Performance analyses of subcarrier BPSK modulation over M turbulence channels with pointing errors

An aggregated channel model is achieved by fitting the Weibull distribution, which includes the effects of atmospheric attenuation, M distributed atmospheric turbulence and nonzero boresight pointing errors. With this approximate channel model, the bit error rate (BER) and the ergodic capacity of free-space optical (FSO) communication systems utilizing subcarrier binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation are analyzed, respectively. A closed-form expression of BER is derived by using the generalized Gauss-Lagueree quadrature rule, and the bounds of ergodic capacity are discussed. Monte Carlo simulation is provided to confirm the validity of the BER expressions and the bounds of ergodic capacity.     

移动平台上空间光通信系统性能研究

针对移动平台空间光通信信道的大气湍流随机性强、指向误差大和链路高动态性等问题,建立适合于移动平台的大气信道模型,并进一步推导出采用脉冲调制(PPM)调制的通信系统端到端信道容量和中断概率的解析表达式。仿真分析了在大气弱湍流、中强湍流两种情况下,信噪比、系统分集、指向误差及通信距离等对通信系统中断概率的影响。结果表明,指向误差不宜超过1mrad;通信距离每增加1km,中断概率上升8~11dB。     

Performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation in asymmetrical dual-hop mixed RF-FSO transmission system

This paper investigates the performance of a dual-hop mixed relay system with radio frequency (RF) and free-space optics (FSO) communication under the effect of pointing error (PE) and atmospheric turbulence (AT). This paper considers a system where RF and FSO links are cascaded. The RF link is modeled by Nakagami-m fading, and the FSO link is modeled as gamma–gamma (G-G) fading channel. Both the channel models use orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The expressions for probability density function, cumulative distribution function, signal-to-noise ratio, and ergodic capacity are derived. The moment generating function (MGF) of fading and the bit error rate (BER) of the OFDM-based M-ary QAM scheme is derived in terms of Meijer's G-function. It has been observed that, in fixed gain relay systems, the modulation scheme's BER is dominated by the SNR of the RF link. While in a variable gain relay system, the turbulence conditions of the FSO system affect the SNR and the BER of the modulation method. The feasibility of heterodyne detection and intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) is analyzed in terms of outage probability and ergodic capacity. The results can be used to choose the optimal modulation order and relay system for QAM-OFDM-based optical wireless systems.     

Pointing error effects on performance of free-space optical communication systems using SC-QAM signals over atmospheric turbulence channels

In this paper, we theoretically analyze pointing error effects on performance of free-space optical (FSO) communication systems using subcarrier intensity quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-QAM) signals over atmospheric turbulence channels. Unlike previous studies, we take into account both atmospheric turbulence channels and the pointing error effect. In order to model atmospheric turbulence channels, we employ a log-normal distribution for weak-to-moderate turbulent condition and a gamma–gamma distribution for strong turbulent condition. Moreover, we study the pointing error effect by taking into account the influence of beamwidth, aperture size and jitter variance. In addition, we use a combination of these models to analyze the combined effect of atmospheric turbulence and pointing error to FSO/SC-QAM systems. Finally, we derive analytical expressions to evaluate the average symbol error rate (ASER) performance of such systems. Numerical results present the impact of pointing error on the performance of FSO/SC-QAM systems and how we use proper values of aperture size and beamwidth to improve the performance of such systems. In addition, simulation results of FSO/SC-QAM performance over strong atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors show that the closed-form expression can provide a precision for evaluating ASER of such systems.     

Analysis of effective capacity for free-space optical communication systems over gamma-gamma turbulence channels with pointing errors

To facilitate the efficient support of quality-of-service (QoS) for promising free-space optical (FSO) communication systems, it is essential to model and analyze FSO channels in terms of delay QoS. However, most existing works focus on the average capacity and outage capacity for FSO, which are not enough to characterize the effective transmission data rate when delay-sensitive service is applied. In this paper, the effective capacity of FSO communication systems under statistical QoS provisioning constraints is investigated to meet heterogeneous traffic demands. A novel closed-form expression for effective capacity is derived under the combined effects of atmospheric turbulence conditions, pointing errors, beam widths, detector sizes and QoS exponents. The obtained results reveal the effects of some significant parameters on effective capacity, which can be used for the design of FSO systems carrying a wide range of services with diverse QoS requirements.     

