亚临界水中废旧聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯水解的研究

本文从聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）的化学结构着手,结合亚临界水的特殊性质,采用水热法使PET在中性条件下水解为对苯二甲酸（TPA）和乙二醇（EG）。通过对填料比、反应时间和反应温度对PET水解率及TPA产率的影响进行探讨,研究确定了最佳水解条件：投料比10,实验温度250℃,反应时间7h。在最佳条件下PET的水解率可以达到 92.9%,TPA的产率为 86.4%,TPA纯度为98.251%以及TPA的酸度可达657.14 mgKOH/g。且研究发现醋酸锌可以加速PET的水解,并对PET在亚临界水条件下的水解机理进行了初步探索。     

超/亚临界水中聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的解聚

采用间歇式高压反应装置研究了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)在超/亚临界水中的解聚,考察了投料比、反应温度及反应时间对PET解聚率及主产物对苯二甲酸(TPA)和乙二醇(EG)产率的影响.固相产物采用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、液相色谱(HPLC)进行分析,液相产物采用气相色谱(GC)和气-质联谱(GC-MS)进行分析....     

过渡金属Mn取代多金属氧簇催化醇解废旧PET

合成了一种具有三明治结构的过渡金属Mn取代的多金属氧簇(POMs)催化剂Na12[WZnMn2(H2O)2(ZnW9O34)2],用于催化聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)的醇解过程,对反应温度、反应时间和催化剂量等实验条件进行了优化。结果表明,在催化剂量为PET质量的1.0%、质量比PET/EG(乙二醇)为1:4及190℃的条件下反应80 min,PET降解率可达100%,对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(BHET)的收率达84.42%。     

超/亚临界水两步法水解玉米秸秆制备还原糖

以玉米秸秆为原料,采用两种间歇式反应器,对其在超/亚临界水条件下的水解行为进行研究,重点考察了反应温度、反应时间对还原糖产率和液化率的影响。设计了亚临界低温段水解+超临界高温段水解两步法水解生物质的工艺路线,并与超临界一步法水解工艺进行比较。结果表明,对玉米秸秆进行低温段水解,在固液比1∶100、190℃、40 min条件下获得最大还原糖产率为24%;将低温段水解残渣作为高温段水解的原料,在380℃、20 s条件下获得最大还原糖产率为34%。相同条件下,用超临界一步法直接对玉米秸秆进行水解,获得最大还原糖产率为41%。超/亚临界水两步法水解玉米秸秆工艺所获得的还原糖总产率为58%,比超临界一步法水解工艺的还原糖产率提高了17%。     

芳香腈类化合物的水解研究

芳香腈在酸、碱或酶的催化下一般可以水解成芳香羧酸。通过比较不同反应条件下的水解产率,详细研究溶剂、反应温度、原料比对反应的影响,结果表明,最佳水解反应条件为:以乙二醇为溶剂,以氢氧化钠为催化剂,且乙二醇∶水∶氢氧化钠=9∶2∶4(质量比),温度控制在160℃,反应时间8 h,按此条件水解,产率80.05%。     

响应面法优化废PET塑料降解制备TPA的工艺

采用微波辅助碱催化降解废聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)塑料制备对苯二甲酸(TPA),运用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,通过单因素试验筛选催化剂用量、碱液用量、降解温度和时间为主要因素,进行四因素三水平的响应面分析,建立TPA产率的二次响应面模型,确立制备工艺的优化组合条件,并对产品的结构和性能进行测定。结果表明,TPA产率与四因素关系符合二次模型,四因素的一次项和二次项及催化剂用量和碱液用量的交互作用对TPA产率具有显著影响。综合考虑产品性能和实际操作因素,经修正及近似验证后获得最佳制备工艺为:2.7gTOMAB,260mL15%NaOH,降解温度85℃,降解时间2.2h。在该条件下进行3次重复试验,TPA的实际平均产率为97.53%,与预测值98.59%无显著差异,说明该优化方法是可行的。     

废聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的高温醇解研究

通过高温高压醇解法对废聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)在催化剂金属醋酸盐作用下,进行乙二醇醇解得到对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(BHET),研究了废PET高温醇解的影响因素及工艺条件。结果表明:在高温醇解反应中,乙二醇与废PET的质量比和反应压力为主要影响因素,反应温度和解聚时间为次要影响因素;BHET收率随反应时间的延长、温度与压力的升高、乙二醇与废PET的质量比加大、催化剂的用量增大而增加,而二甘醇含量(除质量比因素)及醇解产物的熔点则随其相应降低;最佳醇解反应条件为压力0.4 MPa、乙二醇与废PET质量比0.5∶1.0、反应温度250℃、反应时间4 h,BHET收率达82%。     

聚酯废丝的化学回收研究

使用乙二醇(EG)对有色聚酯(PET)废料解聚,经分离提纯,得到对苯二甲酸二乙二醇酯(BHET)。研究了物料比、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂对醇解率的影响。结果表明,在m(乙二醇)∶m(PET)=2∶1,反应温度196℃,反应时间3 h,催化剂用量为PET质量的0.5%条件下,聚酯解聚很彻底,产物羟值可达434 mg/g以上,主要成分是BHET单体及其低聚物。并通过IR,DSC,HPLC验证了产物的组成,BHET单体纯度可达96.457%。     

醇解法分离废弃涤棉混纺织物工艺研究

采用乙二醇醇解法分离废弃涤棉混纺织物中的涤纶与棉纤维,研究了反应温度、反应时间、解聚催化剂醋酸锌用量、投料比等因素对醇解反应过程的影响,并对分离后的产物进行了表征。结果表明:醇解法可以有效地分离废弃涤棉混纺织物中的涤纶和棉纤维,醇解分离后的残留纱线为棉纤维;延长反应时间,升高反应温度,增加催化剂用量,降低投料比均有利于醇解分离;最佳醇解工艺条件为废弃涤棉织物10 g,乙二醇80 g,反应时间2 h,反应温度180℃,醋酸锌用量0.04 g,醇解率达95%。     

PET在离子液体[Pmim]OH催化下的液化行为研究

采用1-戊基-3-甲基咪唑氢氧化物([Pmim]OH)离子液体作为催化剂,在乙二醇(EG)体系中降解聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET),分别考察了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量、EG与PET的质量比(mEG∶mPET)对降解实验的影响。结果表明,最佳降解条件为:反应温度为195℃,反应时间为3.5h,催化剂用量为PET质量的2.5%,mEG∶mPET为4∶1;离子液体对PET的降解表现出较好的催化作用,降解产物为对苯二甲酸二乙二醇酯(BHET)。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。