Physicochemical and pasting properties of maize as affected by storage temperature

Maize grains are used as raw material in various food products. In countries where the production is seasonal, the grains must be stored throughout the year in order to provide sufficient maize supply for the food industries and consumers. During storage, the environmental temperature is considered as one of the most critical variables that affects grain quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of various storage temperatures (5, 15, 25 and 35 °C) on the proximate composition, pH, fat acidity, percentage of grains infected by molds, grain color, protein solubility and pasting properties of maize stored for 12 months. Grains stored at 35 °C during the 12 months period showed the greatest decrease in grain yellowness, pH, protein solubility and breakdown viscosity. An increase in disulfide bonds within the protein structure and interaction between starch and non-starch components seems to be responsible for the changes in protein solubility and pasting properties determined in maize during the storage period. Fat acidity and the percentage of grains infected by visible molds were concluded to be very dependent of moisture content. The result of this study demonstrated that the minimum temperature of 5 °C was able to maintain the quality of maize stored for up 12 months.     

粮食柔性集装单元储粮性能研究

采用柔性集装袋单元储粮形式,模拟广州地区8～9月份粮食物流过程中的仓储运输环境,分别在露天与铁路罩棚条件下存放玉米.结果表明,在利用苫布遮盖和严格监控粮情品质的情况下,能够实现粮食在途运输15 d和带袋暂存2个月的品质安全保证,验证了粮食集装袋具有较好的透气性和优于麻袋的防水、防潮性能.     

一种基于气象数据的仓储粮堆表层温度预测方法

智慧粮食最大的任务就是要确保粮食安全。粮仓储粮环境实时监测是粮食安全保障的重要技术。本研究针对气象因素对储粮环境的影响,建立了仓储粮堆温度参数和气象因素的数学关系,证明了基于气象数据进行粮堆温度预测的可行性。提出了基于气象8因素的储藏粮堆表层(粮面以下50 cm处)平均温度预测模型,利用气象的气温、气压、相对湿度、0 cm地面温度、日照时间、降水量、蒸发量、风速多个因素展开构建储藏粮堆表层平均温度估计。针对多元回归预测问题,提出了线性最小二乘回归和支持向量机(SVM)不同核函数回归的方法,设计了具体的建模算法。结果表明,仓储粮堆传感器获取的实际值与预测结果的趋势一致,均方根误差均小于5.3,证明了基于气象数据的仓储粮堆表层平均温度预测模型与方法的有效性,为加快实现智慧粮食提供了参考。     

旋转通风干燥仓高水分玉米降水实验研究

采用自主研发的旋转通风干燥仓,进行高水分玉米降水工艺研究。实验期间,对仓内粮堆不同位置的温度和湿度,及环境温湿度进行定时监测,并定时取样检测玉米水分和真菌孢子。结果表明:粮堆中各监测点的温湿度随环境变化而变化,相同层或相同列的检测点温湿度基本一致;在有降雪的情况下(实验第6天,雨转雪),18天内玉米水分由27.12%降至14.60%;玉米携带真菌孢子数保持在真菌生长的临界范围内,达到短期安全储存目标。因此,采用旋转通风干燥仓对高水分玉米进行降水的工艺是可行的,降水效果均匀、高效,有效保证粮食不发热霉变。同时,旋转通风干燥的方法不使用燃煤、燃气,符合我国当前环境保护和可持续发展的新要求,有显著的经济社会效益,可在大农户玉米干燥和短期安全储存中推广应用。     

粮食储藏生理性变质研究进展

粮食是人类赖以生存的物质基础,粮食储藏变质对农业生产及食品加工影响巨大。粮食生理劣变是一个复杂、渐进的物理、化学与生物学过程,与其籽粒的生理活动密切相关。研究表明,粮食籽粒酶活性降低,呼吸作用下降,生命力减弱等是其生理变质的外在表现,储粮生理活动是引发其生理劣变的本质要素。深入了解粮食籽粒在储藏过程中生理活动及其变化规律对揭示储藏生理变质机理具有重要意义。本文主要介绍了粮食籽粒储藏衰老过程中种胚微观结构、营养物质转化、线粒体呼吸作用、细胞抗氧化系统、遗传物质变异等的研究现状,并对粮食储藏保鲜原理进行讨论,以期为提出延缓和预测粮食储藏劣变的方法提供参考。     

