平坦衰落环境中多输入多输出系统衰落相关与信道容量研究

为分析模型物理参数和天线排列方式对多输入多输出系统信道容量的影响,提出了一种平坦衰落环境中信道容量的研究方法。该方法基于接收均匀圆阵和均匀线阵分别构建了蕴含模型物理参数的相关矩阵,并利用Wishart分布的性质推导了信道容量上下限。该方法回避了求取衰落相关矩阵特征值的概率密度函数,降低了运算量;可被推广到多天线-频分复用系统。仿真结果表明,天线间距较小时,采用均匀圆阵比均匀线阵的系统信道容量要高;天线间距增大到一定程度后,系统信道容量达到饱和。散射角越大,信道容量的增长速率越快且采用均匀线阵比均匀圆阵系统的信道容量高。接收信噪比较大时,平均信道容量上下限基本接近其实际值。     

Efficient detection in uniform linear and planar arrays MIMO systems under spatial correlated channels

In this paper, the efficiency of various multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) detectors was analyzed from the perspective of highly correlated channels, where MIMO systems have a lack of performance, besides in some cases, an increasing complexity. Considering this hard but a useful scenario, various MIMO detection schemes were accurately evaluated concerning complexity and bit error rate performance. Specifically, successive interference cancellation, lattice reduction, and the combination of them were associated with conventional linear MIMO detection techniques. To demonstrate effectiveness, a wide range of the number of antennas and modulation formats have been considered aiming to verify the potential of such MIMO detection techniques according to their performance‐complexity trade‐off. We have also studied the correlation effect when both transmit and receiver sides are equipped with uniform linear array and uniform planar array antenna configurations. The performance of different detectors is carefully compared when both antenna array configurations are deployed considering a different number of antennas and modulation order, especially under near‐massive MIMO condition. We have also discussed the relationship between the array factor and the bit error rate performance of both antenna array structures.     

Performance tradeoffs among low‐complexity detection algorithms for MIMO‐LTE receivers

The upcoming Third‐Generation Partnership Project—Long‐Term Evolution (3GPP‐LTE) cellular standard will employ spatial multiplexing to significantly increase the data rates. Detection of the spatially multiplexed signals is an essential issue in the design of an LTE receiver. In this paper, we evaluate the performance–complexity tradeoffs for a set of low‐complexity multiple input multiple output (MIMO) detection algorithms in a realistic LTE downlink system. Specifically, antenna correlation and channel estimation errors have been considered for a practical MIMO‐LTE receiver. An LTE downlink model has been implemented in order to evaluate three types of detectors: linear, unsorted successive interference cancellation (SIC), and ordered SIC. Our simulation results show that the unsorted SIC detectors present a very poor performance–complexity tradeoff. Besides, linear detectors are shown to be the best candidates as the performance improvement for the ordered SIC detectors is not significant in a realistic scenario. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Broadband MIMO-OFDM wireless communications

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular method for high data rate wireless transmission. OFDM may be combined with antenna arrays at the transmitter and receiver to increase the diversity gain and/or to enhance the system capacity on time-varying and frequency-selective channels, resulting in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. The paper explores various physical layer research challenges in MIMO-OFDM system design, including physical channel measurements and modeling, analog beam forming techniques using adaptive antenna arrays, space-time techniques for MIMO-OFDM, error control coding techniques, OFDM preamble and packet design, and signal processing algorithms used to perform time and frequency synchronization, channel estimation, and channel tracking in MIMO-OFDM systems. Finally, the paper considers a software radio implementation of MIMO-OFDM.     

A phase noise mitigation scheme for MIMO WLANs with spatially correlated and imperfectly estimated channels

Applying multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technique to OFDM-based wireless local area networks (WLANs) promises impressive high capacity and spectral efficiency compared with conventional systems. However, similar to SISO-OFDM, MIMO-OFDM suffers significant performance degradation due to the presence of phase noise. Many methods have been developed to mitigate phase noise for a single antenna system with perfect channel estimation, whereas none has been proposed for correlated MIMO-OFDM scenarios. Therefore, in this letter, by using the phase noise correlation function, a new phase noise mitigation scheme is proposed for the general M/sub T//spl times/M/sub R/ MIMO WLANs system with channel estimation errors. Numerical results show that, compared with conventional approaches, the proposed scheme achieves significant performance gain with high spectral efficiency, requiring few pilots, and is robust to spatial correlation and channel estimation errors, which makes it very attractive for practical applications.     

