城市规划公众参与制度分析

“公共利益”与“个人利益”的逐渐分离使城市规划公众参与成为客观需要。社会转型时期的制度建设是一个动态过程,应在公众参与实践中不断予以调整和完善。涉及城市规划公共利益的民主参与应以代表制民主为主,以参与制民主为补充;涉及城市规划个人利益的民主参与应以参与制民主为主。推动与城市规划有关的政治性社团的发展并通过其开展城市规划公众参与工作有利于建立和谐的社会关系。     

GREAT,GOOD, AND DIVIDED: THE POLITICS OF PUBLIC SPACE IN RIO DE JANEIRO

ABSTRACT: At a time when cities, particularly large Latin American cities, are increasingly polarized and overcome with violence, and public space has long been pronounced dead, an exceptionally vibrant public realm survives in Rio de Janeiro. In the elite beach neighborhood of Ipanema, residents spend a large part of their free time in public: on the street corner, in bars, and on the beach. Ipanema has a proliferation of what Ray Oldenburg calls “third places” where neighbors, friends, and colleagues plug into and out of an ongoing public social life. But below the idyllic surface lies a conflictual social space stratified along race and class lines. Through an analysis of the discursive construction of the beach, the politics of beach access, and a 15‐year old tradition of beach riots, I question the notion—popularized by Oldenburg and others—of public space as the location of an organic civil society that greases the wheels of commerce, promotes democracy, and solves its own problems in the common interest. Rather, I argue that Rio's famous beach neighborhoods are a key arena of the public sphere where the terms of Rio's unjust social order are challenged, negotiated, and largely reproduced. Nevertheless, Ipanema's public space represents political possibility for the otherwise excluded majority.     

LONG SWINGS IN AMERICAN INEQUALITY: THE KUZNETS CONJECTURE REVISITED

ABSTRACT In the two hundred year history of American macroeconomic development there have been four great surges in inequality. Each followed a stagflation crisis and was accompanied by a turn of the electorate to more conservative commercially-oriented candidates for the presidency and congress. Each stage was followed, in turn, by an egalitarian backlash in which a political agenda dominated by technological innovation, efficiency and growth was replaced by one concerned with social innovation, equity and redistribution. These interlocking macroeconomic and political rhythms point to a long wave reinterpretation of the Kuznets conjecture on the relations of the inequality and economic growth within the contact of a containing dialectic between capitalism and democracy in America.     

Cities and memory: a history of the role of memorials in urban design from the Renaissance to Canberra

ABSTRACT

In recent decades, there has been a significant revival of interest and growth in numbers of public memorials – sculptures and structures in public spaces that convey information and social attitudes about past persons, events and ideas. This renaissance has been most marked in national capital cities. To better understand this recent revival of interest in memorials, and their potential to reproduce or transform social and spatial relationships within cities, this paper examines the historical evolution of the role and form of memorials within the overall planning and development of Western capital cities, both existing and new, from their origins in Ancient Rome and through their later development from the Renaissance to the beginning of Modernism. It charts memorials’ ongoing contribution to the role of the capital city as a diagram that defines and communicates national history, identity and politics, contrasting this to ways that memorials have adapted to changing technological and political realities of land development and management.     

CANADIAN URBAN POLITICS: ANOTHER “BLACK HOLE”?

ABSTRACT: This article supplements and enriches Judd's and Sapotichne, Jones, and Wolfe's controversial diagnosis of a disjuncture between “mainstream” political science and the study of urban politics in the United States by suggesting that Canadian urban political science scholarship is equally isolated. Yet for the most part, the underlying causes of this predicament differ greatly from the U.S. experience. We offer three interpretations—one institutional, one epistemological, and one ontological—to explain the marginality of Canadian urban political science in relation to both mainstream Canadian political science and American urban politics. First, the growth of Canadian urban political science has been inhibited not because there are too few interested scholars, but rather because interested faculty are so thinly dispersed across the country's academic institutions. Second, unlike the American experience, the historical development of Canadian political science as a discipline has led it to focus on national‐level issues at the expense of local and urban politics. Finally, Canadian cities have developed differently from American cities in important respects, again leading Canadian scholars to privilege the national over the local.     

NEW RULES FOR THE GROWTH GAME: The Use of Rational State Standards in Land Use Policy

ABSTRACT: Cities and states are searching for responses to the demands of urban growth which will allow growth to continue while diminishing the associated problems. The broad policy choices center on the need to continue private development efficiency through the free market and the need to protect the public interest equity through public regulatory protection. Growth politics is a politicized arena, reflecting the biases exhibited within local government. While the growth machine and antigrowth coalition contribute to growth politics, this is not the only plausible scenario. Local government may act as a conservative growth facilitator in the traditional growth politics explanation, but local government can also seek to manage growth using some of the same political machinations. One alternative is for state government to assist local government to balance economic and political rationality through mandated state growth standards. This can be accomplished by using a policy vehicle such as comprehensive planning. In this way, government moves beyond the growth machine scenario and local government may act as a growth manager. Intergovernmental policy support can be an important political force in shaping growth politics.     

当代西方城市行政建筑发展的经验借鉴

城市行政建筑作为城市行政管理机构的物质载体,其发展变迁历来受到各国社会意识形态、政治体制、地域文化、行政理念、建造技术、自然环境等多种因素的影响,这使得中西方的城市行政建筑在建造规模、功能结构、建筑空间、风格样式等各个方面都呈现出不同的特征。在全球政治民主化的大趋势之下,当代城市行政建筑的价值取向不断发生着转变,社会公平与公正日益受到关注。该文通过对当代西方城市行政建筑类型与典例的分析旨在为当代中国城市行政建筑的建设实践提供有益的经验借鉴。     

RESTRUCTURING THE SUBURBS: Political Economy of Economic Development in Auburn Hills,Michigan

ABSTRACT: The suburban transformation, in which American suburbs have experienced rapid growth and physical restructuring, has been explained on the basis of economic factors. This study employs regime analysis to assess the role of politics in the restructuring of a suburban community in metropolitan Detroit. It examines the complex interactions between economic and political elites in the process of suburban transformation.     

Politics and the practice of planning: The case of Zimbabwean cities

Planning is intrinsically a political process. This paper explores how the practice and profession of planning has been affected by politics. Available evidence in Zimbabwe shows that planning is problematized by unsettled national and local politics. However, contested politics can distort the intentions of a sound planning system through advancing political interests of politicians, the ruling elite. Interviews with political actors and planners allow an understanding of how politics has virtually eroded, if not eliminated, a sound planning system. This paper illustrates three dimensions of the relationship between politics and planning. First, the political contestation between the ruling and opposition party has severely undermined planning and its contribution towards coordinated development in cities. Second, planners often succumb to the politics of patronage at the expense of urban residents and town planning principles. Third, the integrity and credibility of planning is seemingly under constant threat from political actors.     

TWENTIETH CENTURy URBAN REGIMES

There have been important continuities in the political character of American cities over the course of the twentieth century. Cities have also varied in the manner in which their politics have been organized. A useful vehicle for understanding both continuities and variations in city politics is the concept of an urban regime. A variety of regimes can be distinguished which enable us to interpret the course of urban politics in the twentieth century and to connect its essential features to the larger political economy.