Chiral Polymers and Polymeric Particles for Enantioselective Crystallization

Chiral polymers and chiral polymeric particles have emerged as a new and exciting field of research in recent years mainly due to their possibly applications in chiral chemistry. This paper reviews the present state of the art regarding production techniques for the synthesis and applications of chiral polymeric particles. The main methods for preparing of chiral polymeric particles such as: direct polymerization, emulsion, precipitation, and suspension polymerization of chiral monomers, are reviewed. Moreover, in this article we also present the use of chiral polymers as chiral templates for the synthesis of chiral mesoporous materials. In this review we highlighted the properties and parameters involved in the preparation of these chiral polymeric materials. The present review focuses mainly on the use of chiral polymer and chiral polymeric particles for enantioselective crystallization and enantioseparation. References of the most relevant literature published by various research groups are provided. Anyway, it is clear that chiral polymeric particles are a distinctive type of chiral nanomaterials that can find many new application in other fields like, chiral drug delivery systems, enantioselective catalysis. We hope that this review article will inspired new researchers in this field and will boost the research dealing on chiral polymeric particles especially in their implementation in new areas in chiral chemistry.     

两性聚合物微粒的制备及其抗菌性

以自制的马来酸十六醇酯钠盐(SHM)为乳化剂、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)为单体,改变单体配比,利用乳液聚合方法合成了4种带环氧基的纳米聚合物(NPs),NPs经与三甲胺盐酸盐阳离子化反应制得4种表面同时带正电荷和负电荷的两性聚合物微粒(CNPs)。对聚合物微粒的粒径和zeta电位进行了研究,用烧瓶振荡法研究了CNPs对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌性。结果表明,单体配比对NPs的粒径影响很小;随GMA用量增加,CNP的粒径增大,zeta电位上升;CNPs对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌都有很好的抗菌性。     

聚合硫酸铝铁的制备及在水处理中的应用进展

介绍了聚合硫酸铝铁的合成原料、方法、原理,并介绍了聚合硫酸铝铁在水处理方面的应用研究进展,最后对未来聚合硫酸铝铁的合成及应用进行了展望。     

用高岭土制取聚合氯化铝

介绍了用高岭土制取聚合氯化铝的生产方法,探讨了摩尔比、碱化度、熟化时间、聚合时间等因素对产品质量的影响,选择了最佳工艺条件,制备出固态聚合氯化铝。     

一类崭新的聚合型色素的合成与应用

聚合型色素由于分子中带有可聚合基团,可通过与高分子单体的共聚反应将发色母体以高浓度结合于聚合物分子主链或侧链上,从而具有优异的耐迁移性、耐溶剂性、与高分子材料的良好相容性以及较高的生理安全性等,并已被成功地开发应用于合成材料着色和功能材料等领域。本文综述了这一类色素的合成及应用。     

新型超临界流体抗溶剂法制备超微颗粒的喷嘴设计

设计了一种新型旋转式压力喷嘴,该新型喷嘴利用切线入口和旋转室使料液充分混合并加速,最终雾化以更好地实现SEDS法制备超细颗粒的工艺。同时给出了针对不同物料时计算平均雾滴直径的公式,可以在实验前预估所制备超微颗粒的数量级,并对新型喷嘴结构对雾滴直径的影响因素做了分析。     

聚合氯化铝的制备及其应用

研究了一种制备聚合氯化铝的新工艺。该工艺为以硫酸铝、氯化钙和氢氧化钙为原料制备聚合氯化铝;考察了原料配比、反应温度、熟化温度、熟化时间以及pH值对产品性能的影响,确定了最佳的反应条件。制备聚合氯化铝的最佳实验条件为：n（Al2（SO4）3·18H2O）∶n（CaCl2）∶n（Ca（OH）2）1.00∶2.75∶1.20,加入CaCl2时的温度为95℃,加入CaCl2时间为20 min,加入Ca（OH）2的温度为50℃,加入Ca（OH）2时间为20 min,熟化反应温度为60℃,熟化时间为4 h。对产品进行了水处理实验,考察产品对废水COD和浊度的去除效果,结果表明,COD的去除率与浊度的去除率都很高。     

