for HBV infections therapy. Simultaneously, the authors completely represent the clinical trials which use these strategies for treatment of the HBV infections.Inspec keywords: tumours, drugs, genetics, cellular biophysics, RNA, nanomedicine, diseases, molecular biophysics, microorganisms, cancer, liver, nanoparticles, patient treatmentOther keywords: siRNA nanotherapeutics, anti‐HBV therapy, chronic hepatitis B, CHB, HCC, hazardous diseases, cancer, genetic disease, autoimmune illnesses, viral disorders, hepatitis B virus infections, naked siRNA delivery, cell membrane, enzymatic digestion, renal filtration, nanoparticle‐mediated delivery systems, cccDNA formation, HBV infections complete cure, nanosiRNA drugs, siRNA nanocarrier‐mediated delivery systems, HBV infections therapy, liver cirrhosis, RNA interference, immune response, hepatocellular carcinoma     

PD‐1 Blockade for Improving the Antitumor Efficiency of Polymer–Doxorubicin Nanoprodrug

Chemotherapy is well recognized to induce immune responses during some chemotherapeutic drugs‐mediated tumor eradication. Here, a strategy involving blocking programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) to enhance the chemotherapeutic effect of a doxorubicin nanoprodrug HA‐Psi‐DOX is proposed and the synergetic mechanism between them is further studied. The nanoprodrugs are fabricated by conjugating doxorubicin (DOX) to an anionic polymer hyaluronic acid (HA) via a tumor overexpressed matrix metalloproteinase sensitive peptide (CPLGLAGG) for tumor targeting and enzyme‐activated drug release. Once accumulated at the tumor site, the nanoprodrug can be activated to release antitumor drug by tumor overexpressed MMP‐2. It is found that HA‐Psi‐DOX nanoparticles can kill tumor cells effectively and initiate an antitumor immune response, leading to the upregulation of interferon‐γ. This cytokine promotes the expression of programmed cell death protein‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) on tumor cells, which will cause immunosuppression after interacting with PD‐1 on the surface of lymphocytes. The results suggest that the therapeutic efficiency of HA‐Psi‐DOX nanoparticles is significantly improved when combined with checkpoint inhibitors anti‐PD‐1 antibody (α‐PD1) due to the neutralization of immunosuppression by blocking the interaction between PD‐L1 and PD‐1. This therapeutic system by combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy further increases the link between conventional tumor therapies and immunotherapy.     

Targeting and penetration of virus receptor bearing cells by nanoparticles coated with envelope proteins of Moloney murine leukemia virus

One of the most important steps in a productive viral infection is when the virus fuses to a cell membrane and delivers its genome into the cell cytosol. This dynamic event is mediated by interactions between specific virus envelope proteins with their cell-bound receptors. This process is exemplified by Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) where envelope protein interaction with its receptor, mCAT-1, leads to virus-cell membrane fusion and infection of cells. Here, fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) were coated with Mo-MLV derived membranes (Mo-NPs) by extrusion. Electron microscopy and biochemical analysis showed tight association of the virus membranes and NPs. The coated NPs mimic native virus by binding and entering only cells expressing the virus receptor. Confocal microscopy revealed that the coated NPs were taken up into endocytic compartments containing receptor and were also seen associated with caveolin, a marker of caveolae. To demonstrate that the Mo-NPs could escape endosomes and deliver a protein cargo into the cell cytosol, beta-lactamase (betalac) was covalently coupled to the Mo-NP cores and incubated with cells. betalac activity was only detected in the cytosol of mCAT-1-expressing cells. This is the first time that virus proteins have been used to specifically target NPs to receptor-bearing cells as well as penetration into the cell cytosol. Extrusion provides a rapid, detergent-free method to couple virus membranes to NPs and should be readily applicable for many other virus and NP types.     