Comparative utility of hermetic and conventional grain storage bags for smallholder farmers: a meta-analysis

Postharvest management is critical to attaining household food, nutrition, and income security. Hermetic grain storage bags offer an effective pesticide-free way to protect stored grain against fungal and insect infestation. We evaluated articles indexed in the Web of Science that included experiments comparing the storage efficacy of conventional and hermetic storage bags based on grain germination rate, insect infestation, physical damage, mycotoxin contamination, and changes in weight and moisture content. Compared with grain stored in hermetic bags, grain stored in conventional bags lost 3.6-fold more seed viability, contained 42-fold more insects, had 11-fold more physical damage, and lost 23-fold more grain weight, while grain moisture levels were similar for both hermetic and conventional storage bags. Mycotoxin contamination levels were not as frequently assessed. Levels could be low in grain stored in both types of bags, or levels could be low in hermetic bags and significantly higher in conventional bags. The improved properties of grain stored in hermetic bags can increase food security and household income by providing safe storage options for maintaining seed germinability, and for consumption and/or sale when food supplies are high, or when prices are low. Hermetic bags are economically feasible for use by subsistence farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa for grain for household consumption and for carrying-over seed for planting in the next season. Additional studies are needed to verify the mycotoxin contamination results and to determine if there are differences in functional food characteristics, e.g. flavor and cooking properties, that have not been as comprehensively studied. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Post-harvest control strategies: minimizing mycotoxins in the food chain

Contamination of cereal commodities by moulds and mycotoxins results in dry matter, quality, and nutritional losses and represents a significant hazard to the food chain. Most grain is harvested, dried and then stored on farm or in silos for medium/long term storage. Cereal quality is influenced by a range of interacting abiotic and biotic factors. In the so-called stored grain ecosystem, factors include grain and contaminant mould respiration, insect pests, rodents and the key environmental factors of temperature, water availability and intergranular gas composition, and preservatives which are added to conserve moist grain for animal feed. Thus knowledge of the key critical control points during harvesting, drying and storage stages in the cereal production chain are essential in developing effective prevention strategies post-harvest. Studies show that very small amounts of dry matter loss due to mould activity can be tolerated. With <0.5% dry matter loss visible moulding, mycotoxin contamination and downgrading of lots can occur. The key mycotoxigenic moulds in partially dried grain are Penicillium verrucosum (ochratoxin) in damp cool climates of Northern Europe, and Aspergillus flavus (aflatoxins), A. ochraceus (ochratoxin) and some Fusarium species (fumonisins, trichothecenes) on temperate and tropical cereals. Studies on the ecology of these species has resulted in modelling of germination, growth and mycotoxin minima and prediction of fungal contamination levels which may lead to mycotoxin contamination above the tolerable legislative limits (e.g. for ochratoxin). The effect of modified atmospheres and fumigation with sulphur dioxide and ammonia have been attempted to try and control mould spoilage in storage. Elevated CO2 of >75% are required to ensure that growth of mycotoxigenic moulds does not occur in partially dried grain. Sometimes, preservatives based on aliphatic acids have been used to prevent spoilage and mycotoxin contamination of stored commodities, especially feed. These are predominantly fungistats and attempts have been made to use alternatives such as essential oils and anti-oxidants to prevent growth and mycotoxin accumulation in partially dried grain. Interactions between spoilage and mycotoxigenic fungi and insect pests inevitably occurs in stored grain ecosystems and this can further influence contamination with mycotoxins. Effective post-harvest management of stored commodities requires clear monitoring criteria and effective implementation in relation to abiotic and biotic factors, hygiene and monitoring to ensure that mycotoxin contamination is minimised and that stored grain can proceed through the food chain for processing.     

