振动CO2气体保护焊缝残余应力和接头显微组织分析

采用振动CO2气体保护焊对轻型汽车驱动桥壳进行了焊接。对被焊接工件在常规CO2气体保护焊、常规CO2气体保护焊后振动时效处理及不同激振频率下振动CO2气体保护焊三种工艺进行了对比,并就不同条件下的焊缝残余应力、焊接接头显微组织作了分析。结果表明,采用适当振动参数, 在较大振幅时,振动CO2气保焊接能有效减小焊接变形,降低焊接残余应力,最大主动应力降低幅度达到41.74%。熔合区和过度区变窄,焊缝和热影响区晶粒明显细化,由柱状晶转变为等轴晶,魏氏组织减少甚至消失。     

焊接残余应力调控技术的研究与应用进展

残余应力在焊接构件中普遍存在，不均衡分布的残余应力是构件变形和开裂的根源，直接影响焊接构件的承载能力、稳定性和服役寿命。焊接残余应力随构件服役环境及外界载荷变化而动态分布，对残余应力的消减、均化应贯穿焊接构件设计、生产和服役全生命周期。焊接变形及残余应力控制关键在于塑性区的调控，合理的焊接顺序能有效降低工件应力集中并改善其分布状态，及时的焊前预热及焊后回火能有效降低接头温度梯度、松弛应力集中、消减残余应力。对焊缝的锤击松弛处理能抵消部分焊缝区收缩，减小残余拉应力。对焊缝及周边区域施加拉伸、振动时效、超声冲击和喷丸强化等力学形变载荷，可与焊件内部应力叠加促进塑性形变，释放、均衡残余应力。这些方法各有优势，但均需密切结合构件材料、结构及性能控制要求来进行选择。随着制造业转型发展及绿色环保政策驱动，未来工程装备残余应力调控技术会向绿色环保、柔性高效、过程可控、专业化方向转变。     

转速对 7075-T651 铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接件内部残余应力分布的影响

目的掌握铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接板内部残余应力的分布,为控制焊接残余应力、改进焊接工艺和提高焊接件质量。方法以13.6 mm厚的7075-T651铝合金为研究对象,用短波长X射线衍射技术,对在不同搅拌头转速下搅拌摩擦焊接板内部的残余应力进行了无损测试,并对焊接接头在板厚中心层上的微观组织和显微硬度进行了研究。结果在垂直于焊缝截面上的显微硬度均呈"W"型分布,焊核区的显微硬度高于其两侧的热机械影响区和热影响区,但低于母材区的硬度;随着转速的增大,接头硬度的最小值减小,低硬度区的范围越大。横向残余应力绝对值整体小于焊接方向;焊核区为正应力,热机械影响区残余应力减小且变化梯度最大;残余应力的极大值位于热影响区和热机械影响区的交界处;残余应力极大值与硬度最小值的位置重合。结论通过残余应力的无损检测分析,不仅可以直接获得加工件内部应力分布,还可以间接获得加工件内部的加工缺陷情况,为改进加工工艺、提高成形精度提供依据。     

钛合金薄板激光和钨极氩弧焊残余应力测试研究

采用小孔释放法对钛合金薄板激光焊和钨极氩弧焊(TIG焊)的焊接残余应力进行了测试，并分析了焊接方法、焊接线能量和焊后热处理对残余应力分布规律的影响。研究结果表明：激光焊残余应力分布规律与普通熔焊方法相似，但其分布区域较窄；在热影响区内，激光焊残余拉应力值比TIG焊的约低100MPa；在焊缝及其熔合线附近，激光焊残余应力却比TIG焊的高。对于不同线能量激光焊接，线能量越大，焊缝越宽，热影响区的残余应力也越大。焊后真空热处理能降低残余应力90％。     

小口径厚壁12Cr1MoVG钢管焊接残余应力的数值模拟

以小口径厚壁12Cr1MoVG珠光体耐热钢管多层多道焊接接头为对象,使用有限元模拟软件,采用生死单元法,计算焊接接头中的残余应力。计算结果表明:焊接接头外壁焊缝附近区域的残余应力为压应力,母材端的残余应力变化幅度要比焊缝区的小;焊接接头内壁焊缝及热影响区的残余应力为压应力,而母材承受拉应力。通过对比可知焊接接头内、外壁轴向残余应力分布的计算结果与实测结果高度吻合,说明数值模拟方法可以为管状接头的焊接工艺评定提供便利、可靠的技术支持。     

振动时效消除拼焊不锈钢板的残余应力

为了消除超大不锈钢焊接底板的残余应力,研究了采用振动时效(VSR)的方法消除焊接残余应力。应用JB /T5926-91标准对振动时效工艺进行了定性的评价。通过对焊后和振动时效后底板焊缝上残余应力的对比测量,全面地、定量地了解振动时效工艺对残余应力的变化及最终的应力状况的影响,了解了VSR工艺的可行性和有效性,从而实现替代热时效工艺目标。     

高强度船体钢环形拘束焊接接头残余应力的分布

本文采用数值模拟的方法,对船体结构的某一环形拘束焊缝进行焊接残余应力的模拟计算.同时采用压痕式应力测试仪,对实际船体结构进行测试,并与模拟结果相对比验证.结果表明,模拟结果与实测结果测得的焊接残余应力分布规律基本一致,环形拘束焊缝纵向残余应力大于横向残余应力,最大焊接残余应力位于靠近热影响区的直线段焊缝近表面处.     