On cause hypotheses of earthquakes with external tectonic plate and/or internal dense gas loadings

This paper examines and compares the two loading systems and their associated energy and basic stress fields in elastic crustal rock mass for the cause of tectonic earthquakes. The first loading system is an external loading system and associated with the conventional earthquake cause hypothesis of active fault elastic rebounding. The second is a combined loading system where the first external loading system is added with a dense gas loading in the interior of deep crustal rock faults/defects. It is associated with the methane gas hypothesis for the cause of tectonic earthquakes. Five elastic stresses in rock solids with some idealized faults and caverns are presented to illustrate the similarities and differences of the stress fields and the possible rupture failure modes in association of the two loading systems. The theoretical results can show that any changes in the local stress concentrations due the external loading alone can be reflected and noticed in the corresponding stresses at the far field. On the other hand, any changes in the local stress concentrations due to the internal gas loading cannot be observed and distinguished in the tectonic stress field at the far distance. These theoretical results can be used to well explain the consensus of earthquake unpredictability with present technology. The theoretical results can further show that the external tectonic loading alone can only cause shear ruptures in crustal fault rocks with high compressive stresses, and such shear rupture or frictional failure is also difficult to occur because its shear plane has extremely high compressive normal stress. The combined loading can cause not only shear ruptures, but also tensile ruptures in crustal fault rocks, and such shear and tensile ruptures occur much easier since the rupture plane can have very low compressive or even high-tensile normal stress. It is argued that the earthquake energy is the volumetric expansion energy of dense gas mass escaped from the deep traps along crustal rock faults. The migration and expansion of the escaped dense gas mass in the crustal rock faults and defects cause the seismic body waves, the ground sounding, the seismic surface waves, the ground co-seismic ruptures and damages. Its rapid migration and expansion in thick water cause tsunamis in lakes and oceans. Its rapid migration and expansion in the atmosphere cause the sky to become cloudy. The dense methane gas is produced every day in the mantle and core of the Earth, migrates outward and accumulates and stores beneath the lower crustal rock in high compression. It forms a thin spherical layer of dense methane gas separating the cold crustal rocks and the hot mantle materials. Its leaking along deep faults or plate boundaries causes earthquakes and supplies to shallow gas and oil reservoirs beneath secondary traps in adjacent basins of the upper crustal rock mass.     

Dynamics of killer T cell inflation in viral infections

Upon acute viral infection, a typical cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is characterized by a phase of expansion and contraction after which it settles at a relatively stable memory level. Recently, experimental data from mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) showed different and unusual dynamics. After acute infection had resolved, some antigen specific CTL started to expand over time despite the fact that no replicative virus was detectable. This phenomenon has been termed as "CTL memory inflation". In order to examine the dynamics of this system further, we developed a mathematical model analysing the impact of innate and adaptive immune responses. According to this model, a potentially important contributor to CTL inflation is competition between the specific CTL response and an innate natural killer (NK) cell response. Inflation occurs most readily if the NK cell response is more efficient than the CTL at reducing virus load during acute infection, but thereafter maintains a chronic virus load which is sufficient to induce CTL proliferation. The model further suggests that weaker NK cell mediated protection can correlate with more pronounced CTL inflation dynamics over time. We present experimental data from mice infected with MCMV which are consistent with the theoretical predictions. This model provides valuable information and may help to explain the inflation of CMV specific CD8+T cells seen in humans as they age.     

Kinetics of light-assisted physical ageing in chalcogenide glasses

A fundamental understanding of glass relaxation under ambient temperatures, as well as under the external influences is vital to the glass and polymer science communities. Our results show that kinetics of light-assisted physical aging in Se-based glasses can be well fitted with stretch-exponential Kohlrausch type function, which exponent β and the effective time relaxation constant τ depend on the wavelength of incident photons. The obtained β values for Se-rich glasses group around 3/7 and 1/3 values, predicted by Phillips field-free and field-forced axiomatic diffusion-to-traps models.     