Blind time-domain equalizer for doubly-selective channel with reduced time averaging and computational complexity

This study presents a blind time-domain equalizer for a CP-free multiuser/MIMO-OFDM system over a doubly selective fast-fading channel, which enables a pertinent trade-off in error performance and complexity. A high-velocity outdoor system is considered, such as a vehicular user in which the channel varies too rapidly to be tracked. The proposed method applies the computationally efficient modified recursive Cholesky (RChol) algorithm incorporating a linear predictor and the LMMSE criteria, which scales down the correlation matrix time averaging and hence results in a significantly computationally efficient algorithm for the multiuser/MIMO-OFDM time-domain equalizer. The method reduces the effect of any perturbation introduced by the linear prediction, noise, and multipath. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed and compared with those of the existing pilot-based, semi-blind, and blind methods. The results show that the proposed RChol algorithm is computationally efficient compared with the existing subspace-based and linear prediction-based methods.     

Performance of optimum and suboptimum combining at the antennaarray of a W-CDMA system

The performance of an array of antennas combined with a RAKE receiver at the base station of a wideband code division multiple access system with quaternary phase shift keying modulation is investigated for single-user reception. This receiver structure is also known as a multidimensional RAKE receiver. Expressions for the interference correlation matrix are derived, and subsequently, an analysis of the error probability is provided. With regard to antenna weights, the optimum combining linear receiver, which takes into account the spatial distribution of all the users in the system, is compared with the suboptimum combining receiver (SOC), which exploits knowledge of the desired user array vector only. It is shown how the two receivers, ideal in the sense that perfect channel estimation is assumed, achieve very similar performances under realistic conditions. Consequently, the investigated pilot assisted combining receiver, which estimates the channel based on limited overhead, calculates weights according to the SOC strategy by a very simple algorithm     

Impact of the propagation environment on the performance of space-frequency coded MIMO-OFDM

Previous work on space-frequency coded multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) has been restricted to idealistic propagation conditions. In this paper, using a broadband MIMO channel model taking into account Ricean K-factor, transmit and receive angle spread, and antenna spacing, we study the impact of the propagation environment on the performance of space-frequency coded MIMO-OFDM. For a given space-frequency code, we quantify the achievable diversity order and coding gain as a function of the propagation parameters. We find that while the presence of spatial receive correlation affects all space-frequency codes equally, spatial fading correlation at the transmit array can result in widely varying performance losses. High-rate space-frequency codes such as spatial multiplexing are typically significantly more affected by transmit correlation than low-rate codes such as space-frequency block codes. We show that in the MIMO Ricean case the presence of frequency-selectivity typically results in improved performance compared to the frequency-flat case.     

3×3多天线系统衰落相关与信道容量研究

为分析天线间距和散射角等信道物理参数对多输入多输出系统信道容量的影响,提出了一种相关衰落环境中信道容量的分析方法。该方法基于接收均匀圆阵构建了蕴含信道物理参数的衰落相关矩阵。并由此详细推导了3×3多天线系统信道容量的闭式表达。结果表明,相关矩阵特征值的个数和大小决定了系统信道容量的大小。该方法回避了已有算法需求取相关衰落信道特征值概率密度函数的问题,降低了运算量,可以被推广到任意收发天线数的多输入多输出和多输入多输出-频分复用系统。仿真结果表明,天线间距增大,信道容量随之增大。但是当天线间距增大到衰落相关的第一个过零点时,信道容量达到最大值,再增大天线间距对信道容量影响很小。散射角越大,信道容量收敛到最大值速率越快。     

Low-Complexity LMMSE-Based MIMO-OFDM Channel Estimation Via Angle-Domain Processing

