模型驱动体系综述

模型驱动体系是OMG提出的一种IT系统描述方法,是互操作性标准进一步的发展。文章介绍了模型驱动体系的基本概念、核心基础构造及其模型体系,并介绍了当前的应用现状。     

模型驱动体系结构及其映射规则原理分析

该文介绍了一种基于模型驱动的软件体系结构。该体系结构通过平台无关模型与平台相关模型之间的变换,来提高系统的可重用性、可移植性和互操作性,从总体上提高了工程的质量。这种体系结掏中的建模语言起到了编程语言的作用,通过对模型的重用来实现软件的重用性。另外,该文就该体系结构的核心部分——模型转换进一步系统地介绍其映射方式,探讨了映射规则形成的基本原理,清晰地阐述了如何通过扩展机制实现模型之间的间接映射。并提出了这种体系结构今后需解决的问题。     

An agent-based framework for cooperating expert systems in concurrent engineering

This paper describes an agent-based framework with a tandem integration architecture for cooperating distributed, heterogeneous, and autonomous concurrent engineering systems. The approach has been experimented with using the prototype AGENTS system. It is demonstrated that design tools can be dynamically connected and configured to construct highly complex systems on an incremental basis, designing and proving one system at a time without bothering the rest. A major advantage of the approach is the balance between the interoperability and the autonomy of individual systems.     

Towards pattern‐based architectures for event processing systems

Recently, event processing (EP) has gained considerable attention as an individual discipline in computer science. From a software engineering perspective, EP systems still lack the maturity of well‐established software architectures. For the development of industrial EP systems, generally accepted software architectures based on proven design patterns and principles are still missing. In this article, we introduce a catalog of design patterns that supports the development of event‐driven architectures (EDAs) and complex EP systems. The design principles originate from experiences reported in publications as well as from our own experiences in building EP systems with industrial and academic partners. We present several patterns on different layers of abstractions that define the overall structure as well as the building blocks for EP systems. Architectural patterns that determine the top‐level structure of an EDA can be distinguished from design patterns that specify the basic mechanisms of EP. The practical application of the catalog of patterns is described by the pattern‐based design of a sample EDA for a sensor‐based energy control system. Finally, we propose a coherent and general reference architecture for EP derived from the proposed patterns.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi-model driven collaborative development platform for service-oriented e-Business systems

Enterprises need to be responsive to meet dynamic businesses and requirements. Service-oriented architecture and Web services can improve e-Business systems to be integrated and flexible. This paper proposes a multi-model driven collaborative development platform for service-oriented e-Business systems. The platform provides engineers/consultants with three views, i.e., business view, process view, and service view to support service-oriented software engineering, top-down business design and bottom-up service composite and development. The views are kept consistent through model-driven translation mechanisms. The platform employs three models, i.e., service meta-model, process model and business model to implement the translation. On the platform, business and technical consultants/engineers can use the views designated for their roles to collaborate for a service-oriented e-Business system based at the distributed sites of, e.g., IT vendors and their clients. The collaboration is featured with visual development and rapid demonstration. Comparingly, most of the mainstream development environments focus on object-oriented application development other than service-oriented business process modeling. The platform has been developed and deployed in an innovation centre to be evaluated by visiting customers.     

基于SPEM的CMM软件过程元模型

软件企业在实施CMM(capability maturity modelfor software)的过程中面临最主要的障碍是如何将CMM 软件过程模型转换成可实施的、体现组织过程特征的CMM实施过程模型.可以利用模型驱动架构MDA来支持CMM模型转换,其首要问题是建立CMM软件过程元模型.通过分析CMM软件过程,给出了面向CMM的软件过程工程元模型SPEM的扩展策略,提出了一个基于SPEM的CMM软件过程元模型一-SPM-CMM.该元模型既支持CMM软件过程的抽象语法和规则语义,也支持利用UML CASE工具操作CMM软件过程模型.     

面向服务领域软件系统的模型驱动建模方法

面向服务体系结构(SOA)的工程化和建模对现有的建模技术和方法提出了新的挑战.提出了一种基于web服务的领域服务原型系统的快速模型驱动建模框架.从服务构件的概念和标准统一建模语言(UML)2.0的建模构造出发,给出了一个综合的服务软件建模过程.在此基础上,讨论了模型驱动的web服务的特性描述,重点是介绍一种基于UML扩充机制的面向web服务描述语言(WSDL)的建模技术.通过一个流通领域的面向服务企业资源计划(ERP)系统的实际建模,展示了所提方法是切实可行的.     

Evolutionary design of user interfaces for workflow information systems

In this paper we argue that user interface design should evolve from iterative to evolutionary in order to support the user interface development life cycle in a more flexible way. Evolutionary design consists of taking any input that informs to the lifecycle at any level of abstraction and its propagation through inferior and superior levels (vertical engineering) as well as the same level (horizontal engineering). This lifecycle is particularly appropriate when requirements are incomplete, partially unknown or to be discovered progressively. We exemplify this lifecycle by a methodology for developing user interfaces of workflow information systems. The methodology involves several models (i.e., task, process, workflow, domain, context of use) and steps. The methodology applies model-driven engineering to derive concrete user interfaces from a workflow model imported into a workflow management system in order to run the workflow. Instead of completing each model step by step, any model element is either derived from early requirements or collected in the appropriate model before being propagated in the subsequent steps. When more requirements are elicited, any new element is added at the appropriate level, consolidated with the already existing elements, and propagated to the subsequent levels. A workflow editor has been developed to support the methodology.     