Investigating biomechanical noise in neuroblastoma cells using the quartz crystal microbalance

Quantifying cellular behaviour by motility and morphology changes is increasingly important in formulating an understanding of fundamental physiological phenomena and cellular mechanisms of disease. However, cells are complex biological units, which often respond to external environmental factors by manifesting subtle responses that may be difficult to interpret using conventional biophysical measurements. This paper describes the adaptation of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to monitor neuroblastoma cells undergoing environmental stress wherein the frequency stability of the device can be correlated to changes in cellular state. By employing time domain analysis of the resulting frequency fluctuations, it is possible to study the variations in cellular motility and distinguish between different cell states induced by applied external heat stress. The changes in the frequency fluctuation data are correlated to phenotypical physical response recorded using optical microscopy under identical conditions of environmental stress. This technique, by probing the associated biomechanical noise, paves the way for its use in monitoring cell activity, and intrinsic motility and morphology changes, as well as the modulation resulting from the action of drugs, toxins and environmental stress.     

Switching control strategy for the HIV dynamic system with some unknown parameters

In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, many factors may influence the counts of healthy cells, immune cells and viruses. Drug treatment design for the HIV dynamic system is a valuable subject to be studied. This study considers an HIV dynamic system model with some unknown parameters and unmeasurable CD8 + T cell count and proposes a switching control strategy to force all states of the system to achieve a healthy status. It is a switching form with two different drug therapies and is designed based on the Lyapunov function theory such that the states of the HIV system approach the health equilibrium asymptotically without the influence of unknown parameters and unmeasurable cell counts. The values of all states and drug concentrations are assured to be positive in the control process so that the control strategy can satisfy the actual treatment requirements. Finally, a numerical example is illustrated to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.Inspec keywords: medical control systems, diseases, microorganisms, cellular biophysics, drugs, patient treatment, Lyapunov methods, switching systems (control)Other keywords: control process, switching control strategy, human immunodeficiency virus infection, healthy cells, immune cells, viruses, drug treatment design, HIV dynamic system model, unmeasurable CD8 + T cell count, switching form, drug therapies, Lyapunov function theory     

Hemocompatibility and macrophage response of pristine and functionalized graphene

Graphene and its derivatives are being proposed for several important biomedical applications including drug delivery, gene delivery, contrast imaging, and anticancer therapy. Most of these applications demand intravenous injection of graphene and hence evaluation of its hemocompatibility is an essential prerequisite. Herein, both pristine and functionalized graphene are extensively characterized for their interactions with murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and human primary blood components. Detailed analyses of the potential uptake by macrophages, effects on its metabolic activity, membrane integrity, induction of reactive oxygen stress, hemolysis, platelet activation, platelet aggregation, coagulation cascade, cytokine induction, immune cell activation, and immune cell suppression are performed using optimized protocols for nanotoxicity evaluation. Electron microscopy, confocal Raman spectral mapping, and confocal fluorescence imaging studies show active interaction of both the graphene systems with macrophage cells, and the reactive oxygen species mediated toxicity effects of hydrophobic pristine samples are significantly reduced by surface functionalization. In the case of hemocompatibility, both types of graphene show excellent compatibility with red blood cells, platelets, and plasma coagulation pathways, and minimal alteration in the cytokine expression by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Further, both samples do not cause any premature immune cell activation or suppression up to a relatively high concentration of 75 μg mL(-1) after 72 h of incubation under in vitro conditions. This study clearly suggests that the observed toxicity effects of pristine graphene towards macrophage cells can be easily averted by surface functionalization and both the systems show excellent hemocompatibility.     

Remote Magnetic Nanoparticle Manipulation Enables the Dynamic Patterning of Cardiac Tissues

The ability to manipulate cellular organization within soft materials has important potential in biomedicine and regenerative medicine; however, it often requires complex fabrication procedures. Here, a simple, cost-effective, and one-step approach that enables the control of cell orientation within 3D collagen hydrogels is developed to dynamically create various tailored microstructures of cardiac tissues. This is achieved by incorporating iron oxide nanoparticles into human cardiomyocytes and applying a short-term external magnetic field to orient the cells along the applied field to impart different shapes without any mechanical support. The patterned constructs are viable and functional, can be detected by T₂*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and induce no alteration to normal cardiac function after grafting onto rat hearts. This strategy paves the way to creating customized, macroscale, 3D tissue constructs with various cell-types for therapeutic and bioengineering applications, as well as providing powerful models for investigating tissue behavior.