用冶金渣制备聚硅硫酸铁的研究

文章叙述用钢渣和水渣制备聚硅硫酸铁的方法和产品的性能检测,并分析了影响因素。制备的聚硅硫酸铁具有净水剂用量少、无毒副作用、混凝效果好的优点,能广泛应用于净化钢铁企业生产废水和造纸、印染等重污染行业的生产废水以及生活污水。该法的研究成功使钢渣和水渣的资源化利用进入了化工这一全新的领域,而且克服以往钢渣利用中由于游离氧化钙的分解而造成的不稳定这一国际性难题,也克服了冶金渣在建材和道路工程应用中的长途运输的难题。     

Polymeric Nanocomposites for Environmental and Industrial Applications

Polymeric nanocomposites (PNC) have an outstanding potential for various applications as the integrated structure of the PNCs exhibits properties that none of its component materials individually possess. Moreover, it is possible to fabricate PNCs into desired shapes and sizes, which would enable controlling their properties, such as their surface area, magnetic behavior, optical properties, and catalytic activity. The low cost and light weight of PNCs have further contributed to their potential in various environmental and industrial applications. Stimuli-responsive nanocomposites are a subgroup of PNCs having a minimum of one promising chemical and physical property that may be controlled by or follow a stimulus response. Such outstanding properties and behaviors have extended the scope of application of these nanocomposites. The present review discusses the various methods of preparation available for PNCs, including in situ synthesis, solution mixing, melt blending, and electrospinning. In addition, various environmental and industrial applications of PNCs, including those in the fields of water treatment, electromagnetic shielding in aerospace applications, sensor devices, and food packaging, are outlined.     

超细BTF粒子的制备

分别采用溶剂／非溶剂结晶法和机械研磨法探索了超细BTF粒子的制备，目前采用溶剂／非溶剂结晶法还难以使BTF粒子粒径细化至微米级，采用机械研磨法获得了平均粒径0.774μm，比表面积19.95m^2/g的亚微米级超细BTF粒子。     

聚合氯化铝铁的制备及其应用

研究了一种制备聚合氯化铝铁的新工艺。该工艺以聚合氯化铝为碱化剂和Fe(Ⅲ)溶液复合共聚生成PAFC。考察原料配比、反应温度、熟化温度、熟化时间以及pH值对产品性能的影响,确定了最佳的反应条件。制备聚合氯化铝铁的最佳实验条件为:n(Fe3+)∶n(Al3+)=5∶5、pH=4.00、熟化温度为30℃、熟化时间为3 h。对产品进行了水处理实验,考察产品对废水COD和浊度的去除效果,结果表明,COD的去除率与浊度的去除率都很高。     

手性物质及其拆分方法

简要介绍了手性化合物的概念和发展情况以及获得手性化合物单一对映体的几种拆分方法。包括:结晶拆分法,化学拆分法,微生物酶拆分法,色谱拆分法,膜拆分法及电泳技术拆分法。并简要介绍了每种方法的应用情况及优缺点。     

聚合硫酸铁絮凝剂的制备及应用研究进展

阐述了聚合硫酸铁絮凝荆的发展概况及作用原理,综述了聚合硫酸铁絮凝剂的制备方法及其在水处理领域的应用,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

透析法制备紫杉醇聚合物胶束给药系统

以4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)和二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC)作催化剂和缩合剂,合成聚乙二醇-共轭亚油酸(PEG-CLA)聚合物;以PEG-CLA为载体,采用透析法制备了紫杉醇聚合物胶束给药系统;利用动态光散射法(DLS)、透射电镜(TEM)、X-射线光电能谱(XPS)表征了紫杉醇胶束的粒径与粒径分布、形貌以及表面组分特性,分别在pH值为7.4的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)和1 mol/L水杨酸钠溶液中进行了紫杉醇胶束的体外药物释放试验。研究结果表明,所制备的紫杉醇胶束外形大致呈球状,粒径在100 nm左右,且粒径分布较窄。X-射线光电能谱显示,胶束表面没有吸附紫杉醇。在体外药物释放实验中,发现水杨酸钠对紫杉醇的释放起促进作用。     