流程工业生产执行系统的软件基础设施

结合流程工业环境苛刻,生产过程复杂等特点,针对传统MES存在的环境适应性低、研发和维护成本高和应用效果不理想等问题,提出基于模型驱动架构软件开发方法的软件基础设施,用于构建下一代柔性MES。其总体目标是使MES在满足流程工业普适性需求的同时,也能适应特定的企业环境。基于层次化设计,系统分为CIM、PIM和PSM。在PIM软件基础设施之上,CIM又包括3个领域模型:功能模型分析需求并描述功能,逻辑模型使用自描述的建模方法,定义工厂对象模型、用户接口和工作流程,科学计算模型将工厂对象模型转换为数学模型,最终实现数据协调和生产优化的闭环管理。原型验证及工程实践表明,系统能够实现与传统MES相一致的领域模型,并显著缩短产品交付时间,降低项目成本。本文将领域建模过程和软件开发过程彻底分离,提高了软件抽象层次和复用度。与之前的MDA相比,系统更具运行时动态特征,领域模型能够在编译期后被方便地修改,使UML等设计工具的输出不再仅仅是文档,而成为可执行的产物。     

A framework for developing home automation systems: From requirements to code

This article presents an integrated framework for the development of home automation systems following the model-driven approach. By executing model transformations the environment allows developers to generate executable code for specific platforms. The tools presented in this work help developers to model home automation systems by means of a domain specific language which is later transformed into code for home automation specific platforms. These transformations have been defined by means of graph grammars and template engines extended with traceability capabilities. Our framework also allows the models to be reused for different applications since a catalogue of requirements is provided. This framework enables the development of home automation applications with techniques for improving the quality of both the process and the models obtained. In order to evaluate the benefits of the approach, we conducted a survey among developers that used the framework. The analysis of the outcome of this survey shows which conditions should be fulfilled in order to increase reusability.     

Flex‐eWare: a flexible model driven solution for designing and implementing embedded distributed systems

The complexity of modern embedded systems increases as they incorporate new concerns such as distribution and mobility. These new features need to be considered as early as possible in the software development life cycle. Model driven engineering promotes an intensive use of models and is now widely seen as a solution to master the development of complex systems such as embedded ones. Component‐based software engineering is another major trend that gains acceptance in the embedded world because of its properties such as reuse, modularity, and flexibility. This article proposes the Flex‐eWare component model (FCM) for designing and implementing modern embedded systems. The FCM unifies model driven engineering and component‐based software engineering and has been evaluated in several application domains with different requirements: wireless sensor networks, distributed client/server applications, and control systems for electrical devices. This approach highlights a new concept: flexibility points that arise at several stages of the development process, that is, in the model (design phase), in the execution platform, and during the execution itself. This flexibility points are captured with model libraries that can extend the FCM. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Knowledge-Based Software Engineering Environment for reusable software requirements and architectures

This paper describes a prototype Knowledge-Based Software Engineering Environment used to demonstrate the concepts of reuse of software requirements and software architectures. The prototype environment, which is application-domain independent, is used to support the development of domain models and to generate target system specifications from them. The prototype environment consists of an integrated set of commercial-off-the-shelf software tools and custom developed software tools.The concept of reuse is prevalent at several levels of the domain modeling method and prototype environment. The environment itself is domain-independent thereby supporting the specification of diverse application domain models. The domain modeling method specifies a family of systems rather than a single system; features characterize the variations in functional requirements supported by the family and individual family members are specified by the features they are to support. The knowledge-based approach to target system generation provides the rules for generating target system specifications from the domain model; target system specifications, themselves, may be stored in an object repository for subsequent retrieval and reuse.     

Knowledge-based public service transactions: An intelligent model-driven approach in co-learning contexts

Public administrations pursue the efficiency and quality of administrative services they offer as well as the reduction of time and operational costs in executing service transactions. However, some issues arise when trying to achieve these goals: (a) the lack of procedure formalization to describe public services, (b) a mechanism to guarantee services’ obligatory compliance with frequently changing legal regulations, and (c) the efficient deployment of service transactions in e-government platforms. The aim of this work is to identify the phases of the development cycle of eGovernment transactions and provide the support to automatize them efficiently by using a model driven engineering (MDE) and knowledge-based approach. The main source of the knowledge extraction process comes from a collaborative learning environment where public servants share acquired domain knowledge. A web survey has been conducted to evaluate the approach acceptance degree by software developers and domain experts. The main conclusion is that 61% of the surveyed experts strongly agree that our approach improves actual eGovernment transactions practices and the phases needed to develop them.     

