船用低温钢的冲击断裂行为及韧脆转变温度曲线分析

为比较拟合韧脆转变温度曲线各方法的优劣,确定船用低温钢韧脆转变温度,研究其冲击断裂行为,在20℃至–196℃系列温度下对试验钢进行Charpy冲击试验,并对其金相组织和断口进行分析。结果表明:使用Boltzmann函数拟合韧脆转变温度曲线的物理意义明确;船用低温钢韧脆转变温度为(–97±5)℃;试验温度高于韧脆转变温度时,裂纹形核功及延性裂纹扩展阻力变化不明显,但裂纹脆性扩展的阻力和裂纹失稳后的止裂能力随温度下降有较明显的降低;试验温度低于韧脆转变温度后,裂纹形核功及延性裂纹扩展阻力随温度降低迅速减小;试验钢的有效晶粒为(3.1±0.4)μm,细小的有效晶粒尺寸,是保证其低温韧性良好,韧脆转变温度低的主要原因。     

风力发电机主轴用34CrNiMo6钢的韧脆转变温度分析

为获得风力发电机主轴用34CrNiMo6合金结构钢的韧脆转变温度,沿其径向不同位置处制取V型冲击试样,并在-110~25℃进行了夏比冲击试验,利用Boltzman函数对剪切断面率与温度进行拟合,得到韧脆转变温度曲线并获得脆性断面占50%所对应的试验温度(即FATT50)。利用扫描电镜分别观察试样脆性及韧性断口形貌,简要分析了该材料在脆性及韧性条件下的断裂行为。试验结果表明:该主轴用34CrNiMo6钢的韧脆转变温度在-50~-70℃,且主轴表面的韧脆转变温度比芯部的稍低。较高试验温度下试样塑性断口表现出典型的韧窝状形貌,随着试验温度的降低,逐渐向解理形貌过渡。     

冲击缺口类型对34CrNi1Mo钢韧脆转变温度的影响

对34CrNi1Mo钢分别进行V形和U形两种缺口类型的冲击试验,并绘制出剪切断面率与试验温度的曲线。通过曲线及韧脆转变温度的对比,分析缺口类型对34CrNi1Mo钢韧脆转变温度的影响。结果表明:不同缺口类型对34CrNi1Mo钢的韧脆转变温度有较大影响,U形缺口试样测得的韧脆转变温度低于V形缺口试样测得的韧脆转变温度。     

30CrMnSiNi2A钢的韧脆转变温度的研究

用带有微机检索和处理数据的摆锤式冲击试验机测定了30CrMnSiNi2A钢的韧脆转变曲线,提出了判定韧脆转变的判据,解决了一般在超高强度钢中,因总冲击功随试验温度呈连续变化,没有明显的突变点而难于准确判定韧脆转变温度的困难。     

燃气高压场站典型管材的韧脆转变温度及其影响因素

通过对北京丰台南次高压站A3钢管和王四营桥高压站20钢管两种管材进行不同温度下的系列冲击试验,对两种管材的韧脆转变温度进行了测定和分析,并结合化学成分及显微组织分析了影响材料低温韧性的因素。结果表明:A3钢管在不同温度下的冲击吸收能量及剪切断面率均小于20钢管的;前者的韧脆转变温度为3.7℃,后者为-17.2℃;管材的韧脆转变温度受化学成分和显微组织的影响,化学成分中碳、硅、硫、磷元素的含量越低,其韧脆转变温度也越低;铁素体-珠光体钢在晶粒度相同的情况下,钢中铁素体含量越高,其韧脆转变温度则越低。     

921A钢的韧脆转变温度研究

采用V型缺口试样,以冲击吸收功、脆性断面率结合断口形貌的变化对921A钢的韧脆转变温度进行了测定与分析。试验表明,921A钢韧脆转变温度为FATT50=-100℃。     

4130X钢韧脆转变温度的测定

采用V型缺口试样，通过系列温度的冲击试验．以冲击吸收功、纤维断面率的变化对4130X钢的韧脆转变温度进行了测定。试验结果表明，4130X钢韧脆转变温度为-40℃。     