Performance analysis of a variable‐gain amplify‐and‐forward relayed mixed RF‐FSO system

In this work, an amplify‐and‐forward variable‐gain relayed mixed RF‐FSO system is studied. The considered dual‐hop system consists of a radio frequency (RF) link followed by a free space optical (FSO) channel. The RF link is affected by short‐term multipath fading and long‐term shadowing effects and is assumed to follow the generalized‐K fading distribution that approximates accurately several important distributions often used to model communication channels. The FSO channel experiences fading caused by atmospheric turbulence that is modeled by the gamma‐gamma distribution characterizing moderate and strong turbulence conditions. The FSO channel also suffers path loss and pointing error induced misalignment fading. The performance of the considered system is analyzed under the collective influence of distribution shaping parameters, pointing errors that result in misalignment fading, atmospheric turbulence, and path loss. The moment‐generating function of the Signal power to noise power ratio measured end‐to‐end for this system is derived. The cumulative distribution function for the Signal power to noise power ratio present between the source and destination receiver is also evaluated. Further, we investigate the error and outage performance and the average channel capacity for this system. The analytical expressions in closed form for the outage probability, symbol and bit error rate considering different modulation schemes and channel capacity are also derived. The mathematical expressions obtained are also demonstrated by numerical plots.     

瞄准误差和Gamma-Gamma大气湍流下信号束散角的优化分析

在自由空间激光通信(FSO)系统中,瞄准误差和大气湍流严重影响系统通信链路,是链路性能恶化的两大主要因素.通过对联合信道的理论分析,建立了信道模型,并利用Meijer G函数推导出了直接探测系统和相干探测系统平均信道容量的表达式.通过在Matlab中的仿真结果可知,在给定瞄准误差和大气湍流的条件下,信号光的光束束散角并非越小越好,而是存在最优束散角,该束散角不仅可以保证系统性能良好,而且使得发射系统功率取得最小值,并且采用相干探测系统可以抑制大气湍流对系统的影响,有效提高系统的性能.     

Gamma-gamma大气湍流下自由空间光通信的性能

自由空间光通信在各种应用中得到了广泛关注,但大气湍流效应导致系统链路性能恶化.假设大气湍流信道是无记忆平稳遍历并且为加性高斯白噪声(AWGN),自由空间光通信系统采用开关键控(OOK)强度调制直接检测(ID/DD),研究了gamma-gamma大气湍流信道下自由空间光通信的性能.利用MeijerG函数推导出了自由空间光...     

Discussion on design aspects for free-space optical communication terminals

Free-space optical communications is an emerging solution to increase link capacity of nondetectable links to multi gigabits per second. FSO is widely believed as to overcome radio frequency spectrum and data rate limitations. However, one of the biggest challenges facing FSO deployment is its optical signal propagation in different atmospheric conditions. This effect causes variable link degradation due to variable attenuation and fading. Atmospheric turbulence produces temporary pockets of air with slightly different indices of refraction. Therefore the laser beam phase-front varies randomly, producing intensity fluctuation. One further key challenge with FSO systems is maintaining transceiver alignment. Using highly directional and narrow beams of light, variable mispointing of the transmit beam, and tracking errors of the receiver will generate additional signal fading. In this article terminal design aspects are discussed, and problems that occur when building FSO terminals are highlighted.     

