Fishing along the Clinch River arm of Watts Bar reservoir adjacent to the Oak Ridge Reservation,Tennessee: behavior,knowledge and risk perception

Catching and eating fish is usually viewed as a fun, healthy and safe activity. However, with continuing increases in fish consumption advisories due to the contamination of our environment, anglers have to decide whether or not to eat the fish they catch. The Clinch River arm of Watts Bar Reservoir is under a fish consumption advisory because of elevated PCB concentrations in striped bass (Morone saxatilis), catfish (Ictalurus spp.) and sauger (Stizostedion canadense) due in part from contaminants released from the US Department of Energy's (USDOE's) Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) in East Tennessee. To obtain information about the demographics, fishing behavior, knowledge, fish consumption and risk perception of anglers, a survey was conducted of 202 people actively fishing either on land or by boat along the Clinch River arm of Watts Bar Reservoir adjacent to the ORR from Melton Hill Dam to the Poplar Creek confluence or on Poplar Creek within ORR boundaries from mid-March to early November 2001. Even though 81% of people interviewed knew about the fish consumption advisories for the study area, 48% of them thought the fish were safe to eat, while 38% ate the fish that they caught from the study area. Approximately 36% of anglers who had knowledge of the fish consumption warnings ate fish from the study area. Providing confirmation that people fish for many reasons, 35% of anglers interviewed did not eat fish at all. The majority of anglers interviewed knew about the fish consumption advisories because of the signs posted throughout the study area. However, few people knew the correct fish advisories. Significantly fewer blacks had knowledge of the fish consumption warnings than whites. Information resulting from this study could be used to design a program with the objective of reaching the people who may be most at risk from eating fish caught from the Clinch River arm of Watts Bar Reservoir.     

Exposure of South Carolinians to commercial meats and fish within their meat and fish diet

There has been considerable interest in the public's exposure to a variety of contaminants through the consumption of wild fish and game, yet there is little information on consumption of commercial meats and fish, or the relationship between commercial and self-caught fish. We conducted a dietary survey in 1999 to estimate exposure levels of 464 individuals from people attending the Palmetto Sportsmen's Classic. Mean consumption was similar for beef, chicken/turkey, and wild-caught fish, and much lower for pork and store-bought fish, and still lower for restaurant fish. There were no ethnic differences in the consumption of most commercial fish and meats, although the differences for chicken approached significance. There were significant ethnic differences in consumption of wild-caught fish. Women ate significantly less of all meat types, except store-bought fish. People over 45 ate less beef than younger people, and people younger than 32 ate significantly more chicken than others. There were no significant differences in consumption patterns as a function of income, except for chicken and wild-caught fish; people with higher incomes ate more chicken than others, and people with lower incomes ate more wild-caught fish than others. When all wild-caught and commercial fish and meats are considered, there are significant differences only for ethnicity and gender. Blacks consume significantly more fish than Whites, and men consume significantly more than women.     

建成环境及个体特征对大城市居民超重肥胖的影响研究——以南京为例

随着城市化的不断深入,超重肥胖作为慢性病之源成为影响公众健康的重要因素,在此背景下如何主动改善这一健康问题成为当前多学科交叉研究的热点。以南京为案例研究地,借助问卷调查方法,试图探究建成环境和个体特征对大城市居民超重肥胖的影响,以期为相关研究与实践提供一定参考。分析结果表明:①非健康/健康食品店比率、地铁站点密度、公园密度、绿地率等建成环境要素对超重肥胖具有显著正向或负向影响;②素食为主、饮食口味偏淡、少饮酒的生活习惯,能够减少超重肥胖风险;③男性和年龄较大者是超重肥胖的风险人群。并进一步指出,需注重从空间干预的角度营造有助于减少超重肥胖健康风险的人居环境;同时公众宣传应当倡导健康饮食习惯,关注风险人群的身体质量指数,同时重视超重肥胖长期潜伏的特点,加强对中青年人群超重肥胖的预防。     

Knowledge,attitude, and behavior of students regarding 'mad cow disease'

The aim of the current study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and behavior of students enrolled at the American University of Beirut (AUB) in Lebanon, towards mad cow disease (MCD). Three hundred and fifty-six students (199 males and 157 females), ranging in age between 17 and 25 years were randomly selected from various majors and were asked to fill out a self-administered questionnaire. It was found that 99.7% of students had heard about MCD and 85.8% knew that the cow is the host for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Seventy five percent reported that animals contract the disease through the consumption of meat and bone meal. Thirty-seven percent wrongly believed that MCD cases were reported in Lebanon and 89% were not satisfied with the measures undertaken by the Lebanese government to curb the disease. Eighty four percent were concerned about the disease and 72% stated having modified their eating habits accordingly. Moreover, students majoring in biology and other health-related majors knew significantly more about MCD compared with students majoring in non-health related majors. A surprising finding was that females were more likely to modify their eating habits than males. Hence, this study provides an insight into the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of AUB students towards MCD. A limitation of this study is that our sample is not representative of all university students in Lebanon. Future surveys should also target students enrolled in other universities in the country.     