16MnR 钢弹塑性断裂韧性Ji的韧脆转变温度特性

研完了16MnR钢弹塑性断裂韧性Ji的韧脆转变温度特性。结果表明,断裂韧性Ji的韧脆转变非常明显,其韧脆转变温度大大低于夏比冲击韧性的韧脆转变温度。根据试验结果,建议采用以弹塑性断裂韧性Ji的韧脆转变温度曲线为基础来确定受静载荷低温设备的最低使用温度。     

冲击韧脆转变曲线数学模型的选择

分别利用Boltzmann函数和双曲正切函数两种数学模型对系列冲击试验中的试验数据进行拟合,得到了材料的冲击韧脆转变曲线,比较了这两种数学模型的优劣和适应性,并对数学模型中各参数的选择进行了讨论。结果表明：Boltzmann函数和双曲正切函数这两种数学模型是同一函数的不同表达式,在拟合冲击韧脆转变曲线过程中都具有同样良好的效果;当曲线上、下平台不明显时,合理地假设上、下平台值,是准确预测韧脆转变温度的前提。     

高压燃气站螺旋焊管韧脆转变温度的测试

分别对某高压燃气站进站螺旋焊管母材和焊缝进行了系列温度(-80~20℃)冲击试验,并综合冲击吸收能量-温度曲线和冲击断口形貌对该焊管的韧脆转变温度及适用温度进行了测定与分析。结果表明:该高压燃气站焊管母材和焊缝的韧脆转变温度(50%冲击吸收能量转变温度ETT50)分别为-34.73℃和-37.02℃;根据ISO 3183-2007,该焊管母材和焊缝分别能满足在-80℃和-40℃低温环境下的使用要求。     

分段曲线拟合在同步距离后置处理中的应用

曲线拟合是运动目标轨迹后置处理的重要方法之一。对于经过预处理后的测量数据采用多项式曲线拟合进行平滑处理，阶数选取较高时，拟合效果较好，但方程求解复杂，拟合曲线稳定性变差。文章对多项式曲线拟合方法用于同步测量距离后置处理进行了分析，针对机动目标距离数据特点提出分段曲线拟合方法。实测数据处理结果表明，该方法能有效地解决拟合效果和多项式阶数之间的矛盾。     

Least-Squares Fitting Algorithms of the NIST Algorithm Testing System

This report describes algorithms for fitting certain curves and surfaces to points in three dimensions. All fits are based on orthogonal distance regression. The algorithms were developed as reference software for the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Algorithm Testing System, which has been used for 5 years by NIST and by members of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers’ B89.4.10 standards committee. The Algorithm Testing System itself is described only briefly; the main part of this paper covers the general linear algebra, numerical analysis, and optimization methods it employs. Most of the fitting routines rely on the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization routine.     

Modelling the Pareto-optimal set using B-spline basis functions for continuous multi-objective optimization problems

In the past few years, multi-objective optimization algorithms have been extensively applied in several fields including engineering design problems. A major reason is the advancement of evolutionary multi-objective optimization (EMO) algorithms that are able to find a set of non-dominated points spread on the respective Pareto-optimal front in a single simulation. Besides just finding a set of Pareto-optimal solutions, one is often interested in capturing knowledge about the variation of variable values over the Pareto-optimal front. Recent innovization approaches for knowledge discovery from Pareto-optimal solutions remain as a major activity in this direction. In this article, a different data-fitting approach for continuous parameterization of the Pareto-optimal front is presented. Cubic B-spline basis functions are used for fitting the data returned by an EMO procedure in a continuous variable space. No prior knowledge about the order in the data is assumed. An automatic procedure for detecting gaps in the Pareto-optimal front is also implemented. The algorithm takes points returned by the EMO as input and returns the control points of the B-spline manifold representing the Pareto-optimal set. Results for several standard and engineering, bi-objective and tri-objective optimization problems demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed procedure.     