核电站控制棒驱动机构Canopy焊缝焊接温度场和应力-应变场模拟

目的 研究机加工和拉拔2种成形方式下得到的填充环对Canopy焊缝的影响,获取焊接焊缝成形、焊接残余应力和变形的相关数据,以指导Canopy焊缝焊接工艺。方法 采用数值模拟的方法,建立Canopy焊缝焊接数值分析模型,模拟焊接温度场、焊接残余应力和焊接残余变形。结果 拉拔成形环焊接熔池高度为9 mm,机加工成形环焊接熔池高度为8.3 mm;机加工成形环焊接最大残余应力为255.6 MPa,而拉拔成形环焊接最大残余应力为277.8 MPa,均出现在管座紧贴焊缝的位置;机加工成形环焊接残余变形为0.19 mm,拉拔成形环焊接残余变形为0.186 mm,最大残余变形均出现在焊接起始位置附近,在焊缝与管座交接的位置。结论 熔池形貌直接影响了热影响区域的大小,拉拔Y型环焊接熔池高度更大,焊接的热影响区域更大;拉拔Y型环焊接残余应力略大于机加工Y型环焊接残余应力;机加工成形环和拉拔成形环焊接残余变形相近。     

U肋加劲板焊接残余应力数值模拟分析

通过数值模拟和实验方法对U 肋加劲板焊接残余应力进行了估算和分析,建立了三维热弹塑性有限元模型,采用生死单元法模拟焊缝填充和焊接热输入过程,实现了整个焊接过程中的动态应力和变形变化,得到了U肋加劲板的焊接温度场和应力场,分析了U 肋加劲板的焊接残余应力分布,并与残余应力测试试验结果比较.结果显示:U 肋加劲板近焊缝区残余拉应力达到材料屈服强度,母板远离焊缝区残余压应力平均值约为材料屈服强度的0.2 倍,其分布趋势与实验测试得到的残余应力分布比较接近,证明了所采用的焊接数值模拟方法的正确性.     

铝合金氩弧焊与搅拌摩擦焊残余应力对比分析

铝合金材料由于其重量轻、耐腐蚀等优点被广泛应用于石油海洋工程中。铝合金的焊接及焊接接头的性能,备受关注。不同的焊接方法和焊接工艺产生的焊接残余应力对接头的疲劳寿命影响极大。以氩弧焊和搅拌摩擦焊工艺,选用不同的铝合金材料,采用小盲孔法测试焊接残余应力。比较了两种焊接方法、工艺所产生的接头焊接残余应力值,为今后铝合金焊接接头中,疲劳性能的计算提供初步的数据。试验结果表明,在铝合金的氩弧焊和搅拌摩擦焊对接接头中,残余应力的最大值均出现在焊缝中心到热影响区的范围内,随着与焊缝中心距离的增加,残余应力的数值逐渐减小。     

Intergranular cracking of Hastelloy C-276 in the socket welded assemblies

Abstract

The cause of thermal cracking about a socket welded tube was investigated by stress simulation and its comparison to hardness distribution of welding seam, HAZ and matrix of the tube. In the condition of heat-input in melting range of 1349°C, the stress was concentrated in HAZ at the opposite side of welding area by ANSYS program, which corresponded to the distribution of real hardness values of the tube. The high stress concentration in HAZ might be induced from fine carbide precipitation which formed during welding process. It could cause, therefore, tube cracking in operating condition simultaneously followed by bulging inside of the welded tube. In the crack propagation through all the tube originated from inside HAZ, it might be accelerated by thermal fatigue, and propagated along grain boundaries accompanied by the metal dust formation.     