储粮害虫危害研究进展

产后节粮减损是涉及收获、干燥、农户储存、运输、储藏、加工、销售等粮食产后全链条的系统工程，粮食储存安全是粮食产后安全的非常关键环节。储粮害虫是粮食产后损失的重要生物因子，给粮食安全储藏带来了极大危害风险。本文从储粮害虫感染途径、危害类型、危害方式、危害指标等方面综述了储粮害虫的危害，以期为今后科学地评价储粮害虫危害风险等级、制订储粮害虫危害评价指标体系及制订绿色储粮策略提供参考，为粮食储存安全、节粮减损提供策略支撑。     

储粮预测微生物模型的研究进展

粮食的安全储藏,关系到食品安全和人类健康。依据预测微生物学,构建储粮中微生物生长预测模型,可以快速对储粮中微生物的生长情况进行判断,对储粮中病原微生物和腐败微生物的控制有重要的意义。对实现"生态储粮",确保储粮安全也具有重要的理论和实际应用价值。以文献综述形式,简要概述了储粮微生物,根据不同的数学模型,综述了初级、二级和三级模型中常见的模型,并在此基础上,简述了储粮中主要有害霉菌模拟研究的最新研究进展。     

仓储粮堆内部自然对流和热湿传递的数学分析及验证

本文基于仓储粮堆内部自然对流、热湿耦合传递的数学模型,采用数学分析的方法对模型中各个方程中的各项的物理意义和数量级大小进行了分析,探讨了仓储粮堆内部自然对流、热量传递和水分迁移过程的相互关系。提出了判断粮堆内部自然对流强弱的瑞利数及其影响因素,分析了仓型结构、粮种及仓外大气温度对粮堆内部自然对流、热量传递和水分迁移的影响,并通过数值模拟对数学分析结果进行了验证。结果表明,数学分析方法是分析仓储粮堆内部自然对流、热量传递和水分迁移过程的一种有效途径,数学分析的结果可以为仓型设计、储粮生态系统的模拟、仓储技术管理提供借鉴。     

Dynamics of the particle moisture distribution during storage of wheat under laboratory and pilot-scale conditions

To predict the storability of grain, detailed information is required on the moisture distribution within the grain bulk since a significant variance can be expected in the moisture content between individual grain kernels during storage. Therefore, it is important to consider and determine the single kernel moisture content distribution. The aim of this work was to investigate mass transfer processes that occur during long-term and intermediate storage of grain. For it, the method of particle moisture distribution analysis by means of the Time Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy was used. For this purpose, fundamental laboratory-scale experiments were conducted in small storage containers. As these storage experiments revealed, the width of the particle moisture distribution decreased noticeably when there was enough air available in the container for moisture exchange. Thereafter, the storage experiments were extended to pilot-scale using barrels to store grain for months in the scope of about 90 kg per batch. These experiments were performed without ventilation so as to simulate dead zones of airflow that often occur under industrial-scale flat storage conditions. In the closed barrels, no equalization of the particle moisture content was observed even after eleven months of storage. The knowledge gained from the experiments conducted at the micro and meso levels facilitates the understanding of the mass transfer processes that occur during macro scale storage, which are difficult to examine as an entity.     

Effect of drying air temperature and storage on industrial and chemical quality of rice grains

The drying air temperature and storage time can change the milling yield and chemical composition of rice grains. Therefore, the objective was to verify the industrial quality and chemical composition of rice grains, white and integral subgroups, in response to drying air temperature and storage time. For such, the rice grains were subjected to drying in a column dryer with a grain capacity of 1 m³, using 55 and 65 °C drying air temperatures. After, they were stored in PP Woven Bags under environmental conditions for 240 days. After drying and every 60 days the milling was performed, aiming to evaluate the industrial quality and chemical composition of the grains. The whole grains yield was negatively affected by the increase in drying air temperature for both subgroups. The increase in the drying air temperature led to a reduction in the lipid content and an increase in the ash content for grains of white subgroup. The storage time promoted an increase in the whole grains yield in the white subgroup when the grains were dried with the highest drying air temperature. The lipids and proteins contents decreased, while the fibers and ash contents increased during storage for the white subgroup grains. The chemical composition of grains from the brown subgroup did not change during storage, regardless of drying air temperature.     