In many situations, multiple-input-multiple-output with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) channels tend to be spatially correlated due, for example, to limited scattering. Prior knowledge of this channel spatial correlation and the channel frequency correlation can be exploited by using the linear minimum-mean-square-error (LMMSE) technique. However, the complexity of the 2-D LMMSE technique, which fully utilizes both the channel spatial and frequency correlation is quite high. To solve this problem, this paper presents and analyzes several low-complexity, suboptimal, approximated LMMSE channel estimation techniques in the angle domain, where the channel model lends itself to a physical interpretation. The choice of angle-domain techniques is largely dependent on the extent of channel stochastic information (e.g., channel correlation or power) that is available to the receiver. Nevertheless, all the proposed angle-domain techniques have much lower complexity compared to the 2-D LMMSE technique. Further, all the angle-domain techniques improve over the conventional least square (LS) technique for all the typical MIMO-OFDM models under consideration. More importantly, our simulation results show that the angle-domain quasi 1-D (Ql-D) LMMSE technique can achieve similar performance compared to the 2-D LMMSE technique for all typical MIMO-OFDM models with significantly lower complexity.     

Synchrotron X-Ray photoconductor detector arrays made on MBE grown CdTe

We have been fabricating x-ray photoconductor linear array detectors using molecular beam epitaxially (MBE) grown (lll)B undoped CdTe layers on (100) Si substrates. A novel technique was developed to remove the Si and to mount the fragile MBE grown CdTe layers onto insulating ceramic substrates. 256 channel linear photoconductor array devices were fabricated on the resulting CdTe layers. The resistivity of MBE (lll)B CdTe was high (>108 \cm) enough to utilize the material for low energy (8 ~ 25 keV) x-ray detectors. The stability of the detectors are satisfactory, and they were tested at room temperature routinely for over a year. The performance of the photoconductor was greatly improved when the detector was cooled to 230K. Due to its reduced dark current at low temperatures, the dynamic range of the detector response increased to nearly four decades at 230K.     

基于BD-DFT扩展的大规模MIMO码本设计

考虑到大规模多输入多输出（Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO）阵列尺寸及外形等因素的限制,本文提出了一种适用于基站采用交叉极化天线面阵的大规模MIMO（Massive MIMO）码本设计方法。该方法综合考虑交叉极化信道的对角化特点和相邻天线之间的相关性,首先设计出与采用交叉极化线阵匹配的码本,进而利用垂直维度天线间的相关性对其进行扩展,最终生成与交叉极化面阵相匹配的码本。仿真结果表明该码本设计方法可使大规模MIMO系统的传输速率和误码率性能得到明显地提升。     

稳定平台对机载线阵相机成像质量的影响

在线阵传感器的航空摄影过程 中,飞机姿态变化会对成像造成影响,导致成像模糊。因 此根据航空投影的坐标变换方程,采用Monte Carlo算 法分析了曝光时间、稳定平台位置补偿残差以及角速度补偿残 差等参数对线阵相机成像质量的影响。结果表明,高性 能机载线阵相机必须配备高性能稳定平台;同时,灵敏度 高、曝光积分时间短的线阵探测器对于成像质量的提升 具有重要意义。     

Experimental characterization of the MIMO wireless channel: data acquisition and analysis

Detailed performance assessment of space-time coding algorithms in realistic channels is critically dependent upon accurate knowledge of the wireless channel spatial characteristics. This paper presents an experimental measurement platform capable of providing the narrowband channel transfer matrix for wireless communications scenarios. The system is used to directly measure key multiple-input-multiple-output parameters in an indoor environment at 2.45 GHz. Linear antenna arrays of different sizes and construction with up to ten elements at transmit and receive are utilized in the measurement campaign. This data is analyzed to reveal channel properties such as transfer matrix element statistical distributions and temporal and spatial correlation. Additionally, the impact of parameters such as antenna element polarization, directivity, and array size on channel capacity are highlighted. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relationship between multipath richness and path loss, as well as their joint role in determining channel capacity.     