Selenium and its interrelatiosn with mercury in wholeblood and hair in an East Greenlandic population

138 Blood samples and 12 hair samples from the district of Angmagssalik, East Greenland, have been analysed for selenium and mercury. It was found that selenium like mercury, was absorbed in accordance with the amount of marine food eaten. The mean blood concentration in the group eating most marine food was 173 and 186 μg Hg/1 for men and women, respectively, while in the group eating the lowest quantity of marine food, the mean values were 86 and 118 μg Hg/1. In blood, the selenium and mercury did not correlate in individuals, but only in groups according to eating habits. On a molar basis, selenium is present in blood in excess as compared to mercury, while the opposite is the case for hair. It is concluded that only part of the selenium interacts with mercury, and that blood, but not hair, reflects present dietary intake. The rich supply of selenium in relation to mercury exposure through the traditional arctic food is probably able to alleviate the hazards from dietary mercury exposure.     

Concentrations of arsenic in urine of the general population in Sweden

The concentration of the sum of the metabolites of inorganic arsenic (inorganic arsenic, methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid) as well as the concentration of organic arsenic compounds, mainly in the form of arsenobetaine, in the urine of human subjects from two cities in Sweden have been studied. The median concentration of metabolites of inorganic arsenic was ∼8 μg As/g creatinine, independent of place of residence, sex, smoking and consumption of beer and wine. However, subjects who frequently ate flatfish and crustacea had somewhat higher (1.5 times) concentrations than those who very seldom ate such food. Flatfish, mainly in the form of plaice, and crustacea were found to be the main source of organic arsenic compounds. Subjects eating this type of seafood more than once a week had ∼ 40 μg organic As/g creatinine (median value), compared with about 12 μg organic As/g creatinine in subjects who very seldom ate it. Other types of seafish or freshwater fish did not give rise to elevated concentrations of arsenic in the urine. The total range of organic arsenic compounds in urine was < 1 to 525 μg As/g creatinine.     

Knowledge about fish consumption advisories: a risk communication failure within a university population

Considerable attention has focused on whether people are aware of fish consumption advisories, particularly among fishermen and as a function of demographic variables. Yet little attention has been directed at the messages people are receiving from fish consumption advisories. This study examines knowledge about the benefits and risks of fish in relation to ethnicity and the degree of knowledge in a general university population in New Jersey. Subjects were asked open-ended questions about risks and benefits and responses were grouped into categories. A far greater percent of people had heard something about the risks and benefits of eating fish than could report specific information about the risks or benefits. While only 16% of subjects did not know what the benefits of eating fish were, 62% did not have any specific information about why there were warnings. However, for people who had some specific information, a higher proportion (57%) could identify the chemicals (PCBs, mercury) causing the risks, than could identify omega-3 fatty acids as contributing to benefits (40%). Much of the knowledge was very general, such as eating fish is "good for the heart", "good for you", or "brain food". Less than half of the subjects could name species of fish that were either high or low in contaminants. There were ethnic disparities in knowledge about both the benefits and the risks from fish consumption. A higher percentage of whites knew about both the benefits and risks of fish consumption than others; Asians knew the least about the risks, and blacks and hispanics knew the least about the benefits. There were also ethnic differences in ability to name fish that are low in contaminants, or high in contaminants. Minorities, particularly hispanics, were unable to list species that are high in contaminants. We identified three levels of knowledge about fish consumption: 1) whether people are aware of the risks or benefits of fish consumption, 2) whether they have any specific knowledge about the benefits or risks from fish consumption, and 3) whether that knowledge is correct. We suggest that for people to make informed decisions about whether to eat fish, and what fish to eat (amount, fish size, species), they must have knowledge at all three levels about both the risks and benefits. Although agencies such as FDA are concerned that the public will be confused by advisory details, we find that the lack of details is a major component of ineffective communication. To provide the public with sufficient information to make sound risk decisions, public agencies and the media have to provide clearer, more directed messages dealing with the basis for making risk decisions.     

Transfer of environmental plutonium and americium across the human gut

Data on gut transfer factors for environmental forms of radionuclides are essential for estimates of public radiation exposures following ingestion, and thus in decisions on controlling waste discharges. Dose estimates for transuranic nuclides are particularly sensitive to uncertainties stemming from gut transfer data being related to non-environmental forms and/or derived from animal experiments. We have measured human gut transfer factors for plutonium and americium in two experiments using marine foods obtained near Sellafield, Cumbria. Firstly, the urine of volunteer members of the critical group of shellfish consumers was analysed for transuranics and the results related to their consumption rates. Secondly, remotely-based volunteers ate single quantities of shellfish obtained near Sellafield, and their urine was analysed. An overall result for the gut transfer factor for environmental plutonium of 0.8 X 10(-4) indicates no need to increase the value of 1 X 10(-4), currently used by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for soluble forms. Results for americium show that the ICRP value of 5 X 10(-4) is maximising, and that a value of 1 X 10(-4) would be supportable. The results from the study of critical group members provide confidence in our habits survey techniques and reassurance that there are no significant pathways for intake of transuranics by these people that have not been recognised.     

舌诱

利用我15年的卡通授权经验和Joe 15年的设计制作经验．我们想设计一个与众不同的中餐厅：一个会成为人们谈论焦点的设计理念。     

你的牙齿有多坚硬?

<正>"Did you brush your teeth?"How many times each week do you hear that question? Do you take good care of your teeth? It’s important to make sure you take good care of your teeth. They make eating and speaking much easier, and you need them your whole life. So that’s why you’re probably often being asked about your brushing habits.