阻燃聚合物纳米复合材料的制备及其应用研究

随着科学技术的发展,高分子材料已广泛应用于国防及人们的生活之中,但是高分子材料普遍存在易燃、产生大量浓烟和有毒气体等缺陷,提高高分子材料的阻燃性成为主要的研究内容。本文主要综述了阻燃聚合物纳米复合材料的制备方法及在塑料、纤维、橡胶中的应用,并对阻燃聚合物纳米复合材料的发展做了展望。     

基于纤维素模板的聚合物空心微球作为药物载体的性能研究及分析

以羟丙基纤维素为模板材料,分别采用不同的聚合方法制备了2种不同形态和结构的聚合物空心微球--聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-co-聚丙烯酸(PNIPAm-co-PAA)微凝胶和聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-聚丙烯酸(PNIPAm-PAA)水凝胶微囊。以盐酸阿霉素(Dox)作为模型药物,考察了聚合物空心微球作为药物载体的载药能力和体外释放性能。研究表明,PNIPAm-co-PAA微凝胶、PNIPAm-PAA水凝胶微囊和Dox分子能够通过正负电荷的相互吸引实现有效结合;载药微球具有良好的缓释性能,并对Dox的释放表现出明显的pH值敏感性和温度敏感性。体外细胞毒性实验表明,载药PNIPAm-co-PAA微凝胶、PNIPAm-PAA水凝胶微囊具有很高的抗肿瘤活性,细胞相对存活率均可达20%左右。PNIPAm-co-PAA微凝胶、PNIPAm-PAA水凝胶微囊在作为水溶性药物或蛋白类药物载体方面,具有潜在的应用价值,同时有望应用于木材胶黏剂防腐等。     

CDMPC手性柱的制备及色谱条件优化

研究了自制CDMPC手性柱制备过程中合成的纤维素—三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)(CDMPC)酯化情况,对自制CDMPC手性柱柱温及流动相比例对马拉硫磷分离效果的影响进行了分析,最后利用液相质谱仪对手性柱流出物质进行了确认,说明自制CDMPC手性柱具有马拉硫磷手性分离能力。     

Chiral polyisocyanates, a special class of helical polymers

Polyisocyanates (nylon 1) offer a lot of fascinating properties due to their dynamic helical conformation, which gives rise to orientational phenomena (large persistence length) or chiral amplification. This paper summarizes new results on polyisocyanates that appeared after the review by Bur and Fetters [Chem Rev 76 (1976) 727]. It starts with an overview of new synthetic methods, and then describes chiral polyisocyanates, their properties and the theoretical concepts developed to understand the experimental findings. Thereafter concentrated solutions (gels and LC phases) as well as photochromic polyisocyanates are discussed in detail. Finally, solid phase composite materials from polyisocyanates are described.     

Virus-like Particles: Fundamentals and Biomedical Applications

Nanotechnology is a fast-evolving field focused on fabricating nanoscale objects for industrial, cosmetic, and therapeutic applications. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembled nanoparticles whose intrinsic properties, such as heterogeneity, and highly ordered structural organization are exploited to prepare vaccines; imaging agents; construct nanobioreactors; cancer treatment approaches; or deliver drugs, genes, and enzymes. However, depending upon the intrinsic features of the native virus from which they are produced, the therapeutic performance of VLPs can vary. This review compiles the recent scientific literature about the fundamentals of VLPs with biomedical applications. We consulted different databases to present a general scenario about viruses and how VLPs are produced in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell lines to entrap therapeutic cargo. Moreover, the structural classification, morphology, and methods to functionalize the surface of VLPs are discussed. Finally, different characterization techniques required to examine the size, charge, aggregation, and composition of VLPs are described.     

复合铝絮凝剂的电荷特性及其絮凝性能研究

以三氯化铝和有机高分子PGA为原料,采用碱滴定方法,制备了复合絮凝剂CPAC,并采用电泳技术比较了PAC与CPAC的电动特性,结果表明PAC与PGA复合后能够显著地提高絮凝颗粒的ξ电位,在相同Al(Ⅲ)投量的情况下,O/A比越高,悬浊液体系ξ电位上升越快。以B=2.0的CPAC为例,Al(Ⅲ)投量为5mg/L,O/A=0,0.05,0.1的CPAC悬浊体系ξ电位分别为-8.9mV,-6.9mV,2mV。这说明在低O/A比值的情况下,吸附电中和作用增强是CPAC絮凝效果强于PAC的主要原因。