A model driven architecture for the development of smart card software

Smart cards are portable integrated devices that store and process data. Speed, security and portability properties enable smart cards to have a widespread usage in various fields including telecommunication, transportation and the credit card industry. However, the development of smart card applications is a difficult task due to hardware and software constraints. The necessity of the knowledge of both a very low-level communication protocol and a specific hardware causes smart card software development to be a big challenge for the developers. Written codes tend to be error-prone and hard to debug because of the limited memory resources. Hence, in this study, we introduce a model driven architecture which aims to facilitate smart card software development by both providing an easy design of smart card systems and automatic generation of the required smart card software from the system models. Differentiating from the previous work, the study in here contributes to the field by both providing various smart card metamodels in different abstraction layers and defines model-to-model transformations between the instances of these metamodels in order to support the realization of the same system on different smart card platforms. Applicability of the proposed methodology is shown for rapid and efficient application development in two major smart card frameworks: Java Card and ZeitControl Basic Card. Lessons learned during the industrial usage of the architecture are also reported in the paper. Finally, we discuss how the components of the architecture can be integrated in order to provide a domain-specific language for smart card software.     

A platform-based design framework for joint SW/HW multiprocessor systems design

We present P-Ware, a framework for joint software and hardware modelling and synthesis of multiprocessor embedded systems. The framework consists of (1) component-based annotated transaction-level models for joint modelling of parallel software and multiprocessor hardware, and (2) exploration-driven methodology for joint software and hardware synthesis. The methodology has the advantage of combining real-time requirements of software with efficient optimization of hardware performance. We describe and apply the methodology to synthesize a scheduler of a H264 video encoder on the Cake multiprocessor. Moreover, experiments show that the framework is scalable while achieving rapid and efficient designs.     

Synthesis of decentralized and concurrent adaptors for correctly assembling distributed component-based systems

Building a distributed system from third-party components introduces a set of problems, mainly related to compatibility and communication. Our existing approach to solve such problems is to build a centralized adaptor which restricts the system’s behavior to exhibit only deadlock-free and desired interactions. However, in a distributed environment such an approach is not always suitable. In this paper, we show how to automatically generate a distributed adaptor for a set of black-box components. First, by taking into account a specification of the interaction behavior of each component, we synthesize a behavioral model for a centralized glue adaptor. Second, from the synthesized adaptor model and a specification of the desired behavior that must be enforced, we generate one local adaptor for each component. The local adaptors cooperatively behave as the centralized one restricted with respect to the specified desired interactions.     

无人机飞控软件系统建模与测试用例生成研究

软件规模与复杂度的迅速增长已成为设计与检验现代高质量无人机飞行控制软件(FCS)系统的重要挑战。采用模型驱动工程(MDE)的框架,使用嵌入式实时系统建模语言(MARTE)建立起某型无人机飞控软件系统的模型,给出了基于时间自动机的系统动态行为的形式化模型实例;结合无人机FCS系统的应用背景,建立了基于时间自动机模型的测试用例生成方法,包括建立测试用例生成框架、测试用例生成规则以及用例生成策略等;对某型无人机飞控软件系统中的主控模块进行了建模与测试用例生成的实例分析研究。     

A process model for interactive systems

Designing user interfaces and designing computational software are very different processes. The differences lead to late discovery of design conflicts, which drives up development costs. A unifying methodology that could provide early discovery and resolution of design conflicts must account for the governing principles of both processes. Disciplined long-term investigation of candidate methodologies requires that these governing principles be fixed and that evolving development methods comprising each process be accommodated. This article describes an application of general systems theory to integrate these principles, proposes a process model that fixes them as explicit elements of a process program, argues the feasibility of the model and its worthiness for further study, and describes its initial implementation.     

Ann: A domain-specific language for the effective design and validation of Java annotations

This paper describes a new modelling language for the effective design and validation of Java annotations. Since their inclusion in the 5th edition of Java, annotations have grown from a useful tool for the addition of meta-data to play a central role in many popular software projects. Usually they are not conceived in isolation, but in groups, with dependency and integrity constraints between them. However, the native support provided by Java for expressing this design is very limited.To overcome its deficiencies and make explicit the rich conceptual model which lies behind a set of annotations, we propose a domain-specific modelling language. The proposal has been implemented as an Eclipse plug-in, including an editor and an integrated code generator that synthesises annotation processors. The environment also integrates a model finder, able to detect unsatisfiable constraints between different annotations, and to provide examples of correct annotation usages for validation. The language has been tested using a real set of annotations from the Java Persistence API (JPA). Within this subset we have found enough rich semantics expressible with Ann and omitted nowadays by the Java language, which shows the benefits of Ann in a relevant field of application.     

软件工程研究生多元化目标培养模式(英文)

As the software technology is infiltrated to a variety of industries continuously,the interdisciplinary phenomenon for the graduate source of software engineering is clear increasingly.The graduate cultivation model existed is faced with new challenge.After researching and analyzing several of education models at home and abroad a new idea that builds up a multi-objective education model for software engineering graduate is proposed to cope with the problem of multidisciplinary students.And the curricular architecture,practice stage and research paper for software engineering graduates under the new model are discussed either.The new education model benefits to explore the potential of the graduates from multi disciplines and to extend the space of software engineering area,then we can make the education keep with the aspiration of the social.