阵列布局对机载MIMO信道容量影响

为进一步提高空地(air-to-ground,ATG)下行通信容量,建立了三维基于散射体分布的ATG MIMO单跳同心椭圆环信道模型,结合机载多入多出（multiple input multiple output,MIMO）均匀线阵以及圆阵布局方案,推导了基于阵列结构分量的机载MIMO信道相关矩阵,为通过合理设计机载MIMO天线结构来提升ATG传输速率,分析了阵列结构参数对遍历容量的影响。仿真表明,受ATG远距离通信影响,需要扩大天线间隔来提高MIMO信道容量,且相比于线阵布局,圆阵布局更加适应飞行姿态变化,获得较高的信道容量。      

多用户检测CDMA系统中的功率控制性能及其在系统设计中的应用

我们分析了在瑞利衰落信道下，在天线分集的相干多用户检测器的性能。由于多用户检测器是抗远／近效应的，我们将基于ＳＮＲ的功率控制引入多用户检测器以提高系统的性能。最后，我们给出了在系统设计时，基于ＳＮＲ的功率控制的参数的选取。     

大规模MIMO相关信道下的联合天线分组和天线选择

在大规模多输入多输出系统中,针对密集部署的大型天线阵列之间的强相关性会抑制天线选择增益效果的问题。在系统下行链路场景下建立空间相关信道模型,提出了基于天线分组的天线选择算法。根据瞬时信道相关矩阵将天线阵列划分为若干组,保证各组内天线之间相关性较强。在完成天线分组的基础上,基于信道矩阵列范数准则在各组发射天线与接收天线之间构成的子信道矩阵中选择天线,进而构造有效发射天线与接收天线之间的信道矩阵。仿真分析了所提天线选择算法对系统遍历和速率的影响,结果表明,在基站天线数为32、接收天线数为2、选择天线数为2、天线相关因子为0.9的假设下,当信噪比为10 dB时,与基于相邻天线分组的天线选择算法相比,所提算法使系统和速率约提高了27.5%,且所提算法若要与最优天线选择算法达到相同的和速率,仅需将其信噪比提升1～2 dB即可。     

On the empirical optimization of antenna arrays

Empirical optimization is an algorithm for the optimization of antenna array performance under realistic conditions, accounting for the effects of mutual coupling and scattering between the elements of the array and the nearby environment. The algorithm can synthesize optimum element spacings and optimum element excitations. It is applicable to arrays of various element types having arbitrary configurations, including phased arrays, conformal arrays and nonuniformly spaced arrays. The method is based on measured or calculated element-pattern data, and proceeds in an iterative fashion to the optimum design. A novel method is presented in which the admittance matrix representing an antenna array, consisting of both active and passive elements, is extracted from the array's element-pattern data. The admittance-matrix formulation incorporated into the empirical optimization algorithm enables optimization of the location of both passive and active elements. The methods also provide data for a linear approximation of coupling as a function of (nonuniform) element locations, and for calculation of element scan impedances. Computational and experimental results are presented that demonstrate the rapid convergence and effectiveness of empirical optimization in achieving realistic antenna array performance optimization.     

Diversity analysis for frequency-selective MIMO-OFDM systems with general spatial and temporal correlation model

In this paper, the effect of a general spatial and temporal fading correlation structure on the performance of coded multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is studied. The analysis handles an arbitrary joint transmit-receive spatial correlation model, including the non-Kronecker model. An upper bound on the maximum achievable diversity order for frequency-selective MIMO-OFDM systems with general temporal and spatial correlation is derived. Furthermore, a space-time-frequency code design that can achieve the upper bound for any arbitrarily correlated channel scenario is provided. The general framework of the analysis includes space-frequency (SF)-coded systems as a special case. For the SF-coded MIMO-OFDM system, it is shown that any SF code designed to achieve full diversity in the independent fading channel can achieve full diversity in an arbitrary spatially correlated channel. The derived analytical results are consistent with those in the existing literature for special correlation structures. Extensive simulation results are provided to confirm the theoretical analysis.     

面向大规模天线系统的稀布阵技术研究与评估

通过大量天线数服务用户,大规模天线技术可有效提升频谱效率。然而,大规模天线将带来射频链路数量的大幅增加,进而带来成本的急剧提升,所以大规模天线的设计需要综合考虑性能和成本的折中。稀布阵技术通过优化天线阵元位置分布、激励幅度,可实现以更少的天线数逼近均匀阵列的性能,从而带来射频链路数量的降低和成本的控制,取得较好的性价比平衡。介绍了稀布阵关键技术的实现方案,评估分析了稀布阵的链路级性能以及在面向6G的大规模天线系统中应用稀布阵的系统性能。数据分析表明,稀布阵在小幅性能损失的情况下,可以显著降低天线阵元数,节约基站设备成本。