具有能量收集的双向RF/FSO中继系统性能分析

设计了一种在大气湍流和指向误差影响下的带有能量收集的混合双向RF/FSO中继传输系统。RF信号部分采用能量分割的方式进行能量收集,FSO信号部分则将其信号中的直流电分量所携带的能量收集起来存储在中继器中。其中射频RF链路采用Nakagamim信道衰落模型,自由空间光FSO链路采用Gamma Gamma信道衰落模型。并且计算出了两条链路各自的累积分布函数CDF。采用DF的中继协作方式,并利用Meijei G函数推导出系统中断概率的闭合表达式,最终通过仿真来验证结果的正确性。     

1 Gbps实时传输的自由空间光通信链路损耗

远距离自由空间光学（FSO）通信系统面临的最大挑战是在大气湍流影响下信号传输会造成光强度衰减/波动,导致通信链路中断。文中提出了一种基于通信系统接收功率的对数正态统计来计算由湍流引起的通信链路损耗的方法,可评估指导FSO通信系统中的系统参数。文中模拟了不同强度湍流影响,接收终端口径为2 cm、20 cm条件下,850 nm、1 550 nm波长的光通信链路损耗与传输距离的关系。然后利用模拟分析结果设计了一个接收口径为20 cm的FSO通信系统,在强湍流条件下完成~2 km距离传输高清图像和视频。FSO通信系统的传输速率为1 Gpbs,与4 G网络相比,可以满足大量无压缩数据流传输的清晰度和实时性。     

Performance analysis of MIMO FSO link with Alamouti coding and switch-and-examine combining

Atmospheric turbulence is one of the main causes of degrading the quality of service in free-space optical (FSO) systems. The use of diversity techniques in an FSO system can minimize the fading effect which is caused by atmospheric turbulence. When diversity combining is applied at both the transmitter and the receiver ends, the system can mitigate the degradation more effectively. In this paper, we consider a \(2\times L\) multiple-input multiple-output FSO system with on–off keying modulation where the link is affected by gamma–gamma fading. Alamouti space–time coding is implemented at the transmitter, while the receiver employs switch-and-examine combining. Analytical expressions for different performance metrics such as outage probability, average bit error rate and average capacity are derived using a moment-generating function-based approach. Numerical results are provided and are compared with Monte Carlo simulations.     

A cross-layer analysis of TCP/link adaptation technologies over free-space optical links with Markov error model

This paper presents a comprehensive cross-layer framework on the performance of transmission control protocol (TCP) over a free-space optical (FSO) link, which employs automatic repeat request (ARQ) and adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) schemes. Not similar to conventional works in the literature of FSO, we conduct a Markov error model to accurately capture effects of burst errors caused by atmospheric turbulence on cross-layer operations. From the framework, we quantify the impacts of different parameters/settings of ARQ, AMC, and the FSO link on TCP throughput performance. We also discuss several optimization aspects for TCP performance.     

Enhancing spectral efficiency of FSO system using adaptive SIM/M‐PSK and SIMO in the presence of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors

This paper proposes an adaptive transmission modulation (ATM) technique for free‐space optical (FSO) links over gamma‐gamma turbulence channels.The ATM technique provides efficient utilization of the FSO channel capacity for improving spectral efficiency, by adapting the order of the phase‐shift keying modulation scheme, according to the channel conditions and the required bit error rate (BER). To overcome the channel degradation resulting from the turbulence effects as well as the pointing errors (PEs), single‐input multiple‐output (SIMO) system with maximal ratio combining (MRC) is proposed. Exact closed‐form expressions of BER and upper bound of the capacity are derived and verified by Monte Carlo simulations. The numerical results show that the proposed adaptive technique improves the spectral efficiency (SE) five times higher than the nonadaptive technique at the same BER threshold (10^?3).This improvement is achieved at signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) equals 27 and 42  dB in the case of atmospheric turbulence without and with PE, respectively. Furthermore, this SE could be obtained while the SNR = 30  dB by using ( 1 × 4 ) SIMO scheme with MRC and PE and having the same transmitting optical power.     

Outage performance of multihop free-space optical communication system over exponentiated Weibull fading channels with nonzero boresight pointing errors

The outage performance of the multihop free-space optical (FSO) communication system with decode-and-forward (DF) protocol is studied by considering the joint effects of nonzero boresight pointing errors and atmospheric turbulence modeled by exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution. The closed-form analytical expression of outage probability is derived, and the results are validated through Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, the detailed analysis is provided to evaluate the impacts of turbulence strength, receiver aperture size, boresight displacement, beamwidth and number of relays on the outage performance for the studied system.     