基于误差分解定权的工业测量空间线面拟合算法

针对工业工件拟合中测量数据由于测量仪器特性导致的不同方向误差分量差异问题进行了研究,提出了基于误差分解定权的工业测量拟合算法。该算法考虑了工件姿态以及测量仪器和测点的空间关系,分析了纵向误差和横向误差分量对空间直线和空间平面拟合的影响,然后通过影响量对测量数据进行定权,从而削弱仪器测量误差对拟合结果的影响,提高工件拟合精度。实验结果表明,该算法相比等权拟合精度可提高约16%。     

Comparative evaluation of the polynomial and spline fitting methods for the B0 correction of CEST MRI data acquired from human brains

To compare the magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTR_asym) values calculated with polynomial and spline fitting methods for B0 correction of the full Z-spectrum images, full Z-spectrum data was obtained from 12 elderly healthy subjects by using a 3D segmented EPI sequence, as well as from 17 other subjects by using a 3D GRASE sequence with two different 3 T MRI systems. The full Z-spectra were analyzed to map MTR_asym with three different fitting methods, namely the 10th and 14th polynomial and spline methods, for B0 correction. The MTR_asym values for each offset frequency were compared among the three fitting methods. For the 3D segmented EPI sequence, the MTR_asym values significantly differed among the three fitting methods at 0.86, 2.14, 3.00, and 3.43 ppm offset frequencies. For the 3D GRASE sequence, the MTRasym values obtained by 14th polynomial and spline fitting methods significantly differed at arbitrary offset frequencies. The MTR_asym values are sensitive to the fitting methods of B0 correction and to the type of acquisition sequence for the full Z-spectrum. Therefore, an appropriate fitting method should be used to analyze the full Z-spectrum obtained from the brain.     

A semi‐implicit numerical model for storm surges

Abstract

A two‐dimensional, semi‐implicit vertically averaged circulation model using boundary‐fitted coordinates has been developed to study sea level and currents in estuarine and shelf waters. A set of coupled quasi‐linear elliptic transformation equations is used to map the physical domain to a corresponding transformed plane having a coordinate line coinciding with the body contour regardless of its shape and regular transformed mesh. The hydrodynamic equations are then solved by a semi‐implicit numerical scheme with the surface level implicitly and the velocity field explicitly in the rectangular mesh transformed grid. The numerical model was tested using two examples in which analytic solutions were available for comparison. Finally, the model was applied to predict the typhoon storm surge for Taiwan as an illustration of the model's usefulness in the practical calculations.     

提高混凝土无损测强曲线拟合精度的措施研究

研究了提高混凝土无损检测测强曲线拟合精度的方法.提出,在最小二乘法的基础上,选用合适的函数形式,采用分段拟合,以相对误差最小为目标,消除异常值的影响或采用人工神经网络等方法,提高测强曲线拟合的精度.     

一种改进的水下爆炸冲击波信号修正方法

爆炸载荷是舰船抗冲击设计和分析的基础,爆炸冲击波是表征炸药威力的一个关键物理量。在水下爆炸试验中,由于PCB138A50型电气石水下传感器在高频段存在失真,使得水下爆炸自由场压力信号存在上升沿、峰值失真的情况。当爆源与测点的水平距离远大于测点深度时,测点接收的信号需考虑反射波影响,一般会出现水面截断,形成驼峰现象。这都会使压力信号的冲击波能量计算产生误差,进而影响舰船的抗冲击分析。文章用Jensen提出的方法修正峰值,使用Cole函数对冲击波进行拟合修正。经对比,Cole函数拟合法比传统的指数拟合法修正后的冲击波能量更接近于试验炸药冲击波能量的理论值。     

B—SPLINE曲线顶点的反算

本文系统地探讨了B-Spline曲线特征多边形顶点反算的方法,特别是将Cholesky方法应用于闭曲线顶点的反算,使简化后的算法简捷、精确。     

MATLAB在沸石处理废水实验中的应用

在应用沸石吸附饮用水中常见的污染物氨氮的实验中，以温度对其影响为例，针对其遇到的曲线拟合问题，采用MATLAB解决，并绘制出图形直观显示，提高了工作效率和工作质量。