Ecological determinants of mould growth in stored grain

Grain entering store carries a microflora of 'field' and 'storage' fungi. Field fungi require readily available water and therefore seldom develop in store. By contrast, storage fungi, especially Aspergillus spp., are able to grow at low water activities (aw, 0.70-0.75) enabling them to initiate grain spoilage. The ability of storage fungi to germinate, grow and sporulate in stored grain is dependent on the availability of water in the substrate, temperature and the intergranular gas composition. These factors may interact to have a profound influence on the initiation of spoilage of stored grain by fungi. An understanding of the ecological determinants of mould growth may help to develop improved and safer methods of grain storage.     

稻谷储藏条件及储藏技术分析

稻谷储藏过程中其品质的变化深受外界条件的影响,外界因素包括温度、水分、空气比例以及虫害和微生物等,尤其是在储粮温度较高且稻谷水分偏大的条件下,稻谷霉菌生长较快,导致稻谷品质下降。综述储粮条件对稻谷品质的影响以及稻谷储藏期间储粮害虫和有害微生物和对稻谷的危害,讨论现有的稻谷储藏技术以及新型储粮技术的研究,目前低温储粮、气调储粮、利用CO2法检测稻谷霉菌以及天然防霉剂的研发等新型技术的开发为我国稻谷的安全储藏提供了更有效的技术保障,只是一些新型技术对粮仓的要求较高,实现全国性推广,存在一定的困难。     

A GRID GENERATION TECHNIQUE FOR NUMERICAL MODELLING HEAT and MOISTURE MOVEMENT IN PEAKED BULKS of GRAIN

This paper describes a numerical solution procedure to study heat and moisture transfer processes by two-dimensional natural convection phenomena in grain stores with arbitrary geometries. This enables grain storage technologists to investigate the design and performance of grain stores in which the grain surface is peaked, as in bunker storage, for example. Momentum transfer is described by an elliptic partial differential equation, which governs the behavior of the stream function. Using an algebraic grid generation technique, the governing equations are transformed into a body-fitted rectangular coordinate system that allows coincidence of all boundary lines with a coordinate line. Numerical solutions of the resulting equations are obtained using an alternating direction implicit method. Results from numerical experiments on a peaked bulk of stored grain retained between two vertical walls are obtained that show the magnitude and directions of convection currents and contours of temperature, moisture, dry matter loss and chemical pesticide concentrations.     

气体分析法监测粮食储藏安全性的研究与应用进展

粮食在储藏过程中易受到虫害和霉菌的侵染,造成粮食的损耗。凭借灵敏的储粮监测技术,可以早期发现虫霉的发生,确保粮食储藏的安全性。在不断研发的储粮安全监测技术中,利用虫霉活动可以产生特征物质改变粮食可挥发气体组分,或使粮堆中某种气体成分含量发生变化的特点,通过测定相关气体的含量可了解储粮的状态。大量的研究表明,储粮的气体分析监测技术具有快速、灵敏度高、结果准确等优点。本研究主要介绍气体分析技术在监测粮食品质变化,储粮霉菌和昆虫的危害判断、预测等方面的研究和应用进展,并对方法的特性、作用以及可能的发展方向进行评价。     

Integrated management of the risks of stored grain spoilage by seedborne fungi and contamination by storage mould mycotoxins – An update