Impact of transmission techniques in asymmetric RF/FSO system over Nakagami‐m and gamma‐gamma fading channels with pointing errors

In this paper, the performance of transmission techniques on the fixed‐gain amplify‐and‐forward–based asymmetric radio frequency/free space optical (RF/FSO) communication system is studied. The RF link and FSO link are, respectively, modeled by the Nakagami‐m and Gamma‐Gamma fading channels under the effect of zero boresight and non‐zero boresight pointing errors subject to heterodyne detection. Maximum ratio transmission (MRT) and orthogonal space‐time block coding (OSTBC) techniques are the transmission scenarios considered at the system source while selection combining is used for reception at the relay and destination for the signal detection. Moreover, a unified cumulative density distribution (CDF) of end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio is derived for the system. By utilizing this channel statistical CDF, the closed‐form expressions for the outage probability and average bit error rate for the M‐ary phase shift keying modulation are then obtained for the system. The analysis presented illustrates that both the atmospheric turbulence and pointing error significantly degrade the system performance. Based on this, the MRT transmission technique offers a better performance compared with the OSTBC techniques under the same system conditions. The accuracy of the analytical results is verified by Monte‐Carlo simulations.     

基于FSO系统的多进制LT码性能分析

为克服空间光通信(FSO)链路受大气湍流效应的影响,将LT码应用到FSO系统中.多进制LT码具有较高的传输效率.提出一种新型度分布函数来改善多进制LT码的译码性能.计算不同进制LT码的译码失败率,并模拟强湍流信道,对采用不同编码方案的FSO性能进行仿真.结果表明:采用新型度分布的LT码能够降低译码失败率,且能有效改善FSO系统在强湍流情况下的性能.     

Effect of clear atmospheric turbulence on quality of free space optical communications in Yemen

Free space optical (FSO) communication is one of the most recently developed modes of wireless communication.FSO is a technique used to convey data carried by a laser beam through the atmosphere.While FSO offers a broadband service,it requires a line of sight communication between the transmitter and receiver.The atmosphere has effects on the laser beam passing through it.For instance,the quality of data received is affected by the scattering and atmospheric turbulence.The atmospheric turbulence is caused by both temporary and special random fluctuations of the refractive index along the optical propagation path.Clear air turbulence impairs the performance of the FSO due to the fluctuation in the intensity of the laser beam.By referring to the two criteria,namely bit error rate (BER) and signal to noise ratio (SNR),this work includes analysis of the effect of atmospheric turbulence on FSO systems in Yemen by using an appropriate model.     

Sum rate–based relay selection strategy in FSO systems

We present a relay selection strategy for bidirectional free‐space optical (FSO) communication systems. A parallel relayed FSO network consisting of multiple decode‐and‐forward protocol based two‐way relays (TWRs) is considered. Using the proposed relay selection strategy, one TWR is selected to establish an FSO communication link between two non‐line‐of‐sight FSO transceivers. As the two‐way communication process is characterized by achievable sum rate of the system, the relay selection strategy is designed such that the achievable sum rate is maximum. Considering a Gamma‐Gamma distributed optical channel with path loss and pointing errors, we present a mathematical framework for the proposed relay selection strategy.     

Outage Capacity Optimization for Free-Space Optical Links With Pointing Errors

We investigate the performance and design of free-space optical (FSO) communication links over slow fading channels from an information theory perspective. A statistical model for the optical intensity fluctuation at the receiver due to the combined effects of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors is derived. Unlike earlier work, our model considers the effect of beam width, detector size, and jitter variance explicitly. Expressions for the outage probability are derived for a variety of atmospheric conditions. For given weather and misalignment conditions, the beam width is optimized to maximize the channel capacity subject to outage. Large gains in achievable rate are realized versus using a nominal beam width. In light fog, by optimizing the beam width, the achievable rate is increased by 80% over the nominal beam width at an outage probability of 10^-5. Well-known error control codes are then applied to the channel and shown to realize much of the achievable gains.