A study on mechanical and microstructure characteristics of the STS304L butt joints using hybrid CO2 laser-gas metal arc welding

In order to examine mechanical characteristics of the stainless steel (STS304L) hybrid welded butt joints, two-dimensional thermal elasto-plastic analysis has been carried out. To this end, a 2D simulation model has been developed considering hybrid welding features. Based on thermal history data obtained from this heat source model, the residual stress distribution in weld metal (WM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal (BM) characteristics have been calculated and found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimentally measured values. In order to investigate the effect of welding process, thermal elasto-plastic behaviour of the hybrid welded joints was compared with a welded joints obtained by conventional submerged arc welding (SAW) process. The results show that the longitudinal residual stress in the hybrid welded joints is less (13–15%) than that of the SA welded joints. Weld metal formed in both welding processes shows very fine dendritic structure. Due to higher heat input in SAW, the HAZ size of the SA welded joints is more than twice that of the hybrid welded joints. Therefore, from mechanical and metallurgical point of view, it could be confirmed that it makes a good sense to use SAW instead of hybrid CO₂ laser-gas metal arc welding (GMAW) for butt joint of the STS304L thick steel.     

Evaluation of local fatigue strength in spot weld by small specimen

It has been reported that high strength steel sheet cannot improve fatigue strength of components with a spot weld. The purpose of this study is to discuss the dominant factors on the fatigue strength of spot weld in order to clarify the reasons. A new fatigue testing technique is developed for a small specimen with a total length of less than 3 mm, and the local fatigue strength of heat‐affected zone (HAZ), which is the crack initiation site in the joint, in a mild steel sheet (270MPa‐grade) and a high strength steel sheet (590MPa‐grade) are evaluated by this technique. The fatigue strength of HAZ is almost equal in both steels although the tensile strength of the 590MPa steel is higher than that of the mild steel. The stress in the tensile‐shear spot‐welded joint under cyclic loading and the residual stress by the spot‐welding are evaluated by finite element analyses. The residual stress is tensile in both steels. However, the plastic deformation takes place in the joint of the mild steel and this releases the residual stress. On the other hand, the stress in the 590MPa steel is elastic and the residual stress decreases the allowable alternating stress. The stress under the condition of the experimental fatigue limit of the joint considering the residual stress coincides well with the fatigue limit diagram of HAZ, which means that the fatigue limit of the joint is determined by the fatigue limit of HAZ and the residual stress.     

钛/铝异种合金脉冲激光焊接接头裂纹产生机理

目的 对0.8 mm厚的Ti6Al4V钛合金和2 mm厚的AA6060铝合金薄板进行脉冲激光焊接,分析异种轻合金激光焊接裂纹产生的机理及界面结合机理。方法 采用扫描电镜、EDS能谱以及显微硬度计等微观表征分析方法,对焊接接头的形貌特征、成分以及显微硬度进行分析,探索焊接接头处裂纹产生的原因。结果 钛/铝脉冲激光焊接性较差,接头存在严重的裂纹缺陷,裂纹多集中在焊缝与铝母材交界处以及焊缝中心区域位置,主要以热裂纹为主;接头焊缝可能存在大量的Ti-Al金属间化合物以及少量未熔的钛,其界面层主要成分推测为层状TiAl和外层锯齿状的TiAl3;接头整个焊缝区域的平均显微硬度为HV0.1420,其硬度水平远远高于焊缝两侧铝合金母材,也高出钛合金母材很多。结论 钛铝金属间化合物使钛铝焊接接头焊缝区脆性增大,另外接头焊缝区存在较大的组织应力、热应力、拉压应力、拘束应力等复杂应力,致使焊缝内存在较严重的裂纹缺陷。     

7A52铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的组织形貌

采用自行研制的便携式搅拌摩擦焊设备,对厚度为3mm的7A52铝合金薄板进行焊接试验。用金相显微镜、扫描电镜等分析测试手段,分析了焊缝的微观组织结构。焊缝可分为焊核、热机影响区、热影响区等三个区域。焊核为细小均匀的等轴晶,晶粒明显细小;热机影响区出现了晶粒粗化现象,由母材的细纤维组织变为具有弧度的弯曲粗纤维组织;热影响区组织发生了回复、再结晶和粗化。     

双面双弧焊对高强钢焊接效率和质量影响分析

对高强钢10CrNi3MoV钢厚板进行了双面双弧焊接试验研究。结果表明,焊接长2 m、厚50 mm的钢板,双面双弧焊与传统单弧MAG焊相比,生产效率提高1.4倍,焊接接头力学性能满足指标要求;双面双TIG打底的热影响区金相组织为板条状马氏体,焊缝区为板条马氏体+针状铁素体。     

喷丸起落架外筒焊接热影响区的残余应力测定

本文用X射线法测定了喷丸起落架外筒焊缝影响区的残余应力,并从残余应力角度考察了起落架外筒现行工艺路线的优劣。测定结果表明,在相同构件上虽然所测方向和部位不同,但残余应力的分布、大小及符号基本相同。与前起外筒相比,喷丸处理在主起外筒上形成的残余压应力值较低。分析认为消除焊接残余拉应力的合理工序,是两种外筒均应采用焊后热处理,但应防止表面脱碳。