Fungal spoilage of stored grains may occur when activity of water (aw) in cereal grain exceeds a critical limit enabling mould growth. Because it is not feasible to maintain all parts of large grain bulks below this critical moisture limit during prolonged storage time, an infection by seed-borne fungi is not rare in cereal grain stored under humid temperate or hot climates, inducing irreversible qualitative losses. Additionally, some fungal species produce harmful mycotoxins. The most harmful toxigenic species belong to the group of xerophilic species (genera Aspergillus and Penicillium). Because mycotoxin contamination of cereal grain is a worldwide issue for public health and a permanent concern for cereal-food industries facing the challenge of a permanent monitoring mycotoxin content in their primary matters, tolerable levels of mycotoxins are severely regulated worldwide. Mycotoxin-producing species growth is closely dependent of grain moisture levels enabling biological activity in grain ecosystem. Consequently, mould growth in stored grain bulks can be anticipated through early detection of grain and mould respiration. The prevention of mycotoxigenic fungi spoilage of stored grain can be managed by a preventive strategy. The main objective of the review was to describe the different methods, material and practices combined in such an integrated preventive approach. Some solutions potentially acceptable for the decontamination of moderately contaminated grain are also discussed.Integrated management of mould spoilage risks in stored grain is based on five pillars: i/Prevention of mould development by keeping grain moisture below the critical limit of fungal growth; ii/Accurate monitoring of grain aw and temperature changes during the storage period, associated to the monitoring of early indicators of respiration activity of storage fungi; iii/Reduction of grain bulk moistening trends by physical intervention means; iv/Use of physical treatments (ozone, grain peeling or abrasion) to limit mycotoxin contamination transfer to processed cereal products; v/Possible use of bio-competitive strains of fungi or bacteria to prevent the development of mycotoxigenic fungi in grain bulks. The future research needs on this topic are also evocated.     

吉林高大平房仓内环流控温稻谷储藏效果评价

内环流控温技术是近年来新发展起来的一项储粮新技术,很多仓储企业已积极推广应用,但大量的实践表明受地理和气候条件的影响,内环流控温技术的应用效果在不同的地区存在一定的差异。选择吉林省高大平房仓进行粳稻储藏实验,定期监测内环流控温系统储藏稻谷的粮情及品质数据。结果表明,内环流控温技术辅以棉被压盖,可有效控制粮仓内和粮堆温湿度,确保全年低温储粮,延缓稻谷品质下降,减少储藏期间水分损耗,降低霉变和虫害发生的可能性,实现安全绿色储粮。对于我国东北地区粮食的安全储藏及内环流控温技术推广应用具有重要的指导意义。     

基于知识图谱的绿色储粮技术研究可视化分析

随着科技的进步,传统储粮技术逐步升级为以气调和低温储藏为主线的绿色储藏技术,为全面把握绿色储粮技术研究发展脉络,运用CiteSpace软件,通过定性与定量相结合的研究方法,分析Web of Science及中国知网数据库的文献数据并以此绘制可视化知识图谱。通过对图谱分析得出,国内期刊的主要研究热点为储粮害虫、机械通风、储粮品质,注重害虫检测及生物与物理综合防治害虫的研究,如何控制粮食品质的变化是研究重点;国际期刊同样重视对虫害霉菌的防治,同时在更高储存效率前提下考虑经济成本,将大数据技术初步融入到绿色储粮技术中。最后,对绿色储粮主要的三种技术：气调、低温、生物与物理综合防治技术进行细致的总结与归纳,为该领域未来值得进一步探讨的研究方向提供参考。     

气调杀虫在储粮害虫防治中的研究与应用进展

粮食在储藏期间极易遭受储粮害虫为害,目前全世界主要采用以磷化氢熏蒸为主的方式防治储粮害虫。但是,由于长期单一使用化学杀虫剂,储粮害虫抗药性逐渐增强,害虫防治面临新的挑战。在此背景下,气调作为替代化学杀虫剂的一种绿色储粮害虫防治方式逐步受到人们广泛关注。本文对气调杀虫的发展历程、杀虫机理、影响因素和应用情况等方面进行综述,以期为今后更好地应用气调技术防治储粮害虫有所裨益。